Forrest's mouse

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Forrest's mouse
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Genus: Leggadina
Species:
L. forresti
Binomial name
Leggadina forresti
(Thomas, 1906)

The Forrest's mouse (Leggadina forresti), or desert short-tailed mouse, is a small species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is a widespread but sparsely distributed species found across arid and semi-arid inland Australia, commonly found in tussock grassland, chenopod shrubland, and mulga or savannah woodlands.

Contents

Description

The Forrest's mouse is a small mouse weighing between 15–25 grams (0.53–0.88 oz), [2] but recorded to 30 grams (1.1 oz). [3] Short, thick tail that is distinctly less than (60-70%) of the combined head and body length. [2] [4] Body is thickset with a broad, blunt muzzle, [2] and relatively small ears and eyes. [4] Upperparts are a thick, lustrous and short fur of pale yellow brown or greyish fawn, with a pencilling of darker hairs, and small white patches behind the ears. [2] [4] There is a strong demarcation to white under the lower jaw, chin and feet, with the sparsely haired tail grey above and pale grey below, and the ears rounded and pinkish-grey. [2]

Taxonomy

Oldfield Thomas first identified Leggadina forresti in 1906 from a specimen collected at Alexandria Station in the Northern Territory. [5] The genus Leggadina contains two species, both found in Australia including Leggadina forresti and the tropical short-tailed mouse, or Lakeland Downs mouse Leggadina lakedownensis, which is found in moist tussock grassland and tropical savannah of coastal northern Australia. [2]

Several synonyms exist for this species: [6]

Distribution

Widespread but sparsely distributed across much of arid and semi-arid inland Australia, from eastern Western Australia to Rolleston in central Queensland, the Barkly Tableland in the Northern Territory to Cockburn, South Australia. [2] In New South Wales, has been recorded in Sturt National Park, Tibooburra, and as sub-fossil remains at Mutawintji National Park. [4]

Conservation status

The species was previously listed as Lower Risk/near threatened in 1996 on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but was reassessed in 2008 as a species of least concern. [1] The Forrest's mouse is not listed under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, but is listed as Vulnerable in NSW on Schedule 2 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

Ecology and habitat

Example of habitat of the Forrest's mouse Red Earth Desert.jpg
Example of habitat of the Forrest's mouse

A nocturnal and terrestrial animal, the Forrest's mouse shelters during the day in a grass nest in shallow burrows (possibly at the base of spinifex tussocks), and also in cracks in the soil. [2] [4]

Although little is known on the population dynamics and social organisation of the species, it is thought they are a solitary animal, occurring in low densities regardless of habitat suitability. [5] Individuals have been recorded entering a state of torpor in both captivity and the wild, and longevity is estimated to be 1.5 to 2 years. [7]

Habitats are varied and include: riparian Coolabah forest, tussock grassland, stony saltbush plains, mulga and savannah woodlands, chenopod shrubland and sandy ridges, [4] and cracking clay pans. [8]

Reproduction

The reproductive rate of Forrest's mouse peaks during winter and spring, with some breeding occurring in autumn, [7] and thought to be related to rainfall. [2] Litter size is usually of three to four young, with a gestation period of 35 days, and a weaning period of 28 days, [9] when the young reach around 9 grams (0.32 oz) in weight. [5] It is unclear as to the age at which individuals reach sexual maturity. [7]

Diet

The Forrest's mouse has a varied diet, and is considered an omnivore. Food items identified include seeds, green plant stems and leaves, arthropods including beetles and spiders, and fungi. [2] [7] [10] Assessment of stomach contents concluded the major food item was seed (47%), followed by arthropods at 27%, with the remainder consisting of stem and leaf material. [11] It is generally thought that the Forrest's mouse does not rely on standing water for drinking, as it obtains sufficient moisture from its diet in a similar fashion to other well adapted desert rodents. [7]

