Glutinoglossum glutinosum

Last updated

Glutinoglossum glutinosum
Glutinoglossum glutinosum 138160.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Geoglossomycetes
Order: Geoglossales
Family: Geoglossaceae
Genus: Glutinoglossum
Species:
G. glutinosum
Binomial name
Glutinoglossum glutinosum
(Pers.) Hustad, A.N.Mill., Dentinger & P.F.Cannon (2013)
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Geoglossum glutinosumPers. (1796)
  • Geoglossum viscosumPers. (1797)
  • Geoglossum viscosulum Sacc. (1889)
  • Gloeoglossum glutinosum(Pers.) E.J.Durand (1908)
  • Cibalocoryne glutinosa(Pers.) S.Imai [as 'Cibarocoryne'] (1942) [3]

Glutinoglossum glutinosum, commonly known as the viscid black earth tongue or the glutinous earthtongue, is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae (the earth tongues). Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it has been found in northern Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Although previously thought to exist in Australasia, collections made from these locations have since been referred to new species. G. glutinosum is a saprophytic species that grows on soil in moss or in grassy areas. The smooth, nearly black, club-shaped fruitbodies grow to heights ranging from 1.5 to 5 cm (0.6 to 2.0 in). The head is up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) long, and the stipes are sticky. Several other black earth tongue species are quite similar in external appearance, and many can be reliably distinguished only by examining differences in microscopic characteristics, such as spores, asci, and paraphyses. First described in 1796 as a species of Geoglossum , the fungus has gone through several changes of genera in its taxonomic history. It was placed in its current genus, Glutinoglossum , in 2013.

Contents

Taxonomy

G. australasicum

G. glutinosum

G. methvenii

G. exiguum

G. americanum

G. heptaseptatum

Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationships of Glutinoglossum species based on a four-gene dataset; from Hustad and Miller 2015. [2]

The fungus was first officially described in 1796 as Geoglossum glutinosum by Dutch mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, who proposed several defining characteristics, including the black color; the smooth, compressed, club-shaped head (clavula) with grooves; and the somewhat curved and glutinous stipe. [4] In 1908, Elias Judah Durand transferred it to Gloeoglossum, a genus he circumscribed to contain species with paraphyses (filamentous, sterile cells interspersed between the asci) present as a continuous gelatinous layer on the stipe; Gloeoglossum has since been reduced to synonymy with Geoglossum. [5] In 1942 Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai thought the species should be in Cibalocoryne, a genus name used earlier by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky, [6] and so published Cibalocoryne glutinosa. [3] Later authors thought Cibalocoryne to be ambiguous, and the name was synonymized with Geoglossum. [6] [7] [8] Persoon also described the species Geoglossum viscosum (1801) [9] and the variety Geoglossum glutinosum var. lubricum (1822), [10] but both of these taxa were placed into synonymy with G. glutinosum by Elias Judah Durand in 1908. [11]

The species was transferred by Vincent Hustad and colleagues to the newly created genus Glutinoglossum in 2013 when molecular analysis revealed that it and the species G. heptaseptatum formed a well-defined clade in the Geoglossaceae. [12] In 2015, Hustad and Andrew Miller published an emended description of G. glutinosum with a narrower range of spore dimensions, suggesting that material collected in Australia and New Zealand represent unique species, which they referred to G. australasicum and G. exiguum . These species, along with G. americanum and G. methvenii , were added to Glutinoglossum in 2015. Hustad and Miller noted their new spore size range for G. glutinosum were more closely aligned with those given by Durand in his measurements of Persoon's type specimen. [2]

The specific epithet glutinosum is derived from the Latin word gluten, meaning "glue". [13] The species is commonly known as the "viscid black earth tongue" [14] or the "glutinous earthtongue". [15]

Description

"But of all the wicked-looking Fungi, none have so weird an appearance as the black Geoglossum. It is well termed Earth-tongue, for it springs in a tongue shape from the ground, black and glutinous."

Margaret Mary Plues, 1863 [16]

The club-shaped fruitbodies, which have a distinct blackish head and a more lightly colored stipe (dark brown), grow to heights ranging from 1.5 to 5 cm (0.6 to 2.0 in). The head is up to 0.7 cm (0.3 in) tall and ranges in shape from fuse-shaped to narrowly ellipsoidal to nearly cylindrical, and is somewhat compressed on the sides. The nearly black, somewhat waxy head has a vertical groove down the middle. The stipe has a glutinous, dark grey-brown surface. [2]

The pear-shaped or spherical tips of the paraphyses extend beyond the asci. Geoglossum glutinosum 502445.jpg
The pear-shaped or spherical tips of the paraphyses extend beyond the asci.

