GNU Guile

GNU Guile

Family	Lisp
Designed by	Aubrey Jaffer, Tom Lord, Miles Bader
Developer	GNU Project
First appeared	1993;31 years ago (1993) [1]
Stable release	3.0.10 [2] / 24 June 2024;4 months ago (2024-06-24) [2]
Platform	IA-32, x86-64, AArch64, armel, armhf, mips, mips64el, mipsel, ppc64el, s390x
OS	Linux, BSD, Windows (through MinGW or Cygwin)
License	LGPL-3.0-or-later
Filename extensions	.scm .go (Guile object)
Website	gnu.org/software/guile
Influenced by
Lisp, Scheme, SCM

GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions ^[3] (GNU Guile) is the preferred extension language system for the GNU Project ^[4] and features an implementation of the programming language Scheme. Its first version was released in 1993. ^[1] In addition to large parts of Scheme standards, Guile Scheme includes modularized extensions for many different programming tasks. ^{[5] [6]}

For extending programs, Guile offers libguile which allows the language to be embedded in other programs, and integrated closely through the C language application programming interface (API); similarly, new data types and subroutines defined through the C API can be made available as extensions to Guile. ^[7]

Guile is used in many programs under the GNU project umbrella (GDB, Make, Guix, GNU TeXmacs, GnuCash, LilyPond, Lepton-EDA...) ^[8] but it also sees use outside of that, for example in Google's schism.

Guile Scheme

Guile Scheme is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose flexibility allows expressing concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C. For example, its hygienic macro system allows adding domain specific syntax-elements without modifying Guile. Guile implements the Scheme standard R5RS, most of R6RS and R7RS, ^[9] several Scheme Requests for Implementation (SRFI), and many extensions of its own.

The core idea of Guile Scheme is that "the developer implements critical algorithms and data structures in C or C++ and exports the functions and types for use by interpreted code. The application becomes a library of primitives orchestrated by the interpreter, combining the efficiency of compiled code with the flexibility of interpretation." ^[10] Thus Guile Scheme (and other languages implemented by Guile) can be extended with new data types and subroutines implemented through the C API.

The standard distribution offers modules for Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) system calls, scheduling, a foreign function interface, S-expression based XML processing through SXML, SXPath, and SXSLT, HTTP and other World Wide Web APIs, delimited continuations, array programming, ^[11] and other functionality. ^{[5] [6]} Guile programs can use facilities from SLIB, the portable Scheme library. ^[12]

Implementation details

When using continuations with call/cc, a requirement of the Scheme standard, Guile copies the execution stack into the heap and back. ^[13] Its manual suggests using delimited continuations instead, because they have a more efficient implementation. ^[14]

Because foreign code may have pointers to Scheme objects, Guile uses the conservative Boehm–Demers–Weiser (BDW) garbage collector. ^[15]

History

The Guile manual gives details of the inception and early history of the language. ^[16] A brief summary follows:

After the success of Emacs in the free software community, as a highly extensible and customizable application via its extension (and partly implementation) language Emacs Lisp, the community began to consider how this design strategy could apply to the rest of the GNU system. Tom Lord initially began work on an embeddable language runtime named the GNU Extension Language (GEL), which was based on Aubrey Jaffer's Scheme implementation SCM (which in turn was based on George Carrette's SIOD). ^{[17] [18]} Lord convinced Richard Stallman to make GEL the official extension language of the GNU project, based on the argument that Scheme was a cleaner Lisp dialect than Emacs Lisp, and that GEL could evolve to implement other languages on the same runtime, namely Emacs Lisp. After Lord discovered GEL had a naming conflict with another programming language, he solicited suggestions for a new name. From several contributions in several Usenet newsgroups, Lord controversially chose Guile from a suggestion by Lee Thomas. ^{[19] [20] [21] [22]}

During the development of Guile (then GEL) and before its public release, the extension language Tcl was gaining popularity and being pushed as a universal extension language. Stallman saw Tcl as being underpowered as an extension language, and posted a criticism to the comp.lang.tcl newsgroup, which initiated a flamewar known as the "Tcl War". ^[23] Since the public announcement of the Guile project coincided with the Tcl debate, it has become a common misconception that Guile began as a reaction to this.

