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Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets.
Babesiosis or piroplasmosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with a eukaryotic parasite in the order Piroplasmida, typically a Babesia or Theileria, in the phylum Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis transmission via tick bite is most common in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. People can get infected with Babesia parasites by the bite of an infected tick, by getting a blood transfusion from an infected donor of blood products, or by congenital transmission . Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, Babesia is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals. They can have major adverse effects on the health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle the disease is known as Texas cattle fever or redwater.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a blood disorder that results in blood clots forming in small blood vessels throughout the body. This results in a low platelet count, low red blood cells due to their breakdown, and often kidney, heart, and brain dysfunction. Symptoms may include large bruises, fever, weakness, shortness of breath, confusion, and headache. Repeated episodes may occur.
Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is an infusion of horse or rabbit-derived antibodies against human T cells and their precursors (thymocytes), which is used in the prevention and treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation and therapy of aplastic anemia.
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a syndrome, characterized by inflammation in different organs. GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants.
Cryoprecipitate, also called cryo for short, is a frozen blood product prepared from blood plasma. To create cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma thawed to 1–6 °C is then centrifuged and the precipitate is collected. The precipitate is resuspended in a small amount of residual plasma and is then re-frozen for storage. It is often transfused to adults as two 5-unit pools instead of as a single product. One of the most important constituents is factor VIII, which is why cryoprecipitate is sometimes called cryoprecipitated antihaemophilic factor or cryoprecipitated AHF. In many clinical contexts, use of whole cryoprecipitate has been replaced with use of clotting factor concentrates made therefrom, but the whole form is still routinely stocked by many, if not most, hospital blood banks. Cryo can be stored at −18 °C or colder for 12 months from the original collection date. After thawing, single units of cryo can be stored at 20–24 °C for up to 6 hours. If units of cryo are pooled in an open system, they can only be held at 20–24 °C for up to 4 hours. Presently cryo cannot be re-frozen for storage after it is thawed for use if it is not transfused.
Carrion's disease is an infectious disease produced by Bartonella bacilliformis infection.
Cotton fever is a condition that indicates as a fever that follows intravenous drug use where cotton is used to filter the drugs. The condition derives from an endotoxin released by the bacteria Pantoea agglomerans which lives in cotton plants.
Rat-bite fever is an acute, febrile human illness caused by bacteria transmitted by rodents, in most cases, which is passed from rodent to human by the rodent's urine or mucous secretions. Alternative names for rat-bite fever include streptobacillary fever, streptobacillosis, spirillary fever, bogger, and epidemic arthritic erythema. It is a rare disease spread by infected rodents and caused by two specific types of bacteria, 1) Streptobacillus moniliformis, the only reported bacteria that causes RBF in North America 2) Spirillum minus, common in Asia. Most cases occur in Japan, but specific strains of the disease are present in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Africa. Some cases are diagnosed after patients were exposed to the urine or bodily secretions of an infected animal. These secretions can come from the mouth, nose, or eyes of the rodent. The majority of cases are due to the animal's bite. It can also be transmitted through food or water contaminated with rat feces or urine. Other animals can be infected with this disease, including weasels, gerbils, and squirrels. Household pets such as dogs or cats exposed to these animals can also carry the disease and infect humans. If a person is bitten by a rodent, it is important to quickly wash and cleanse the wound area thoroughly with antiseptic solution to reduce the risk of infection.
Aminophenazone is a pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of agranulocytosis. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of cytochrome P-450 metabolic activity in liver function tests. It is also used in measuring the total body water in the human body system. Production and use have been banned in France, Thailand and India.
Intraoperative blood salvage (IOS), also known as cell salvage, is a specific type of autologous blood transfusion. Specifically IOS is a medical procedure involving recovering blood lost during surgery and re-infusing it into the patient. It is a major form of autotransfusion.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious blood transfusion complication characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema presenting with hypoxia following transfusion of blood products.
