After her commissioning in 1943, Royalist was modified with extra facilities and crew for operating as a flagship in aircraft carrier operations. Initially, she operated in the North Sea before transferring to the Mediterranean for the invasion of southern France. Royalist remained in the Aegean Sea until the end of 1944 before sailing to the Far East in 1945 where the ship served until the end of the war.
Royalist was then put into reserve until 1953, when the Navy decided to proceed with plans to refit the ship. The high cost of reconstruction and new governmental policy forced the RN to transfer the vessel to the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) in 1956. In return, New Zealand covered the reconstruction costs of Royalist. After ten years of service with the RNZN, which included involvement in the Suez Crisis and the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, she was scrapped in 1967.
Development
Design
In 1943, the Royal Navy (RN) intended to use the Bellona-class as flagships in escort carrier/cruiser groups during the Invasions of France as well as during joint Royal Navy-US Navy operations in the Pacific. Within months of her commissioning, Royalist's design diverged from the rest of her class. She was fitted with two extra rooms that further enabled her to communicate with aircraft carriers and Fleet Air Arm aircraft. In addition, she was modified with the incorporation of one of the first implementations of an "Action Information Office" (AIO). The AIO was a early operations room, in which computers and manual plotting allowed a force to be managed efficiently. The AIO allowed her to operate as a command ship in the northern Atlantic, primarily in hunting German warships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst. The specialized equipment pushed crew members to their limits, as only minimal space remained for sleeping and comfort.[1] Compared to her base design requiring a crew of 484, Royalist's compliment was 600, adding to the aforementioned problems of cramped conditions. All together, Royalist was designated as a 'Carrier Flagship' when she was mounted with radar.[2]
Construction
Royalist was built by Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock who laid her keel on 21 March 1940. She was launched on 30 May 1942, and commissioned on 10 September 1943. She returned to the dockyard for alterations in November which were not complete until February 1944. Her French motto, Surtout Loyal, translates to "Loyal above all".[2]
Royal Navy career
North Atlantic service
Following her commissioning, Royalist spent several months working up, in which she underwent repairs for trial defects and for further alterations and additions. These included aforementioned modifications for service as a carrier flagship.[2] In March 1944, Royalist joined the Home Fleet and served for a short period in the Arctic theater. In this capacity, she was flagship of Operation Tungsten, the carrier raid in April 1944 against the German battleship Tirpitz in a Norwegian fjord.
After Tungsten, Royalist escorted carriers for attacks on shipping off Norway before entering dock for a refit.[3] After completion of the work in June, Royalist was ordered to the Mediterranean to support the Operation Dragoon landings in the south of France in August 1944. Royalist was the flagship (Rear Admiral Thomas Hope Troubridge) of the RN/USNTask Force 88 that was tasked with maintaining air superiority over the beaches and the support of landing operations.
Mediterranean service
Following the Dragoon landings, Royalist joined the Aegean Force, tasked with preventing enemy evacuation from the islands in the Aegean Sea. On 15 September, Royalist and destroyer HMSTeazer sank transports KT4 and KT26 off Cape Spatha. She was stationed in the Aegean until late 1944 before a refit in early 1945 at Alexandria. After her stint in the Mediterranean, she was transferred to the East Indies and joined the East Indies Fleet.
Scottish author Alistair MacLean served on Royalist during the war, and used his experiences as background for his acclaimed first novel HMS Ulysses (1955) as well as for some of his subsequent works.[citation needed]
Post war reconstruction
Royalist was withdrawn from the East Indies after the end of the war and returned home to be mothballed and dehumidified in 1946.