After the initial release of Guile, development languished for many years, but 2009–2010 saw major improvements, ^[24] and Guile 2.0 was released in 2011 with a new compiler infrastructure, a virtual machine implementation, a switch to the Boehm–Demers–Weiser garbage collector, many improvements to the Guile Scheme language, and other major changes. ^[25]

One of the goals of Guile is to allow other languages to be used alongside Scheme, such that Guile would effectively be a language-neutral runtime environment. Various attempts at this have been made in past versions: a dialect of Scheme essentially differing only in its C-like syntax, a translation of Emacs Lisp, a Tcl converter motivated by tkWWW, and something roughly resembling the language Logo. ^[26] With version 2.0, the project successfully transitioned to a compiler tower approach, allowing the definition of compilers from one language to another, typically from a higher-level one to a lower-level intermediate representation, and eventually virtual machine bytecode or native machine code. ^{[27] [28]}

On 16 Mar 2017, Guile 2.2.0 was released with a new optimizing compiler and high-performance register virtual machine. According to the release announcement by Andy Wingo, real-world programs often showed a speedup of 30% or more with Guile 2.2 when compared to the previous 2.0 series. Guile 2.2.0 also lowered memory usage, sped up the "eval" interpreter, provided better support for multi-core programming, and removed any fixed limit on recursive function calls. It also supported the creation of user-space concurrency facilities that multiplex millions of concurrent lightweight "fibers" and provided a complete Emacs-compatible Elisp implementation, implementing all of Elisp's features and quirks in the same way as Emacs. ^[29]

On 16 January 2020, Guile 3.0.0 was released with just-in-time (JIT) native code generation for much greater performance. Compared to 2.2, microbenchmark performance is around twice as good on the whole, while some individual benchmarks are up to 32 times as fast. It also featured support for interleaved definitions and expressions in lexical contexts, native support for structured exceptions, better support for the R6RS and R7RS Scheme standards and many optimizations. ^{[30] [31]}

Timeline of Lisp dialects

• v
• t
• e

1958	1960	1965	1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020
LISP 1, 1.5, LISP 2(abandoned)
		Maclisp
			Interlisp
			MDL
				Lisp Machine Lisp
				Scheme				R5RS		R6RS	R7RS small
				NIL
					ZIL (Zork Implementation Language)
					Franz Lisp
					Common Lisp		ANSI standard
					Le Lisp
					MIT Scheme
					XLISP
						T
						Chez Scheme
						Emacs Lisp
						AutoLISP
						PicoLisp
						Gambit
							EuLisp
							ISLISP
							OpenLisp
							PLT Scheme				Racket
							newLISP
							GNU Guile
									Visual LISP
										Clojure
										Arc
										LFE
											Hy
													Chialisp

Emacs integration

There have been several past unfinished attempts to replace or supplement the Emacs Lisp extension language with Guile, parallel to the efforts of supporting other languages in Guile.^{[ citation needed ]}

With version 2.0 of Guile, a new attempt at implementing Elisp on the Guile compiler tower and replacing Emacs's Elisp implementation with that of libguile has begun and made significant progress through Google Summer of Code projects. ^[32] A Guile-based Emacs could offer better execution performance for Emacs Lisp, support new Emacs Lisp language features more easily, make Guile libraries written in other programming languages available to Emacs Lisp code, and allow writing Emacs extensions in other programming languages supported by Guile, all while remaining fully backward compatible with existing Emacs Lisp code bases.

As of October 2014 ^[update] , the implementation had reached a stage where Guile Emacs is able to reliably run most Emacs Lisp code. Remaining problems or possible problems involve the different internal representation of Emacs Lisp strings from Scheme strings, the difference between how Emacs Lisp and Scheme treat the Boolean false and empty list objects, Emacs Lisp macros not integrating with Scheme, Emacs Lisp not having been designed for concurrency, and the portability of Guile to platforms supported by Emacs. Other concerns raised by the Emacs community include the relative sizes of the Emacs and Guile communities, and whether it would cause splitting in the community if Emacs were extensible in programming languages other than Emacs Lisp. ^[33]

GNU Make integration

GNU make can be built with support for GNU Guile as an embedded extension language. ^[34]