The spores are smooth and cylindrical, sometimes with a slight swelling in the middle, and sometimes slightly curved; they measure 59–65 by 4–5  µm. G. glutinosum spores have between two and seven septa, although three is most typical in mature specimens. The thin-walled asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to narrowly club-shaped, eight-spored, and typically measure 200–265 µm long by 12–16 µm wide. Ascospores occupy about the upper two-thirds to three-quarters of the ascus, leaving a hyaline (transparent) base. The paraphyses, hyaline at the base and brown in the upper regions, are 4–11 µm wide, [2] and longer than the asci. Cells at the end of the paraphyses are pear-shaped (piriform) or spherical, brownish, and measure 8–10 µm wide. [17] The sticky material on the stipe is a gelatinous matrix made of a layer of paraphyses. [6]

Although black earth tongue species are generally not worth eating, [14] Charles McIlvaine opined in his 1902 work One Thousand American Fungi that, if stewed, G. glutinosum is "delicious." [18]

Similar species

Glutinoglossum glutinosum
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal

Geoglossum nigritum is similar in appearance to Glutinoglossum glutinosum, but lacks a slimy stipe. [19] Trichoglossum species, such as the common T. hirsutum , have a velvety surface texture acquired from thick-walled bristles called setae. [20] Several other earth tongue species are roughly similar in external appearance to G. glutinosum, and can be difficult to distinguish from that species without considering distribution and microscopic characteristics such as the size and shape of the asci, ascospores, and paraphyses. Geoglossum peckianum and G. uliginosum can develop a glutinous stipe; the former has spores measuring 90–120 by 6–7 µm with 14 septa, while the latter has spores that are 60–80 by 4.5–6 µm with 7 septa. [17] The Australasian species Glutinoglossum methvenii is distinguished from G. glutinosum by its short, stout ascospores (mostly measuring 70–80 by 5–6 µm) and the presence of curved to hooked paraphyses tips. G. australasicum , the most abundant Glutinoglossum species in Australasia, has asci measuring 205–270 by 17–20 µm, while those of G. exiguum are 165–260 by 13.5–17 µm. The latter species tends to have smaller fruitbodies, up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) tall. [2]

Habitat and distribution

Fruitbodies found in Sweden 2011-09-16 Geoglossum glutinosum Pers 192121.jpg
Fruitbodies found in Sweden

Glutinoglossum glutinosum is a saprophytic species. Its fruitbodies grow scattered on soil in moss beds or in grassy areas. North American collections are typically associated with hardwoods, while European collections are often made in pasture and dune slacks. [2] The fungus has been used as an indicator of medium-quality grassland in the UK. [21] In India, it has been encountered on the soil of oak forests, and among mosses on stony slopes at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). [8]

A widely distributed species, Glutinoglossum glutinosum has been recorded from northern Africa (Macaronesia [22] ), Asia (Bhutan, [23] China, India, [23] Japan, [24] and the Philippines [25] ) and Europe. [6] It is listed as vulnerable in Switzerland. [26] In Bulgaria, where it is considered critically endangered, threats to G. glutinosum include "habitat changes as result of agriculture activities (crops, livestock), atmospheric and land pollution, drought, global warming." [27] In a preliminary Regional Red List of Dutch macrofungi, G. glutinosum was considered threatened, and it was noted that before 1970, the fungus was "rather common", compared to "rather rare" after that year. [28] The North American distribution includes Canada, [29] the United States, [12] and Mexico. [30]

Although G. glutinosum was previously thought to have occurred in Australia and New Zealand, [12] [31] later examination and genetic analysis of collections from these locations showed the material to belong to what have since been described as the new species G. australasicum or G. exiguum. [2]

Related Research Articles

<i>Spathularia flavida</i> Species of fungus

Spathularia flavida, commonly known as the yellow earth tongue, the yellow fan, or the fairy fan, is an ascomycete fungus found in coniferous forests of Asia, Europe and North America. It produces a small, fan- or spoon-shaped fruit body with a flat, wavy or lobed cream to yellow colored "head" raised on a white to cream stalk. The height is usually approximately 2–5 cm, and up to 8 cm. The fungus fruits on the ground in mosses, forest duff or humus, and fruit bodies may occur singly, in large groups, or in fairy rings. The spores produced by the fungus are needle-like, and up to 95 µm long. Several varieties have been described that differ largely in their microscopic characteristics. S. flavida has been described by authorities variously as inedible, of unknown edibility, or edible but tough.

<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus Sarcoscypha, S. coccinea has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species S. macaronesica. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, S. coccinea has often been confused with S. occidentalis, S. austriaca, and S. dudleyi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoglossaceae</span> Family of fungi

Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes. These fungi are broadly known as earth tongues. The ascocarps of most species in the family Geoglossaceae are terrestrial and are generally small, dark in color, and club-shaped with a height of 2–8 cm. The ascospores are typically light-brown to dark-brown and are often multiseptate. Other species of fungi have been known to parasitize ascocarps. The use of a compound microscope is needed for accurate identification.