An exchange transfusion is a blood transfusion in which the patient's blood or components of it are exchanged with other blood or blood products. The patient's blood is removed and replaced by donated blood or blood components. This exchange transfusion can be performed manually or using a machine (apheresis).
Type II hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an antibody mediated process in which IgG and IgM antibodies are directed against antigens on cells or extracellular material. This subsequently leads to cell lysis, tissue damage or loss of function through mechanisms such as
- complement activation via the classical complement pathway
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or
- anti-receptor activity.
In transfusion medicine, transfusion associated circulatory overload is a transfusion reaction resulting in signs or symptoms of excess fluid in the circulatory system (hypervolemia) within 12 hours after transfusion. The symptoms of TACO can include shortness of breath (dyspnea), low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia), leg swelling, high blood pressure (hypertension), and a high heart rate (tachycardia).
An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (AHTR), also called immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction, is a life-threatening reaction to receiving a blood transfusion. AHTRs occur within 24 hours of the transfusion and can be triggered by a few milliliters of blood. The reaction is triggered by host antibodies destroying donor red blood cells. AHTR typically occurs when there is an ABO blood group incompatibility, and is most severe when type A donor blood is given to a type O recipient.
A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) is a type of transfusion reaction. According to the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network's (NHSN) Hemovigilance Module, it is defined as:
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include Hantaan orthohantavirus, Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus, Saaremaa virus, Seoul orthohantavirus, Puumala orthohantavirus and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called nephropathia epidemica. This infection is known as sorkfeber in Swedish, myyräkuume in Finnish, and musepest in Norwegian.
An allergic transfusion reaction is when a blood transfusion results in allergic reaction. It is among the most common transfusion reactions to occur. Reported rates depend on the degree of active surveillance versus passing reporting to the blood bank. Overall, they are estimated to complicate up to 3% of all transfusions. The incidence of allergic transfusion reactions is associated with the amount of plasma in the product. More than 90% of these reactions occur during transfusion.
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness. Common symptoms include headache, loss of smell and taste, nasal congestion and runny nose, cough, muscle pain, sore throat, fever, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties. People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.
References
- ↑ Heddle NM (November 1999). "Pathophysiology of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 6 (6): 420–6. doi:10.1097/00062752-199911000-00012. PMID 10546797.
- ↑ Sharma, RR; Marwaha, N (January 2010). "Leukoreduced blood components: Advantages and strategies for its implementation in developing countries". Asian Journal of Transfusion Science. 4 (1): 3–8. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.59384. PMC 2847337 . PMID 20376259.
- ↑ Addas-Carvalho M, Salles TS, Saad ST (June 2006). "The association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction in multitransfused patients". Transfus Med. 16 (3): 184–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00665.x. PMID 16764597. S2CID 7005197.
- ↑ Yazer MH, Podlosky L, Clarke G, Nahirniak SM (January 2004). "The effect of prestorage WBC reduction on the rates of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions to platelet concentrates and RBC". Transfusion. 44 (1): 10–5. doi:10.1046/j.0041-1132.2003.00518.x. PMID 14692961. S2CID 20755367.
- ↑ Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Sochat, Matthew; Vaidyanathan, Vaishnavi (3 January 2020). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2020: 30th Anniversary Edition (30th Anniversary ed.). McGraw Hill Education. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-26-046205-0.
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C., eds. (28 March 2017). Robbins Basic Pathology (Tenth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-323-35317-5.
- 1 2 "Proposed standard definitions for surveillance of noninfectious adverse transfusion reactions" (PDF). www.isbtweb.org. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
- ↑ "NHSN | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
- 1 2 3 4 Bolton-Maggs, PHB; Poles, D (2018). "The 2017 Annual SHOT Report" (PDF). SHOT.
- ↑ "Complications of Transfusion: Transfusion Medicine: Merck Manual Professional" . Retrieved 2009-02-09.