Predators

The Forrest's mouse is subject to predation by both introduced animals and native predators. Both feral cats Felus catus and the European red fox Vulpes vulpes have been recorded as preying on the Forrest's mouse in Queensland, [12] which has been identified as a contributing factor in the decline of native rodents. [7] The barn owl Tyto alba is known to prey on the species in South Australia, [13] and other birds of prey recorded consuming the Forrest's mouse include the letter-winged kite Elanus scriptus in the Simpson Desert. [14] In assessing the risk of dingo Canis lupus dingo predation to threatened vertebrates in western NSW after re-introduction, it was found that the Forrest's mouse faced a high risk of predation from dingoes, based on bodyweight, behaviour and habitat. [15]

Threats

Heavy grazing and the trampling of habitat by domestic stock, feral goats, rabbits and pigs has been identified as a threat to the Forrest's mouse. [4] Grazing by stock affects native rodents through the removal of shrubs and grasses that provide food and shelter, and powder and compact the topsoil, which makes burrowing difficult or impossible. [7] This can also make the Forrest's mouse more vulnerable to predation, and reduces the ability to move between isolated habitats. [4]

Predation by feral cats and foxes is considered a threat to the Forrest's mouse, and exotic species such as the house mouse Mus domesticus have the ability to sustain the population of predators. [7] The house mouse, along with other introduced herbivores compete with the Forrest's mouse for food resources and habitat. [4]

The loss of habitat through inappropriate or altered fire regimes is recognised as a threatening process for native rodents, however it is unclear as to whether the Forrest's mouse is adversely affected by current fire regimes, or what requirements are needed in terms of fire history. [7]

The use of 1080 poison(sodium monofluoroacetate) in pest control has the potential to poison the Forrest's mouse through the ingestion of baits, [4] [7] and the use of pesticides for the control of locusts may also represent a threat. [7]

The introduction of standing water through farm dams and irrigation schemes has the potential to attract potential predators and competitors of the Forrest's mouse, [4] and serve as focal point for herbivores and the modification of vegetation through grazing. [7]

A loss of habitat through the clearing of trees, shrubs and grasses, the removal of ground debris and loss of hollows have also been identified as a threat to the survival of the Forrest's mouse. [4]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky hopping mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Long-tailed mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kultarr</span> Species of marsupial

The kultarr is a small insectivorous nocturnal marsupial inhabiting the arid interior of Australia. Preferred habitat includes stony deserts, shrubland, woodland, grassland and open plains. The kultarr has a range of adaptations to help cope with Australia's harsh arid environment including torpor similar to hibernation that helps conserve energy. The species has declined across its former range since European settlement due to changes in land management practices and introduced predators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripe-faced dunnart</span> Species of marsupial

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern pygmy possum</span> Species of marsupial

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Letter-winged kite</span> Raptor native to Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heath mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plains rat</span> Species of rodent

The plains rat(Pseudomys australis), also known as the palyoora, plains mouse and eastern mouse, is a conilurine rodent native to arid and semi-arid Australia. Referred to as the pallyoora or yarlie by Indigenous groups, the plains rat was once widely distributed across central Australia, including north-west New South Wales and south-west Queensland; however, habitat degradation due to grazing, introduced predators and drought have contributed to its decline. Consequently, the plains rat has been listed as 'presumed extinct' in New South Wales and Victoria, 'endangered' in the Northern Territory and Queensland and 'vulnerable' in Western Australia and South Australia. While recent research has indicated the presence of the plains rat in areas such as the Fowlers Gap and Strzelecki Desert regions of New South Wales and within the Diamantina National Park in Queensland, there are only five sub-populations currently recognised nationally, none of which coincide with recent discoveries of the plains rat. As the current population trend of the plains rat has been listed as 'declining' by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the IUCN conservation status for the species is 'vulnerable'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolam's mouse</span> Species of rodent

Bolam's mouse is a species of nocturnal, burrowing rodent in the family Muridae that inhabits the semi arid and southern arid regions of Australia. It has a number of physiological and behavioural adaptations developed to cope with an extremely varied climate. Including the ability survive by extracting water from seeds alone, the production of highly concentrated urine, low water content faeces and nocturnal activity.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandy inland mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Holland mouse</span> Species of rodent