<i>Cookeina</i> Genus of fungi

Cookeina is a genus of cup fungi in the family Sarcoscyphaceae, members of which may be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Species may be found on fallen branches of angiosperms, trunks, and sometimes on fruits. The Temuans of Peninsular Malaysia are reported to use certain species from this genus as food, and also as a bait for fishing, where it is rubbed against the hook.

<i>Geopyxis carbonaria</i> Species of fungus

Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis, family Pyronemataceae. First described to science in 1805, and given its current name in 1889, the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf-cup, dwarf acorn cup, stalked bonfire cup, or pixie cup. The small, goblet-shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish-brown with a whitish fringe and measure up to 2 centimetres across. They have a short, tapered stalk.

<i>Peziza praetervisa</i> Species of fungus

Peziza praetervisa, commonly known as the purple fairy cup or the fireplace cup, is a species of fungus in the genus Peziza, family Pezizaceae. Recognized by its flattened, purple, cup-like fruitbodies, this widespread fungus typically grows scattered or in clusters on burnt ground.

<i>Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata</i> Species of fungus

Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of the culms of the black needlerush. It is found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

<i>Morchella punctipes</i> Species of fungus

Morchella punctipes is a species of morel fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is native to North America, found widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. It is edible when cooked.

<i>Trichoglossum</i> Genus of fungi

Trichoglossum is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called hairy earth tongues. The type species is Trichoglossum hirsutum.

<i>Trichoglossum hirsutum</i> Species of fungus

Trichoglossum hirsutum is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of hairy earthtongue. In North America it is known variously as velvety earth tongue, shaggy earth tongue, or black earth tongue. DNA evidence suggests the hairy earthtongue may be a species complex.

<i>Geoglossum</i> Genus of fungi

Geoglossum is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called earth tongues. The type species is Geoglossum glabrum. Geoglossum species are distinguished from the related genus Trichoglossum by the lack of setae on the spore bearing surface. Geoglossum species are characterized by dark, club-shaped, terrestrial ascocarps with a fertile hymenium continuing downward from the apex of the ascocarp along the stipe, eventually intergrading with a sterile stipe. The ascospores of Geoglossum range from translucent to dark brown, and are fusiform, and multiseptate. Identification of species is based on the gross morphology of the ascocarp, color and septation of the ascospores, and shape and ornamentation of the paraphyses.

<i>Glutinoglossum</i> Genus of fungi

Glutinoglossum is a genus of six species of earth-tongue fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. The widespread type species, G. glutinosum, is commonly known as the "glutinous earth tongue". G. heptaseptatum is known only from the Czech Republic. Four additional species were described in 2015.

<i>Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum</i> Species of fungus

Glutinoglossum heptaseptatum is a species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. Described in 2013, it is indistinguishable from its close relative G. glutinosum without the use of a microscope, and is known for certain only from the Czech Republic.

<i>Onygena equina</i> Species of fungus

Onygena equina, commonly known as the horn stalkball, is a species of fungus in the family Onygenaceae. The fungus grows on putrefying hooves and horns, and can digest the keratin in those substrates. Fruit bodies are small and white, with thick stipes supporting a "head" shaped like a flattened sphere. The skin, or peridium, of the head appears powdery or like a white crust, and breaks open in maturity, falling off in irregular pieces to expose the pale reddish-brown powdery spores within. The fungus is known from Europe and North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elias Judah Durand</span> American mycologist and botanist

Elias Judah Durand was an American mycologist, and botanist. He was one of the foremost American experts on the discomycetes.

<i>Microglossum viride</i> Species of fungus

Microglossum viride is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called green earth tongues.

<i>Geoglossum dunense</i> Species of fungus

Geoglossum dunense is an earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae, described as new to science in 2015. It is known from the island of Cyprus, where it grows in coastal dunes and salt marshes under the Phoenicean juniper, but has also been documented in Malta and England following collections from diverse habitats. It produces very small fruit bodies barely exceeding 1–2 cm and has polymorphic, often moniliform paraphyses and predominantly 3-septate spores.

Pteridiospora spinosispora is a species of fungus in the class Dothideomycetes.

Brunneocarpos is a fungal genus in the family Mycocaliciaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Brunneocarpos banksiae. The fungus grows on the cones of Banksia plants in Australia.

