Eriophyoidea

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Eriophyoidea
Temporal range: Carnian to Present
ARS Floracarus perrepae.jpg
Electron micrograph of Floracarus perrepae attacking a plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Acariformes
Superfamily:
Eriophyoidea

Nalepa, 1898

Eriophyoidea are a superfamily of herbivorous mites. All post-embryonic instars lack the third and fourth pairs of legs, and the respiratory system is also absent. [1]

Contents

The taxonomy of this group has always been confused. There were families created for few or even one species, i.e. Ashieldophyidae Mohanasundaram, 1984 and Pentasetacidae Shevchenko, 1991 but these families were placed by J. W. Amrine and T. A. Stasny within larger groups. [1] Today the following three families are believed to belong to superfamily Eriophyoidea: [1]

Description

Eriophyoids are no more than 0.5 mm long and usually 0.12 mm long or less. The body shape is usually long and wormlike (vermiform), but it can rarely be flattened or lobulate. At the front end of the body are the mouthparts, a pair of minute palps and two pairs of legs. The posterior part of the body is annulate, meaning it is covered in rings (annuli). The body and legs have some setae but fewer than in other mites (i.e. setation is reduced). In terms of colour, eriophyoids are white to yellowish. [2]

Females have a genital flap posterior to the coxae of the second pair of legs, and they lack genital papillae. Males have reduced genital flaps. [2]

In some species, adult females have two different forms, the protogyne and the deutogyne. Deutogynes normally resemble protogynes, but they can also show differences such as red colouration, different microtubercle structure, broader prodorsal shield, larger body size and dorsal annuli being more sclerotised. This may cause protogynes and deutogynes to be mistaken for different species. [3]

Reproduction

Eriophyoidea reproduce through both internal fertilisation and arrhenotoky (i.e. females producing male offspring without being fertilised). Fertilisation involves males depositing stalked spermatophores on a plant. Females capture spermatophores, crush them to extract the sperm and store this in spermathecae. [4]

Female eriophyoids lay spherical eggs. [2]

Ecology

Eriophyes tiliae galls growing on a lime tree leaf Eriophyes tilae tilae detail.JPG
Eriophyes tiliae galls growing on a lime tree leaf

All of the Eriophyoidea are parasites of plants. This is reflected in common names such as "blister mites", "bud mites", "gall mites" and "rust mites". The superfamily includes many important crop pests, some of which transmit plant diseases. [2]

As previously mentioned, some eriophyoid species can produce two forms of females. The deutogyne form is more tolerant of adverse conditions than the protogyne form. This polymorphism mainly occurs in species on deciduous plants that experience well-defined winters. [3]

Evolution

The group is ancient. Forms with two pairs of legs, already similar to the modern ones, have been found in Triassic amber from Italy: Ampezzoa, Triasacarus, [5] Minyacarus and Cheirolepidoptus, which were specialised on extinct conifers of family Cheirolepidiaceae. The four genera were subsequently placed in a new extinct clade, the Triasacaroidea, which is the sister group to the extant Eriophyoidea. [6]

Phylogeny

While traditionally considered members of the clade Trombidiformes, they have been found to be an early diverging mite clade outside the clade containing Trombidiformes in recent morphological and genomic analyses. [7] [8] [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arachnid</span> Class of arthropods

Arachnida is a class of joint-legged arthropods, in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mite</span> Small eight-legged arthropod

Mites are small arachnids. Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as each other's closest relative within Arachnida, rendering the group non-monophyletic. Most mites are tiny, less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others are predators or parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive Varroa parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.

Acariasis is an infestation with mites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acariformes</span> Superorder of mite

The Acariformes, also known as the Actinotrichida, are the more diverse of the two superorders of mites. Over 32,000 described species are found in 351 families, with an estimated total of 440,000 to 929,000 species, including undescribed species.

Aberoptus championus is a species of mite belonging to the family Eriophyidae. It is only known from females collected from underneath the leaves of Bauhinia championii in central Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astigmatina</span> Group of mites

Astigmatina is a clade of mites in the superorder Acariformes. Astigmata has been ranked as an order or suborder in the past, but was lowered to the unranked clade Astigmatina of the clade Desmonomatides in the order Sarcoptiformes. Astigmatina is now made up of the two groups Acaridia and Psoroptidia, which have been suborders of the order Astigmata in the past. Astigmatina contains about 10 superfamilies and 76 families under Acaridia and Psoroptidia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prostigmata</span> Suborder of mites

Prostigmata is a suborder of mites belonging to the order Trombidiformes, which contains the "sucking" members of the "true mites" (Acariformes).

The Raphignathoidea is a superfamily of the Acari (mite) order Trombidiformes, comprising 1087 species in 62 genera and 12 families.

<i>Lorryia formosa</i> Species of mite

Lorryia formosa, commonly known as the yellow mite or the citrus yellow mite, is a species of acariform mite. They are in the subfamily Tydeinae of the family Tydeidae. Commonly found on the foliage of citrus trees around the world, Lorryia formosa also associates with a variety of other plant types. The life cycle includes six discrete stages of development, and the lifespan averages about 37 days. The females of the species use an asexual form of reproduction where the growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male, a process called thelytoky.