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilliga mouse</span> Species of rodent

Pseudomys pilligaensis, commonly known as the Pilliga mouse or poolkoo, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. Its distribution comprises the Pilliga forest region of New South Wales, Australia, specimens have also been trapped in the Warrumbungle National Park and Weetalibah Nature Reserve. Its conservation status is currently listed as "Data Deficient" due to unresolved questions on its taxonomic status.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydromyini</span> Tribe of rodents

Hydromyini is a very large, diverse tribe of muroid rodents in the subfamily Murinae. They are the dominant native rodents in Australasia and one of only two native rodent groups there, the other being the R. fuscipes group of the genus Rattus in the tribe Rattini. They are also found in parts of Southeast Asia.

References

  1. 1 2 Robinson, T. & Read, J. (2014). "Leggadina forresti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Menkhorst, P., and Knight, F. (2001). A field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press South Melbourne, p.184 ISBN   0-19-550870-X
  3. ↑ Breed, W. G.; Taylor, J. (2000). "Body mass, testes mass, and sperm size in Murine rodents". Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (3): 758–768. doi:10.1093/jmammal/81.3.758.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Department of the Environment and Heritage. (2014). Forrest's mouse - profile. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10456. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Watts, C. H. S., and Aslin, H. J. (1981). The Rodents of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Australia, pp. 207-212
  6. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia. (2014). Leggadina forresti (Thomas 1906). http://bie.ala.org.au/species/Leggadina+forresti#tab_names. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 NPWS. (2002). Forrest's mouse (Leggadina forresti) and Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) Recovery Plan. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, NSW. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/approvedSandyforest.pdf Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  8. ↑ Reid, J. R. W. (2008). Central Short-tailed Mouse, Leggadina forresti. In Van Dyck, S., and Strahan, R. (eds). The Mammals of Australia. Third Edition. Reed New Holland, Sydney, Australia, pp. 581-583.
  9. ↑ Yom-Tov, Y (1985). "The reproductive rates of Australian rodents". Oecologia. 66 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985Oecol..66..250Y. doi:10.1007/bf00379862. PMID   28311597. S2CID   29649920.
  10. ↑ Murray, B. R.; Dickman, C. R.; Watts, C. H. S.; Morton, S. R. (1998). "The dietary ecology of Australian desert rodents". Wildlife Research. 26: 857–858. doi:10.1071/wr97046_co.
  11. ↑ Read, D. G. (1984). "Diet and habitat preference of Leggadina forresti (Rodentia: Muridae) in Western New South Wales". Australian Mammalogy. 7 (4): 215–217. doi:10.1071/AM84023. S2CID   254718645. In NPWS. (2002). Forrest's Mouse (Leggadina forresti) and Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis) Recovery Plan. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, NSW. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/approvedSandyforest.pdf
  12. ↑ Mifsud, G.; Woolley, P. A. (2012). "Predation of the Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi) and other native fauna by cats and foxes on Mitchell grass downs in Queensland". Australian Mammalogy. 34 (2): 188–195. doi:10.1071/AM11035.
  13. ↑ McDowell, M. C.; Medlin, G. C. (2009). "The effects of prey selection of the barn owl (Tyto alba) in the Strzelecki Regional Reserve, north-eastern South Australia". Australian Mammalogy. 31: 47–55. doi:10.1071/am08115.
  14. ↑ Pavey, C. R.; Eldridge, C. R.; Heywood, M. (2008). "Population dynamics and prey selection of native and introduced predators during a rodent outbreak in arid Australia". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (3): 674–683. doi: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-168r.1 .
  15. ↑ Allen, B. L.; Fleming, P. J. S. (2012). "Reintroducing the dingo: the risk of predation to threatened vertebrates of western New South Wales". Wildlife Research. 39: 35–50. doi:10.1071/WR11128. S2CID   83937657.
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