<i>Trichoglossum walteri</i> Species of fungus

Trichoglossum walteri is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. In its current sense, it is considered to be cosmopolitan and as such represents a complex of species worldwide. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of short-spored earthtongue. The European species occurs mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland and threats to this habitat have resulted in the short-spored earthtongue being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Glutinoglossum glutinosum (Pers.) Hustad, A.N. Mill, Dentinger & P.F. Cannon, Persoonia, Mol. Phyl. Evol. Fungi 31: 104 (2013)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hustad VP, Miller AN (2015). "Studies in the genus Glutinoglossum". Mycologia. 107 (3): 647–657. doi:10.3852/14-328. PMID   25725001. S2CID   15253145.
  3. 1 2 Imai S. (1942). "Contributiones ad studia monographica Geoglossacearum". Botanical Magazine Tokyo (in Latin). 56 (671): 523–7. doi: 10.15281/jplantres1887.56.523 .
  4. ↑ Persoon CH. (1796). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wolf. p. 11.
  5. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 284. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Mains EB. (1954). "North American species of Geoglossum and Trichoglossum". Mycologia. 46 (5): 586–631. doi:10.1080/00275514.1954.12024398. JSTOR   4547871.
  7. ↑ Nannfeldt JA. (1942). "The Geoglossaceae of Sweden". Arkiv för Botanik. 30A: 1–67.
  8. 1 2 Maas Geesteranus RA. (1965). "Geoglossaceae of India and adjacent countries". Persoonia. 4 (1): 19–46 (see p. 29).
  9. ↑ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis methodica fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen: Henricum Dieterich. p. 609.
  10. ↑ Persoon CH. (1822). Mycologia Europaea (in Latin). Vol. 1. Erlangen: J.J. Palmius. p. 197.
  11. ↑ Durand EJ. (1908). "The Geoglossaceae of North America". Annales Mycologici. 6 (5): 387–477.
  12. 1 2 3 Hustad VP, Miller AN, Dentinger BTM, Cannon PF (2013). "Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes" (PDF). Persoonia. 31: 101–11. doi:10.3767/003158513x671235. PMC   3904045 . PMID   24761038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2013-08-31. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  13. ↑ Clifford HT, Bostock PD (2007). Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 123. ISBN   978-3-540-38434-2.
  14. 1 2 Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp.  867–8. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  15. ↑ "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. July 2014. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  16. ↑ Plues M. (1863). "British Fungi". The Popular Science Review. Robert Hardwicke: 322–33 (see p. 331).
  17. 1 2 Kučera V, Lizoň P (2012). "Geoglossaceous fungi in Slovakia III. The genus Geoglossum" (PDF). Biologia. 67 (4): 654–8. doi:10.2478/s11756-012-0053-6. S2CID   20994076.
  18. ↑ McIlvaine C. (1902). Toadstools, Mushrooms, Fungi, Edible and Poisonous; One Thousand American Fungi. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Company. p. 550.
  19. ↑ Kuo M. (January 2005). "Geoglossum nigritum". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  20. ↑ Webster J, Weber R (2007). Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 874. ISBN   978-1-139-46150-4.
  21. ↑ Hurford C, Schneider M (2006). Monitoring Nature Conservation in Cultural Habitats: A Practical Guide and Case Studies. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 187. ISBN   978-1-4020-3757-3.
  22. ↑ Spooner BM. (1987). Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae. Bibliotheca Mycologica. Vol. 116. Berlin: Lubrecht & Cramer. p. 107. ISBN   978-3-443-59017-8.
  23. 1 2 Prasher IB, Sharma R (1997). "Geoglossum Pers. Geoglossaceae, Leotiales in eastern Himalayas". In Chahal SS, Prashar IB, Randhawa HS, Arya S (eds.). Achievements and Prospects in Mycology and Plant Pathology. Dehradun, India: International Book Distributors. pp. 12–19. ISBN   978-8170892496.
  24. ↑ Imai S. (1941). "Geoglossaceae Japoniae" (PDF). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University. 45 (4): 155–264 (see pp. 228–9).
  25. ↑ Baker CF. (1914). "The lower fungi of the Philippine Islands". Leaflets of Philippine Botany. 6: 2065–318 (see p. 2144).
  26. ↑ Senn-Irlet B, Bieri G, Egli S (2007). Liste Rouge des Champignons Supériors Menacés en Suisse. L'environnement pratique no 0718 (Report) (in French). Office fédéral de l'environnement, Berne, ((et WSL)), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
  27. ↑ Dimitrova E. "Geoglossum glutinosum". Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 1 – Plants & Fungi.
  28. ↑ Arnolds E. (1989). "A preliminary red data list of macrofungi in the Netherlands". Persoonia. 14 (2): 77–125 (see p. 110).
  29. ↑ Voitk A. (2013). "Earth tongues of Newfoundland and Labrador" (PDF). Omphalina. 4 (5): 14–19.
  30. ↑ Ramírez-López I, Rios MV (2007). "El conocimiento taxonómico de Geoglossaceae sensu lato (Fungi: Ascomycetes) en México con énfasis en la zona centro y sur". Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 25: 41–49. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  31. ↑ Bougher NL, Syme K (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 98. ISBN   978-1-875560-80-6.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.