HMS Salmon (1916)

Last updated

HMS Thisbe at sea (15841029496).jpg
Sister ship HMS Thisbe at sea in 1917
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
NameHMS Salmon
OrderedJuly 1915
Builder Harland & Wolff, Govan
Laid down27 August 1915
Launched7 October 1916
Completed20 December 1916
Out of service28 January 1937
FateSold to be broken up
General characteristics
Class and type R-class destroyer
Displacement
Length265  ft (81  m) (p.p.)
Beam26 ft 9 in (8 m)
Draught9 ft (3 m)
Installed power3 Yarrow boilers, 27,000  shp (20,000  kW)
Propulsion2 geared Brown-Curtis steam turbines, 2 shafts
Speed36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)
Range3,450  nmi (6,390 km; 3,970 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement82
Armament

HMS Salmon was an R-class destroyer that served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The R class were an improvement on the previous M class with geared steam turbines to improve efficiency. Launched by Harland & Wolff at Govan in 1916, Salmon served with the Fifteenth Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet. The destroyer escorted convoys between Britain and Scandinavia. At the end of the war, the vessel was allocated to the Home Fleet but was given a reduced crew in 1919 as there was no longer the need for as many active ships in the navy. The destroyer subsequently helped in the searches following the loss of the submarines H47 and M2, as well as rescuing 10 members of the crew of the steamer Ioannois Fafalios, sunk after colliding with the freighter Bacchus. In 1933, Salmon was renamed Sable, which ironically had previously been the name of another R-class destroyer that had collided with the vessel in 1917, but only served three years with the new name. The destroyer was sold as part-payment in exchange for the liner Majestic in 1937 and broken up.

Contents

Design and development

Salmon was one of eight R-class destroyers ordered by the British Admiralty in December 1915 as part of the Seventh War Programme. [1] The design was generally similar to the preceding M class, but differed in having geared steam turbines, the aft gun mounted on a raised platform and minor changes to improve seakeeping. [2]

The destroyer had a length of 265 feet (81 m) between perpendiculars and 276 feet (84 m) overall, a beam of 26 feet 9 inches (8 m) and a draught of 9 feet (3 m). [3] Displacement was 975 long tons (991 t) normal and 1,173 long tons (1,192 t) deep load. Power was provided by three Yarrow boilers feeding two Brown-Curtis geared turbines rated at 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) and driving two shafts, to give a design speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). Three funnels were fitted. A total of 296 long tons (301 t) of fuel oil was carried which gave a design range of 3,450 nautical miles (6,390 km; 3,970 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). [4]

Armament consisted of three single 4 in (102 mm) Mk IV guns on the ship's centreline, with one on the forecastle, one aft on a raised platform and one between the second and third funnels. A single 2-pounder 40 mm (2 in) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft gun was carried, while torpedo armament consisted of two twin mounts for 21 in (533 mm) torpedoes. [4] The ship had a complement of 82 officers and ratings. [3]

Construction and career

Laid down by Harland & Wolff at their shipyard in Govan on 27 August 1915, Salmon was launched on 7 October the following year and completed on 20 December. [3] The destroyer was the second to carry the name, and the first to be built at the yard. [5] [6] On commissioning, Salmon joined the Fifteenth Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet based at Scapa Flow. [7] The destroyer was assigned to escort convoys that travelled between Britain and Scandinavia, protecting them from German submarines. [8] By 31 March 1917, the flotilla had moved to Rosyth. [9] During that time, the German submarine tactics had changed from using gunfire, so that, by April, over half of the vessels sunk had been hit by torpedoes. This also led to an increase in the number of merchant ships lost. [10] The flotilla then took part in anti-submarine patrols between 15 and 24 June 1917. Although sixty-one sightings of submarines and twelve attacks were reported during that operation, no submarines were sunk. [11] While on service during the year the ship collided with sister ship Sable, sustaining damage to the bow. [12] Both ships made it successfully back to port. [13]

After the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war, the Grand Fleet was dissolved and Salmon was moved to the Sixth Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet. [14] However, the navy needed to reduce both the number of ships and the amount of staff to save money. [15] On 15 February 1919, the crew was reduced to the minimum required to keep the ship operational. [16] The destroyer was transferred to the local defence flotilla at Queenstown in Ireland. [17] On 5 December 1921, the destroyer carried the Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Geoffrey Shakespeare, to Belfast to negotiate the peace that led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. [18]

Salmon was transferred to the Anti-Submarine Flotilla based at Portland along with fellow destroyers Rowena, Torrid and Thruster. The destroyer was equipped with ASDIC and used in the development of anti-submarine warfare tactics to deal with submerged submarines. [19] At the end of June and beginning of July 1927, the flotilla took part in exercises off Lamlash with the battlecruiser Tiger. [20] Salmon then accompanied Tiger in a search for the drifter Sheen, lost on 21 August. The lost ship was successfully found and towed back to Portland. [21] On 3 April 1928, the four destroyers of the Portland Anti-Submarine Flotilla, including Salmon, undertook a display of speed and dexterity, using depth charges to create a spectacle, for Amanullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan, while he was on a state visit. [22] On 5 May, Salmon rescued 10 crew members of the Greek steamer Ioannois Fafalios which had sunk after colliding with the stores freighter Bacchus. [23] On 9 July the following year, the destroyer was involved in the search for the submarine H47, which had sunk following a collision with the submarine L12. [24] [25] Salmon was also involved in the unsuccessful search for the crew of the submarine M2, sunk on 26 January 1932. [26] [27] [28] During 1933, the destroyer, along with the rest of the flotilla, was transferred to Chatham and given a full crew by 1 June. [29]

