False Creek

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False Creek
Faux ruisseau (French)
False Creek 2018.jpg
False Creek from the air
Location map Canada Vancouver Downtown.png
Red pog.svg
False Creek
Canada British Columbia relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
False Creek
Location Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Coordinates 49°16′12″N123°07′44″W / 49.27000°N 123.12889°W / 49.27000; -123.12889
Type Inlet
EtymologyNamed by George Henry Richards
Part of English Bay
Primary inflows Burrard Inlet
Residence time ±10,000 years [1]
Islands Granville Island
References [1]
False Creek between Granville Street Bridge and Burrard Street Bridge False Creek 1.JPG
False Creek between Granville Street Bridge and Burrard Street Bridge

False Creek (French : Faux ruisseau) is a short narrow inlet in the heart of Vancouver, separating the Downtown and West End neighbourhoods from the rest of the city. It is one of the four main bodies of water bordering Vancouver, along with English Bay (of which it is an inland extension), Burrard Inlet, and the Fraser River. Granville Island is located within the inlet.

Contents

George Henry Richards named False Creek during his hydrographic survey of 1856-1863. While travelling along the south side of the Burrard Inlet, Richards thought he was traversing a creek; upon discovering his error, he gave the inlet its current name. [2]

The inlet opens into the English Bay to its northwest, and is surrounded by the Downtown and West End neighbourhoods in the north, Strathcona in the east, and Mount Pleasant, Fairview and Kitsilano in the south. Science World is located at its easternmost end, along with BC Place Stadium and the Georgia Viaduct. Proceeding east to west, it is crossed by the Cambie, Granville, and Burrard bridges. The Canada Line rapid transit tunnel crosses underneath False Creek just west of the Cambie Bridge. In 1986, it was the location of the Expo 86 World's Fair.

False Creek South is a neighbourhood that runs along south shore roughly between the Granville and Cambie bridges. Further east, Southeast False Creek (Olympic Village) runs roughly from Cambie Street to Main Street.

History

Birds-eye view of Vancouver in 1898. Top left area marked with "Upper False Creek Flats" was the eastern part of False Creek before land reclamation. 1898 Van Pan Map.jpg
Birds-eye view of Vancouver in 1898. Top left area marked with "Upper False Creek Flats" was the eastern part of False Creek before land reclamation.

Pre-colonial

Human settlement in the Lower Fraser region began between 8000 and 10 000 years ago, following the retreat of the Sumas Glacier at the end of the last ice age. [3] : 7  The settlement by peoples now known as the Coast Salish predates the arrival of salmon in the river 4500–5000 years ago, an occurrence that took place symbiotically with the emergence of Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar ecosystems between 4000 and 5000 years before the present day. [3] : 7  [4] According to Squamish-Sto:lo [5] : 211  author and historian Lee Maracle, Vancouver was inhabited by "Downriver Halkomelem" speaking peoples, the Tsleil-Waututh. [5] : 203 

First contact between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of present-day Vancouver occurred in June 1792. [3] : 8  By 1812, Halkomelem peoples had survived three large epidemics from foreign illnesses such as smallpox, introduced through trading routes, [5] : 203  including a 1782 outbreak that killed two-thirds of the population. [6] : 76  It has been estimated that shortly before the time of first contact and these epidemics, the indigenous population of the Lower Fraser was over 100,000. [3] : 7 

Early colonial period

An 1830 Hudson’s Bay Company census documented 8954 indigenous inhabitants in the region, although the census probably omitted some settlements. [6] : 78  As a result of epidemics, the population of the Tsleil-Waututh was reduced to 41 individuals by 1812, who invited the neighbouring Squamish to reside in Burrard Inlet. [5] : 203 

Shortly after that, a group of Tsleil-Waututh led by Khatsalahnough, a leader from Lil’wat (near present-day Pemberton), occupied present-day False Creek. [5] : 203  At this time, there were large sandbars at its entrance. [3] : 104  False Creek, which lies in Musqueam territory, was a shared waterway; in addition to the Tsleil-Waututh, the Squamish inhabited False Creek as well, occupying it year-round. [5] : 208 

