Notes
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| Eastern |
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This Oto-Manguean languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| Guerrero Amuzgo | |
|---|---|
| Ñomndaa | |
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Guerrero |
Native speakers | 46,000 (2011) [1] |
Oto-Manguean
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | amu |
| Glottolog | guer1243 |
| ELP | Guerrero Amuzgo |
The Guerrero Amuzgo language is an Amuzgo language spoken in southwest Guerrero state in Mexico. [1]
There are 23,000 speakers, 10,000 that are monolingual. It is also known as Nomndaa or Ñomndaa. [1] It belongs to the Oto-Manguean language family and the Amuzgoan subfamily. [1] The use of the language is widespread and it is learned as a second language by Spanish and Nahuatl speakers living with the Guerrero speakers. [1]
There is a positive cultural affinity toward the tongue and it is used in business, religion, and taught bilingually with Spanish until 6th grade. [1] 10% of adults and 15% of children are literate in Amuzgo Guerrero. [1] There are media such as videos, a dictionary and radio broadcasts in the language that propagate its use. [1]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | i | ĩ | u | ũ | ||
| Close-mid | e | ẽ | o | õ | ||
| Open-mid | æ | æ̃ | ɔ | ɔ̃ | ||
| Open | a | ã | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |
| Close | ḭ | ḭ̃ | ṵ | ṵ̃ | ||
| Close-mid | ḛ | ḛ̃ | o̰ | õ̰ | ||
| Open-mid | æ̰ | æ̰̃ | ɔ̰ | ɔ̰̃ | ||
| Open | a̰ | ã̰ | ||||
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | labial | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t | tʲ | k kʲ | kʷ | ʔ |
| prenasal | (ᵐb) | ⁿd | ⁿdʲ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | ||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||||
| Fricative | β | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | |||||
| trill | (r) | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Sounds [p, ᵐb, r] only appear in a few words. [2]
Guerrero, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero, is one of the 32 states that compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 81 municipalities. The state has a population of about 3.5 million people. It is located in southwest Mexico and is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, the State of Mexico and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east. In addition to the capital city, Chilpancingo and the largest city Acapulco, other cities in Guerrero include Petatlán, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, and Zihuatanejo. Today, it is home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs, Tlapanecs, Amuzgos, and formerly Cuitlatecs. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region.
Mesoamerican languages are the languages indigenous to the Mesoamerican cultural area, which covers southern Mexico, all of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and parts of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The area is characterized by extensive linguistic diversity containing several hundred different languages and seven major language families. Mesoamerica is also an area of high linguistic diffusion in that long-term interaction among speakers of different languages through several millennia has resulted in the convergence of certain linguistic traits across disparate language families. The Mesoamerican sprachbund is commonly referred to as the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area.
Yucatec Maya is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula, including part of northern Belize. There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in San Francisco, though most Maya Americans are speakers of other Mayan languages from Guatemala and Chiapas.
Chicano English, or Mexican-American English, is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans, particularly in the Southwestern United States ranging from Texas to California, as well as in Chicago. Chicano English is sometimes mistakenly conflated with Spanglish, which is a mixing of Spanish and English; however, Chicano English is a fully formed and native dialect of English, not a "learner English" or interlanguage. It is even the native dialect of some speakers who know little to no Spanish, or have no Mexican heritage.
The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to Mexico, but the Manguean branch of the family, which is now extinct, was spoken as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family.
California English collectively refers to varieties of American English native to California. As California became one of the most ethnically diverse U.S. states, English speakers from a wide variety of backgrounds began to pick up different linguistic elements from one another and also developed new ones; the result is both divergence and convergence within California English. Overall, linguists who studied English before and immediately after World War II tended to find few, if any, patterns unique to California. While California English continues to evolve, today it still falls within a General or Western American accent; however, alternatively viewed, California accents, due to unconscious linguistic prestige, may themselves be serving as a baseline to define accents around the U.S. that are perceived as "General American". In fact, several California-like accent features are spreading across the nation, according to 21st century research.
Cuajinicuilapa is the head town of the municipality of the same name in the Costa Chica region of the Mexican state of Guerrero. A low-lying area, it borders the Pacific Ocean and the state of Oaxaca. The municipality has the state's largest population of Afro-Mexicans with most of the population of this ethnicity. The town and municipality are highly socioeconomically marginalized and it is the poorest municipality of the state, with the economy dependent on livestock and fishing.
Amuzgo is an Oto-Manguean language spoken in the Costa Chica region of the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 60,000 speakers. Like other Oto-Manguean languages, Amuzgo is a tonal language. From syntactical point of view Amuzgo can be considered as an active language. The name Amuzgo is claimed to be a Nahuatl exonym but its meaning is shrouded in controversy; multiple proposals have been made, including 'moss-in'.