On 2 December 1933, Salmon was renamed Sable to release the name for a S-class submarine, Salmon. The destroyer was only the second to be named after the sable, a species of marten. Ironically, the previous holder was the fellow R-class destroyer that Salmon struck in 1917, which had been retired in 1927. [30] The destroyer continued to serve with the Anti-Submarine Flotilla under the new name until April 1936, when the ship was transferred to Devonport and placed in reserve. [31] Subsequently, Sable was given to Thos. W. Ward of Sheffield as part-payment in exchange for the liner Majestic on 28 January 1937 and was broken up. [32]

Pennant numbers

Pennant Number Date
G94January 1917 [33]
G93January 1918 [33]
H36January 1919 [34]
F18November 1919 [35]
H58January 1922 [36]

Related Research Articles

HMS <i>Thruster</i> (1917) Destroyer of the Royal Navy

HMS Thruster was an R-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The R class were an improvement on the previous M class with geared steam turbines to improve efficiency. Built by Hawthorn Leslie and launched in January 1917, Thruster joined the Harwich Force, serving as part of a flotilla that escorted the monitors Erebus and Terror in their bombardment of Ostend in June that year. During the following month, Thruster, along with sister ship Springbok, captured the two German merchant ships SS Brietzig and SS Pellworm. The destroyer was also jointly credited with sinking the submarine UB-54 the following year. After the signing of the Armistice that ended the war, the destroyer was allocated to anti-submarine research and helped in the development of anti-submarine tactics with ASDIC. In April 1928, the ship took part in a high-speed demonstration for the King of Afghanistan, the Amanullah Khan, and, in January 1932, participated in the unsuccessful search for the crew of the submarine M2. Placed in reserve at the Nore in June 1936, Thruster was sold to be broken up in March 1937.

HMS <i>Sorceress</i> (1916) Destroyer of the Royal Navy

HMS Sorceress was an R-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during World War I. Launched on 29 August 1916, the vessel operated as part of the Grand Fleet until it was disbanded in 1919. In 1917, the ship took part in action against the German Sixth Destroyer Flotilla and was one of those credited with bounty for the German auxiliary cruiser Konprinz Willhelm. The destroyer was sold to be broken up on 29 April 1927.

HMS <i>Rocket</i> (1916) Destroyer of the Royal Navy

HMS Rocket was an R-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during World War I. Launched on 2 July 1916 after being stuck on the slipway since 30 June, the ship joined the Grand Fleet, operating as part of a destroyer flotilla undertaking anti-submarine operations in the North Sea. Although the ship did not successfully engage any German submarines, there was an incident with the Royal Navy boat K7 on 16 June 1917, although that attack was aborted after the erstwhile target was identified as a friendly vessel. After the War, the destroyer served with the anti-submarine and torpedo schools at Portsmouth, and briefly during the Chanak Crisis of 1922, before being sold to be broken up on 16 December 1926.

HMS <i>Sable</i> (1916) British R-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Sable was a R-class destroyer that served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The R class were an improvement on the previous M class with geared steam turbines to improve efficiency. Laid down by J. Samuel White at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, the destroyer was launched in November 1916 and joined the Grand Fleet. Service during the war was mostly uneventful, apart from a collision with fellow R class destroyer Salmon. After the War, the destroyer was placed in reserve and decommissioned, being sold to be broken up in August 1927. In a twist of fate,Salmon was renamed Sable in 1933.

HMS <i>Maenad</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Maenad was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L class, capable of higher speed. The vessel, launched in 1915, served in the Battle of Jutland in 1916, attacking both battleships and destroyers of the German High Seas Fleet. However, the vessel was notorious for undertaking a sharp manoeuvre which obstructed other destroyers in the fleet from attacking. Maenad also undertook anti-submarine patrols. In 1917, the ship mistakenly attacked the British submarine G12 thinking it was a German boat. The submarine escaped with damages. After the armistice that ended of the war, Maenad was placed in reserve until being sold to be broken up in Germany in 1921.

HMS <i>Pelican</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Pelican was a Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. Launched on 18 March 1916, the vessel served with the Grand Fleet, taking part in significant actions on 19 August 1916 and 4 May 1917, as well as the fight between the British and German battlecruisers in the Battle of Jutland. The destroyer also undertook the other more general roles were typical of the type, including anti-submarine sweeps and escort duties for convoys. The destroyer had success driving away German submarines but did not sink any. After the end of the war, Pelican initially joined a Local Defence Flotilla but within a year had been placed in reserve and was subsequently sold to be broken up on 9 May 1921.