Before European settlement, False Creek extended as far east as what is now Clark Drive. [5] : 206  [3] : 100  With land reclamation extending into Burrard Inlet and False Creek for port and industrial uses, [3] : 162  the landscape began to change dramatically. Once a vital source for Tsleil-Waututh, Musqueam, and Squamish food supplies such as sea asparagus, [5] : 207  berries, camas, oysters, clams, wild cabbage, and mushrooms, [5] : 208  False Creek became polluted with sewage and toxic effluent from sawmills and other industries. [5] : 207  As a result, one nickname for False Creek was "Shit Creek". [7]

From 1894 to 1905 Alfred Wallace built ships on the north shore of False Creek next to Granville Street Bridge. [8]

In 1913, the Squamish residents of the Kitsilano Reserve, on the False Creek sandbar, were forced to relocate. [9] According to Maracle, the settlement was burned down following the forced evacuation. [5] : 208–209  In 1916, the sandbar on which this settlement was located was built into Granville Island to create new industrial land. [3] : 105  In 1917, the eastern basin of False Creek was infilled to create land for the Canadian Northern Railway's Pacific Central Station. [3] : 101  Talk of draining and filling the inlet to Granville Street continued into the 1950s, but that never occurred. [3] : 103 

Industrial period

Aerial view, 1947. Granville Island at centre-right. Aerial photo, oblique, False Creek, Vancouver, 1947.jpg
Aerial view, 1947. Granville Island at centre-right.

The False Creek area was the industrial heartland of Vancouver through to the 1950s, and was home to many sawmills and small port operations. As industry shifted to other areas, the vicinity around False Creek started to deteriorate. In 1960, BC Forest Products plant and lumber storage facility on the south side of False Creek caught fire in Vancouver's first-ever five-alarm blaze. [10] Every piece of firefighting equipment and all of Vancouver's firefighters fought the blaze for hours, but the facility was totally destroyed.

Walter Hardwick, a geography professor at UBC, first elected to City Council in 1968, led the City's redevelopment team and helped secure the participation of the Federal Government, which owned Granville Island. A major public involvement and co-design process followed which established public priorities for an accessible waterfront seawall; mixed-tenure housing including market condominiums, co-op and low-income housing and live-aboard marinas; and a vibrant waterfront market. These plans were formalized in a 1972 Official Development Plan. [11] The form and mix of development were revolutionary for Vancouver at the time. A third of the site was set aside for 40 units/acre housing with the balance converted to park, waterfront and community uses.

Expo 86 and after

The North Shore of False Creek (NFC) was further transformed in the 1980s, as it took centre stage during Expo 86. Following Expo, the Province sold the NFC site to Hong Kong tycoon Li Ka-shing whose company Concord Pacific successfully marketed Vancouver in Asia, as a place for investment and migration. [12] With the province enabling strata titles, a high-rise condominium boom soon followed, with Downtown Vancouver's population soaring from around 6,000 throughout the 1970s and 1980s to over 43,000 in 2006. [13]

The 1991 Official Development Plan enabled significant new density commensurate with the provision of significant public amenities including street front shops and services, parks, school sites, community centres, daycares, co-op and low-income housing. [14] Since then, most of the north shore has become a new neighbourhood of dense housing (about 100 units/acre), adding some 50 000 new residents to Vancouver's downtown peninsula.[ citation needed ]

On December 1, 1998, Vancouver City Council adopted a set of Blue ways policies and guidelines [15] stating the vision of a waterfront city where land and water combine to meet the environmental, cultural and economic needs of the City and its people in a sustainable, equitable, high quality manner.

Southeast False Creek (SEFC) is the neighbourhood designated by Cambie, Main, West 2nd Avenue, and False Creek. [16] The 2010 Olympic Village, for athlete housing and logistics of the Winter Olympics, is found in Southeast False Creek. As of 2021, the population exceeded 3,000. [17]

Sports and recreation

False Creek is a very popular boating area for many different activities including rowing, dragon boating, canoeing, kayaking, public ferries, charter ships, and visiting pleasure boats. It has 10 marinas with berths for 1500 watercraft [18] and several paddling clubs or boat rental facilities. Since 1986, the creek has been the venue for the Canadian International Dragon Boat Festival and other paddling events.