References

1. Blandy 1997, p. 102.
2. "GNU Guile 3.0.10 released". gnu.org.
3. "GNU Guile (About Guile)". GNU Project. Guile is the GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions, the official extension language for the GNU operating system.
4. "GNU coding standards, Which Languages to Use". GNU Project.
5. "Guile Manual, API Reference". GNU Project.
6. "Guile Manual, Guile Modules". GNU Project.
7. "To encourage customization, Guile provides extensive interfaces, allowing C code to interact with the Scheme world. C code can freely create, access, and mutate Scheme objects; C functions may call Scheme functions and vice versa; C code may add new types to the Scheme world and take advantage of Guile's garbage collection… Most of the standard Scheme procedures are implemented by C functions, visible to Guile clients; for example, applications can call the C function scm_cons, which is the underlying implementation of the Scheme procedures cons ." Blandy 1997, pp. 94, 96.
8. "Applications using Guile". GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2017-11-24.
9. "R7RS Incompatibilities (Guile Reference Manual)". GNU Project. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
10. Blandy 1997, p. 87.
11. "Guile Manual, Arrays". GNU Project.
12. "Guile Manual, SLIB". GNU Project. SLIB is not included in the Guile distribution, but can be installed separately.
13. "Because Guile allows foreign functions and Scheme functions to call each other freely, a Guile continuation may include both C and Scheme stack frames. For simplicity, Guile's implementation of call/cc copies the entire C stack into the heap; invoking a continuation copies the stack back from the heap and uses the longjmp function to reactivate it. This implementation has a number of drawbacks...", Blandy 1997, p. 99.
14. "Guile Manual, Continuations". GNU Project.
15. "Guile Manual, Conservative GC". GNU Project.
16. "Guile Manual, History".
17. "It's hard to determine just who designed Guile. A large share of the credit surely belongs to Aubrey Jaffer whose excellent Scheme interpreter, SCM, forms the core of the implementation. The module system was designed and built by Miles Bader…" "An Anatomy of Guile, The Interface to Tcl/Tk", 1995
18. "Here is a very, very brief history of this interpreter. I hope that people involved in its past will contribute more to this document. SIOD: George Carrette wrote SIOD, the earliest version. Although most of this code has been rewritten or replaced over time, the garbage collector from SIOD is still an important part of Guile. SIOD is still actively developed and freely available. It has a very small footprint." Guile Scheme 1995.
19. "The name Guile was first suggested in a Usenet discussion by Lee Thomas." Guile Scheme 1995.
20. Lee Thomas (1994-11-04). "The Name of the Rose". Newsgroup:  gnu.misc.discuss.
21. "GUILE - two more reasons to prefer it".
22. "GEL:Important Name Change".
23. Archives of the Tcl War
24. Wingo, Andy. "Older blog entries for wingo (starting at number 328)". Advogato.
25. "Guile News". GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28.
26. Lord, Thomas (July 1995). "An Anatomy of Guile The Interface to Tcl/Tk" (PostScript). Third Annual Tcl/Tk Workshop. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Usenix . Retrieved 23 November 2010.
27. "Guile Manual, Other Languages". GNU Project. Guile is still fundamentally a Scheme, but it tries to support a wide variety of language building-blocks, so that other languages can be implemented on top of Guile.
28. "Guile Manual, Compiler Tower". GNU Project. Guile defines a tower of languages, starting at Scheme and progressively simplifying down to languages that resemble the VM instruction set.
29. "GNU Guile 2.2.0 released". 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
30. "GNU Guile 3.0.0 released". 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
31. "GNU Guile 3.0.0 released". 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
32. "Re. Elisp implementation?". BT Templeton.
33. "The future of Emacs, Guile, and Emacs Lisp".
34. "12.1 GNU Guile Integration". gnu.org . Retrieved 16 March 2020.

Further reading

• "An Anatomy of Guile, The Interface to Tcl/Tk" (1995)
• Blandy, Jim (1998). Peter H. Salus (ed.). "Guile: An Interpreter Core for Complete Applications". Handbook of Programming Languages. IV: Functional and Logic Programming Languages (1st ed.). Macmillan Technical Publishing: 87–104. ISBN   1-57870-011-6.

External links

• Free and open-source software portal

• Official website
• Guile Reference Manual in one, long web page
• Source code on the GNU Savannah software forge
• What Is Guile?
• "A brief history of guile" (from the Guile manual)
• A 2003 interview with GNU Guile maintainer Marius Vollmer