<i>Aceria guerreronis</i> Species of mite

Aceria guerreronis, the coconut mite, is an eriophyid mite which infests coconut plantations. It is economically devastating, and can destroy up to 60% of coconut production. The immature nuts are infested and injured by mites feeding in the portion covered by the perianth of the immature nut.

<i>Floracarus perrepae</i> Species of mite

Floracarus perrepae is a species of herbivorous mite belonging to the family Eriophyidae. It is native to Australia (Queensland), China and New Caledonia. As it is known to attack and eat the invasive fern species Lygodium microphyllum, it is being considered for use as a biological pest control agent in Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasitengona</span> Group of mites

Parasitengona is a group of mites, variously ranked as a hyporder or a cohort, between the taxonomic ranks of order and family.

<i>Histiostoma</i> Genus of mites

Histiostoma is a genus of mites in the family Histiostomatidae.

<i>Aceria anthocoptes</i> Species of mite

Aceria anthocoptes, also known as the russet mite, rust mite, thistle mite or the Canada thistle mite, is a species of mite that belongs to the family Eriophyidae. It was first described by Alfred Nalepa in 1892.

Acarophenacidae is a family of mites in the order Trombidiformes that are egg parasitoids and ectoparasites of beetles or thrips. It contains eight genera and around 40 species.

<i>Aceria tosichella</i> Species of mite

Aceria tosichella, commonly known as the wheat curl mite (WCM), is a global cereal pest and a vector for spreading and transmission of viruses like wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and wheat mosaic virus (WMoV)

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blattisociidae</span> Family of mites

Blattisociidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stigmaeidae</span> Family of mites

Stigmaeidae is a family of prostigmatan mites in the order Trombidiformes. At over 600 species, it is the largest family in superfamily Raphignathoidea. It has a worldwide distribution.

Aleuroglyphus ovatus, commonly known as brown-legged mite or brownlegged grain mite, is a species of mite in the family Acaridae. It is a cosmopolitan pest of grain.

<i>Nalepella</i> Genus of mites infesting conifers

Nalepella, the rust mites, is a genus of very small Trombidiform mites in the family Phytoptidae. They are commonly found on a variety of conifers, including hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, and pine. They sometimes infest Christmas trees in nurseries. Nalepella mites are vagrants, meaning they circulate around the tree; females overwinter in bark cracks. Infested spruce emit a characteristic odour.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Ewert E. Lindquist, M. W. Sabelis & Jan Bruin, ed. (1996). Eriophyoid Mites: their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control. World Crop Pests. Vol. 6. Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-444-88628-6.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Eupodides, Eriophyoidea". idtools.org. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  3. 1 2 Guo, Jing-Feng; Li, Hao-Sen; Wang, Bing; Xue, Xiao-Feng; Hong, Xiao-Yue (2015). "DNA barcoding reveals the protogyne and deutogyne of Tegolophus celtis sp. nov. (Acari: Eriophyidae)". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 67 (3): 393–410. doi:10.1007/s10493-015-9953-9. ISSN   0168-8162. PMID   26246188. S2CID   254262847.
  4. ↑ Chetverikov, Philipp E. (2015). "Confocal microscopy reveals uniform male reproductive anatomy in eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) including spermatophore pump and paired vasa deferentia". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 66 (4): 555–574. doi:10.1007/s10493-015-9924-1. ISSN   0168-8162. PMID   26043829. S2CID   254266541.
  5. ↑ Schmidt, A. R.; Jancke, S.; Lindquist, E. E.; Ragazzi, E.; Roghi, G.; Nascimbene, P. C.; Schmidt, K.; Wappler, T.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2012). "Arthropods in amber from the Triassic Period". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (37): 14796–15501. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914796S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208464109 . PMC   3443139 . PMID   22927387.
  6. ↑ Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Ragazzi, Eugenio; Roghi, Guido; Lindquist, Evert E. (February 2015). "Plant-feeding mite diversity in Triassic amber (Acari: Tetrapodili)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (2): 129–151. Bibcode:2015JSPal..13..129S. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.867373. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   85055941.
  7. ↑ Bolton, Samuel; Chetverikov, Philipp; Klompen, Hans (2017-01-01). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Morphological support for a clade comprising two vermiform mites lineages: Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) and Nematalycidae (Acariformes)". Systematic and Applied Acarology. 22 (8): 1096–1131. doi: 10.11158/saa.22.8.2 .
  8. ↑ Arribas, Paula; Andújar, Carmelo; Moraza, María Lourdes; Linard, Benjamin; Emerson, Brent C; Vogler, Alfried P (2020-03-01). Teeling, Emma (ed.). "Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (3): 683–694. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msz255 . hdl: 10261/209118 . ISSN   0737-4038. PMID   31670799.
  9. ↑ Bolton, Samuel J.; Chetverikov, Philipp E.; Ochoa, Ronald; Klimov, Pavel B. (2023-06-06). "Where Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) Belong in the Tree of Life". Insects. 14 (6): 527. doi: 10.3390/insects14060527 . ISSN   2075-4450. PMC   10299372 . PMID   37367343.
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