Concerned about the growth and threat of the Soviet Navy, the Admiralty board ordered a modernization of four Dido-class cruisers in 1950.[lower-alpha 1][4][5]Royalist was planned to be the first of four to six Dido/Bellona-class cruisers to be modernized under the program, with work planned to start in January 1953.[6] The ships were chosen as they were modern, economical, and could be easily modified with new radars and fire control systems.[7][8][failed verification] The importance of the refits increased when other attempts to do the same to Colony and Swiftsure-class cruisers were canceled.[9]
The modernization required the construction of a new superstructure and the addition of a fire control system, with the work planned to only extend the cruiser's lifespan by 6 years. In March 1953, reconstruction of Royalist began.[5]
Following the Conservative victory in the general election of 1951, attitude towards the RN changed. Newly re-elected Prime MinisterWinston Churchill supported the Royal Airforce at the cost of the navy, and its budget was cut in 1952.[10] The shift in policy undermined naval expansions by the outgoing Attlee government, and the Navy was forced to cancel upgrades of many ships.[11][12] Under these financial cuts, plans to refurbish Royalist and her sister ships were postponed by three years. In 1954, a review of the Royal Navy found that the cruiser conversions lacked "dual war and peace, [and] cold war capabilities required" for the Navy, and the program was further deprioritized.[13][14]
Transfer to Royal New Zealand Navy
In 1955, the RN was looking to offload the half-renovated and obsolete Royalist. The offer was accepted by New Zealand Prime MinisterSid Holland, who offered that his nation would pay for the rest of her reconstruction.[15]
Royalist's transfer occurred when the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was at a crossroads about its future. Internal factions within the RNZN and New Zealand government disagreed regarding the roles and doctrine of its Navy, with many unsure how a nuclear-era force should function and the importance of anti-submarine frigates.[16][17]Royalist's refurbishment cost of £4.5 million indicated the position of the Navy, as the RNZN chose to refurbish the cruiser rather than build two frigates with the same funds.[18][19]
Those in favor of a new cruiser believed a ship like Royalist would be able to serve an anti-aircraft role in supporting allied operations in the Pacific, alongside the RN and Royal Australian Navy.[20][21]Royalist was faster, more armed, and had better range then the Whitby-class frigates proposed to be bought instead. Furthermore, concern about Soviet cruisers raiding shipping in the South Pacific gave her the edge over the primarily ASW ships.[22]
New Zealand only covered her reconstruction costs, and did not out-right buy the ship. This was due to the RN only 'loaning' the vessel, as the RNZN was not seen as being an independent force within the British Empire. When her modifications were complete, New Zealand refused to accept the vessel, stating that the poor World War II-era sleeping arrangements and lack of ABC equipment were unsatisfactory. This soured relations between the two navies, as the RN did not appreciate perceived refusal from a subordinate.[20][21]
The ship was handed over to the Royal New Zealand Navy on 9 July 1956 following the completion of the work. Controversy over her purchase (and governmental stance) persisted, with the ship being viewed as either a white elephant or the most modern and capable vessel of the RNZN.[23]
As part of the Kiwi half of her refurbishment, Royalist was fitted with a new radar, fire control system, and three 'STAAG 2' 40 millimeter anti-air guns.[24]
After working up in British waters, Royalist was assigned to the British fleet in the Mediterranean. In August 1956, New Zealand Prime Minister Sidney Holland was persuaded by British Prime Minister Anthony Eden to keep her in the Mediterranean as a deterrent to Egyptian or Israeli aggression.[25][26][27] Despite not operating her, the RN wanted to keep the cruiser on station due to her anti-air capabilities and the threat of hostile aircraft. Following diplomatic negotiations between the two respective governments, the New Zealand Cabinet agreed not to recall the cruiser under the condition that she did not participate in combat.[citation needed]
As New Zealand figured out the nation's stance on the crisis, the cruiser operated with the RN fleet as an air defenseradar picket, rescue ship for downed pilots, and as a method to coordinate British aircraft on bombing runs.[32][29] Later on during the crisis, the New Zealand Cabinet met again to discuss Royalist. Due to the cruiser forming an important part of the RN's anti-air defense in the area, and not wanting to harm relations further, the cabinet "decided not to decide" on her presence within the RN fleet. As such, she remained with the Royal Navy fleet yet did not participate further in Operation Musketeer.[29]