Transportation

Aquabus and False Creek Ferries are two ferry companies that operate scheduled services daily to and from multiple points along False Creek. In addition to three bridges and multiple bus routes, False Creek can also be crossed via the Canada Line in a tunnel between Olympic Village station on the South shore and Yaletown-Roundhouse station to the North.

Environmental issues

There are regular reports of pollution problems in False Creek, and there are occasional warnings that the water is not safe for swimming, particular at the eastern end which is least affected by tidal inflow and outflow. [19] [20]

Because of connections between Vancouver's storm-sewer and sanitary-sewer systems, heavy rains may cause raw sewage to discharge directly into False Creek. [21]

Impact on wildlife

Several decades following the suspension of industrial activity in the area, a number of shore and seabirds such as cormorants, ducks, herons, kingfishers, owls, geese, crows, and gulls have returned, as well as harbour seals. In an unusual sighting, in May 2010 a grey whale entered False Creek and traversed its length before returning to the open waters of the Strait of Georgia. [22]

Factors working against the further return of wildlife include residual industrial contaminants, spillage from the sewer overflow system into the creek, and the seawall that constrains much of the shoreline with little habitat value.[ citation needed ] The city has attempted to recreate the natural shoreline in some areas and is working to phase out the antiquated sewer overflow system.[ citation needed ]

Vancouver false creek.jpg
Panorama of False Creek, left to right: Downtown Vancouver, BC Place, Plaza of Nations (since demolished), and Science World

Architecture and urban planning

False Creek at blue hour False Creek Blue Hour.jpg
False Creek at blue hour
Water taxi on False Creek 2018-09-02 Water taxi, Shelagh McInnis, of False Creek Ferries.jpg
Water taxi on False Creek

False Creek South

The south shore of False Creek has had quite a diverse history of land uses since its founding. South False Creek went from being an industrial park, in the late 1800s and mid-1900s, to being the populous residential area that it is today. [23] The development of this area, beginning anew in the 1970s, occurred at a critical time in Vancouver’s history when citizens were organising support for a new picture of the city, one that broke away from the standardized utilitarian cities that were so popular in North America and, instead, pushed for a more liveable and diverse built environment. [24]

The result is a medium-density area with a variety of architectural designs, ownership opportunities, recreational activities, and modes of transportation, which allows for easier mobility within the community and a more picturesque landscape. [24]

False Creek south is home to False Creek Elementary School.

False Creek consists of 70% social housing and 30% leasehold apartments and condos.[ citation needed ]

All of False Creek South is on Leasehold land which is owned by the City of Vancouver.[ citation needed ]

Southeast False Creek (Olympic Village) consists mostly of market-rate apartments and modern condos with a few co-ops and social housing.[ citation needed ]

North False Creek

The north shore of False Creek, on the downtown peninsula, has undergone multiple stages of development since its purchase by the province from the Canadian Pacific Railway in the early 1980s. [23] Before the BC Cabinet bought the land of North False Creek to begin development for Expo ’86, the land was used for industrial purposes. Provincial leaders developed a plan to build a sports stadium (BC Place), commercial outlets, and high-density residences on the newly cleared land. [25]

False Creek North is home to Crosstown Elementary School as well as Elsie Roy Elementary School.

Parks

See also

Related Research Articles

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August Jack was an Indigenous/Aboriginal chief of the Squamish people. He was born in the village of Xwayxway or Chaythoos on the peninsula that is now Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the son of Supple Jack "Khay- Tulk" of Chaythoos and Sally "Owhaywat" from the Yekwaupsum Reserve north of Squamish, British Columbia. His grandfather was Chief Khahtsahlano of Senakw who had migrated from his home at Toktakanmic on the Squamish River to Chaythoos, and the man from whom he inherited his name. The suffix "lan-ogh" in their name means "man".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senakw</span>

Sen̓áḵw or sən̓aʔqʷ, rendered in English as Snawk, Snawq, Sneawq, or Snawkw, is a village site of the Indigenous Squamish people, located near what is now known as the Kitsilano neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In 1869 the Colonial Government set aside land around the village, and in 1877 the Joint Reserve Commission established by the Provincial and Federal Governments to deal with land allotments to indigenous people in B.C., expanded the area set aside to approximately 80 acres (32 ha) as False Creek Indian Reserve No. 6 or more popularly the Kitsilano Indian Reserve. The village site was home for many Squamish, but after further settlement began in the Vancouver area, the inhabitants were forced to relocate to other nearby villages. This village was also the home of August Jack Khatsahlano, a prominent chief of the Squamish and a notable Vancouver historian on local Indigenous history.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh longshoremen, 1863–1963</span>