The Constitution of Mexico does not declare an official language; however, Spanish is the de facto national language spoken by over 99% of the population making it the largest Spanish speaking country in the world. Due to the cultural influence of the United States, American English is widely understood, especially in border states and tourist regions, with a hybridization of Spanglish spoken. The government also recognizes 63 indigenous languages spoken in their communities out of respect, including Nahuatl, Mayan, Mixtec, etc.
Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez Ávila was a Mexican anthropologist whose work focused on the state of Guerrero. In 1988, he developed an approach in his work on the Costa Chica of Guerrero where "the corrido poet is a social critic who praises violent action when it is justified and condemns it when it is not".
La Mixteca is a cultural, economic and political region in Western Oaxaca and neighboring portions of Puebla, Guerrero in south-central Mexico, which refers to the home of the Mixtec people. In their languages, the region is called either Ñuu Djau, Ñuu Davi or Ñuu Savi. Two-thirds of all Mixtecs live in the region, and the entire national population of Mixtecs in Mexico was 500,000 in 1999.
Xochistlahuaca Municipality is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The municipal seat lies at Xochistlahuaca. The municipality covers an area of 321.1 km².
Xochistlahuaca is a town in Xochistlahuaca Municipality located in the southeast corner of the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is part of the state's Costa Chica region and while near the Pacific Ocean, most of the territory is mountainous. The population is dominated by the indigenous Amuzgo ethnicity, whose women are noted for their traditional hand woven garments, especially the huipil, which is made both for home use and for sale outside the area.
The Indigenous people of Oaxaca are descendants of the inhabitants of what is now the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, who were present before the Spanish invasion. Several cultures flourished in the ancient region of Oaxaca from as far back as 2000 BC, of whom the Zapotecs and Mixtecs were perhaps the most advanced, with complex social organization and sophisticated arts.
The state of Oaxaca, Mexico has a total population of about 3.5 million, with women outnumbering men by 150,000 and about 60% of the population under the age of 30. It is ranked tenth in population in the country. Fifty three percent of the population lives in rural areas. Most of the state’s population growth took place between 1980 and 1990. Life expectancy is 71.7 for men and 77.4 for women, just under the national average. Births far outpace deaths. In 2007, there were 122,579 births and 19,439 deaths. Approximately 85% profess the Catholic faith.
Ixcateopan is an archaeological site located in the town and municipality of Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc, 36 kilometers from Taxco, in the isolated and rugged mountains of the northern part of the Mexican state of Guerrero.
Barajillas is a community in the municipality of Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, Mexico. According to the 2010 census, the town has 759 inhabitants. In 2000, the town had 833 inhabitants. 63 inhabitants are indigenous, of which at least 2 do not speak Spanish. According to the statistics of the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia 19% of the population are illiterate. The postal code is 41951. The town has three schools, a primary school,a "telesecundaria",or secondary school that receives the lessons by way of satellite, and a preschool. The town is typical of small villages in the region for its community telephone service, where calls are announced by way of a loudspeaker. The town borders Mexico highway route 200 which parallels the coast from Tepic Nayarit all the way to the Guatemala border. The north side of the town is bordered by the Rio Cortijos, a wide, sandy, shallow river famous for its "endocos" or very large fresh water shrimp. The town is also known for its unique racial and ethnic mixture of Afro-Mexican peoples, as well as three indigenous groups, the Amuzgo, the "Mixteco" or Mixtec, and the Nahuatl.
Amuzgo textiles are those created by the Amuzgo indigenous people who live in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The history of this craft extends to the pre-Columbian period, which much preserved, as many Amuzgos, especially in Xochistlahuaca, still wear traditional clothing. However, the introduction of cheap commercial cloth has put the craft in danger as hand woven cloth with elaborate designs cannot compete as material for regular clothing. Since the 20th century, the Amuzgo weavers have mostly made cloth for family use, but they have also been developing specialty markets, such as to collectors and tourists for their product.
The Amuzgos are an indigenous people of Mexico. They primarily live in a region along the Guerrero/Oaxaca border, chiefly in and around four municipalities: Xochistlahuaca, Tlacoachistlahuaca and Ometepec in Guerrero, and San Pedro Amuzgos in Oaxaca. Their languages are similar to those of the Mixtec, and their territories overlap. They once dominated a larger area, from La Montaña down to the Costa Chica of Guerrero and Oaxaca, but Mixtec expansion, rule and later Spanish colonization has pushed them into the more inaccessible mountain regions and away from the coast. The Amuzgos maintain much of their language and dress and are known for their textiles, handwoven on backstrap looms with very intricate two-dimensional designs. The Amuzgo area is very poor with an economy mostly dependent on subsistence agriculture and handcraft production.
Florentina López de Jesús was a traditional Amuzgo weaver from Xochistlahuaca, Guerrero, Mexico. Her work was recognized by various awards.