Royalist continued to operate with allied navies in the 1950s, and her anti-air capabilities were proven when she outperformed RN cruisers during exercises.[33][34] As part of New Zealand involvement in the Malayan Emergency, she was used to repeatedly shell the MNLA in Johore.[35]
By 1960, the cruiser was expected to serve another 2 and a half years, and the Navy began searching for a replacement. At the time, the RN was short of loanable cruisers, so the frigate HMS Blackpool (F77) was transferred to cover the decommissioning of both Royalist and the recently sunk HMAS Voyager.[36][37]
In 1962, while sailing in rough weather in the Tasman Sea, the cruiser's keel twisted out of alignment. It was found that her captain ran the ship at excess speed into a head sea in an attempt to make it back to land to watch a Rugby match between the Wallabies and All Blacks.[38]
Between 1963 and 1965, she operated with the British Far East Fleet during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation. She joined British vessels in making provocative passages between Indonesian Islands in an attempt to deter Indonesian attacks on Malaysia. During these deployments, her age began to show, as captains described unserviceable equipment, structural degradation, and below-deck overheating; by now, the ship was already beyond her lifespan and overdue for retirement.[39]
Many in the RNZN doubted that the ageing ship could deploy again. Despite these concerns, she spent two months being refitted to allow her to rejoin the overstretched Far East Fleet in 1965. Following this work, it was estimated that the ship's steam turbines could be kept operational for 15 more months.[40][41] For her last ever deployment, she was ordered to Pearl Harbor for further maintenance before being sent to Hong Kong and Singapore to relieve the British fleet.[42] Once in Singapore, she conducted anti-infiltration patrols, boarded boats, deployed shore patrols, served as a simulated "enemy Sverdlov cruiser"[42] in exercises, and provided air defense for HMS Bulwark off Borneo.[43]
While returning to New Zealand, a boiler and turbine broke down, canceling a Waitangi Day tour of the country and ending her career five months early.[citation needed]
Decommissioning and fate
Royalist was paid off on 4 June 1966 and, after eleven years in the RNZN, reverted to Royal Navy control in 1967. She was sold for scrap to the Nissho Company of Japan in November 1967. She was then towed from Auckland to Osaka on 31 December 1967 and scrapped upon arrival.[citation needed]
↑ T. Benbow. The RN & Sea Power British Strategy 1945-55. Inst Historical Research. University of London (2018)
↑ McIntosh papers, A36 folder, letter 5/7/1956, NZ London HC diplomat Frank Corner letter to NZ Foreign Affairs, CE McIntosh in Tempelton, Malcolm (1994). Ties of Blood and Empire: New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis. Auckland: AUP. pp.124, p253, footnote 8/(5).
↑ New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, 24 March 1955, pp.21–22
↑ Holland. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates 24 March 1955, pp. 12-21
1 2 P. Dennerly. First to the Flag. Biography of Vice Admiral Peter Phipps in Maritime Dimensions in the Asian Pacific Region. RNZN Museum. 2004. Auckland, pp. 122-3
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Campbell, N.J.M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp.2–85. ISBN0-8317-0303-2.
Friedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After.
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Helgason, Guðmundur (2018). "HMS Royalist (89)". uboat.net. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
Hobbs, D (2015). The British Carrier Strike Fleet after 1945. Barnsley: Seaforth.
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Mason, Lt Cdr Geoffrey B RN (Rtd) (2004). Smith, Gordon (ed.). "HMS Royalist – Bellona-class AA Cruiser". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. naval-history.net.
McGibbon, Ian, ed. (1999). Unofficial Channels: Letters between Alister McIntosh and Foss Shanahan, George Laking and Frank Corner 1946–1966. Wellington: Victoria University Press. ISBN978-0-86473-365-8.
Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1980). British Cruisers of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-922-7.
Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: the Story of the Royal Navy. Havertown: Seaforth. ISBN9781783830305.
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Reviseded.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-59114-119-2.
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