In the late 1870s, Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh communities on the North Shore of Burrard Inlet experienced an increase of physical and economic encroachment from the expansion of neighbouring Vancouver. Faced with urbanization and industrialization around reserve lands, Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh traditional economies became increasingly marginalized, while government-imposed laws increasingly restricted Native fishing, hunting, and access to land and waters for subsistence. In response, these communities increasingly turned to participating in the wage-labor economy.

References

  1. 1 2 "Vancouver Then and Now: False Creek (PHOTOS) | News". dailyhive.com. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  2. ↑ "Why False Creek is "False"". Granville Island. 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hayes, Derek (2007). Historical Atlas of Vancouver and the Lower Fraser Valley. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd.
  4. ↑ Lichatowich, Jim. Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis. Washington DC: Island Press, 1999. p.19-20. Print
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Maracle, Lee (2005). Goodbye, Snauq (Print ed.). Toronto: Dominion Institute and Anchor.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. 1 2 Carlson, Keith (2001). A Sto:lo-Coast Salish Historical Atlas (Print ed.). Vancouver: Sto:lo Heritage Trust.
  7. ↑ Delgado, James P. Waterfront: the Illustrated Maritime History of Greater Vancouver. North Vancouver: Stanton Atkins & Dosil Publishers, 2010. p.58-9
  8. ↑ "Throwback Thursday: Shipyards Fire of 1911". lowerlonsdale.ca. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  9. ↑ "Mapping Tool: Kitsilano Reserve." Susan Roy. Indigenous Foundations. First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia. 2009. Web. Nov. 1, 2015. n. pag. http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/land-rights/mapping-tool-kitsilano-reserve.html Archived 2015-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Azpiri, John (July 3, 2020). "'All hell broke loose': 60 years ago, a 5-alarm fire destroyed four blocks in False Creek". Global News . Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  11. ↑ "City of Vancouver" (PDF). City of Vancouver. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  12. ↑ Proctor, Jason (2016-05-04). "Deal of the century: Expo 86 land purchase changed Vancouver". CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  13. ↑ Harris, Douglas C. (Summer 2011). "Condominium and the City: The Rise of Property in Vancouver" . Law & Social Inquiry . Wiley. 36 (3): 694–726. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01247.x. ISSN   0897-6546. JSTOR   23011887. S2CID   142549581 – via JSTOR.
  14. ↑ Central Area Plan (PDF) (Report). Vancouver City Council. December 3, 1991. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  15. ↑ "Vancouver Blueways Policies". Archived from the original on 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  16. ↑ "Southeast False Creek Planning". City of Vancouver. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  17. ↑ Renger, Robert (October 7, 2021). "The City of Vancouver's False Creek South development—still a model community after over 40 years". The Georgia Straight . Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  18. ↑ "False Creek Policy Broadsheets, section 3" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  19. ↑ Metro Vancouver Beach Water Quality (PDF) (Report). Vancouver Coastal Health . Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  20. ↑ Brend, Yvette (July 16, 2018). "False Creek pollution 4 times level deemed safe to swim". CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  21. ↑ Li, Wanyee. "Swim in False Creek by 2018? Not so fast says water quality expert". Metro News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  22. ↑ "Whale spotted in Vancouver's False Creek". CBC News . May 5, 2010.
  23. 1 2 Alexander, Don; Dobson, Charles; Canning, Patricia; Hurley, Brendan. "False Creek Urban Heritage Trail Guidebook." New City. Retrieved November 03, 2012. Archived June 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  24. 1 2 Ley, David (1987). "Styles of the times: liberal and neo-conservative landscapes in inner Vancouver, 1968-1986". Journal of Historical Geography. 13 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80005-1.
  25. ↑ McMordie, M.J. (1994). "Modern Architecture in Vancouver." Canadian Architect. 29(3): 22-27.

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