HMS <i>Peregrine</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Peregrine was a Admiralty M-class destroyer that served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. Launched on 29 May 1916, the vessel served with the Grand Fleet, focusing on anti-submarine warfare. In 1917, the destroyer was involved in the search for UC-65 after the submarine had sunk the protected cruiser Ariadne. In 1918, the ship participated in one of the final sorties of the war, although this did not lead to a confrontation with the German High Seas Fleet. After the Armistice that ended the war, the destroyer was placed in reserve and subsequently sold to be broken up on 9 May 1921.

HMS <i>Penn</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Penn was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. The ship was named after William Penn, the father of the founder of Pennsylvania. Launched on 8 April 1916, the vessel served with the Grand Fleet forming part of the screen for the dreadnought battleships of the 1st Battle Squadron and escorting the aircraft carrier Furious in battle. The destroyer participated in the Actions of 19 August 1916 and 16 October 1917, as well as forming part of the distant support during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. Penn was also instrumental in rescuing the survivors from the light cruiser Nottingham, sunk by a German submarine. After the Armistice that ended the war, the destroyer was placed in reserve and subsequently sold to be broken up on 9 May 1921.

HMS <i>Mystic</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Mystic was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class was an improvement on the previous L class, capable of higher speed. The vessel, originally named HMS Myrtle but renamed before being launched in 1915, joined the Grand Fleet as part of the Eleventh Destroyer Flotilla. The ship was assigned as part of a destroyer screen to protect the British battleships as they sought to destroy the German High Seas Fleet. During the Battle of Jutland in 1916, the destroyer saw action against German light cruisers and, as the evening fell, attacked the German battle line, but recorded no hits. During the following year, the vessel took part in a large anti-submarine patrol, but did not see any German submarines. Later in the war, the ship was transferred to the Coast of Ireland Station at Buncrana and escorted convoys at the start of their journey from ports on the Clyde and Mersey or at the end of their journey across the Atlantic Ocean. After the Armistice in 1918 that marked the end of the First World War, Mystic was placed in reserve before being decommissioned and subsequently sold to be broken up in 1921.

HMS <i>Marne</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer, WW1

HMS Marne was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class was an improvement on the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. The ship, the first Royal Navy vessel to be named after the River Marne, was launched in 1915. For much of the war, the destroyer escorted merchant ships in convoys and Royal Navy warships, but was also involved in the rescue of crew from the battleship HMS King Edward VII in 1916. The destroyer also took part in the Battle of Jutland as part of the shield for the British battleships and engaged with the German light cruiser force with torpedoes, although all missed. In 1918, the destroyer, along with sister ships Milbrook and Pigeon, sank the German submarine UB-124. After the armistice, Marne was placed in reserve before being decommissioned and, in 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Napier</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Napier was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class destroyer, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 27 November 1915 and joined the Grand Fleet. Napier had a varied war career, acting as part of the destroyer screen for the First Battle Squadron during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight and searching for the survivors of losses like the armoured cruiser HMS Hampshire. The vessel was usually based at Scapa Flow but spent a brief time seconded to the Harwich Force in 1917. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, Napier was placed in reserve before being decommissioned and sold to be broken up on 8 November 1921.

HMS <i>Orestes</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Orestes was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class destroyer, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 21 March 1916 and joined the Grand Fleet. Orestes was involved in seeking submarines in the North Sea, patrolling both independently and as part of large operations. The destroyer did not report any submarines destroyed, but did rescue the survivors from Q-ship Privet after that vessel had successfully sunk the submarine U-85 in a duel in March 1917. Later in the war, the focus was turned to escorting merchant ships and the destroyer helped secure convoys that crossed the Atlantic Ocean. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, the destroyer was placed into reserve until being, on 30 January 1921, decommissioned and sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Oracle</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Oracle was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 23 December 1915 and joined the Grand Fleet. Oracle spent much of the war involved in anti-submarine warfare. In August 1916, the destroyer rescued the crew of the light cruiser Nottingham, which had been sunk by a German submarine. In August 1917, the destroyer rammed and sank the submarine U-44. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, the destroyer was transferred to Portsmouth. Initially, the destroyer was part of the local defence flotilla but soon Oracle was placed in reserve, decommissioned and, on 30 October 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Orford</i> (1916)

HMS Orford was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 19 April 1916 and joined the Grand Fleet. Orford spent much of the war undertaking anti-submarine warfare patrols and escorting convoys across the Atlantic Ocean. Although based at Scapa Flow, the destroyer ranged far, often operating off the coast of Cornwall and even having a temporary transfer to Buncrana in Ireland in 1917. In 1918, the destroyer took part in one of the final sorties of the Grand Fleet, but saw no action. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, Orford was placed in reserve, decommissioned and, on 31 October 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Octavia</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Octavia was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 21 June 1916 and joined the Grand Fleet. Octavia joined the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla, which, in 1917, participated in a large anti-submarine warfare operation in the North Sea. The sortie led to three German submarines being sunk, although Octavia was not directly involved in these attacks. In 1918, the flotilla was involved in one of the final sorties of the Grand Fleet, but again the destroyer saw no action at the time. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, Octavia was placed in reserve, decommissioned and, on 5 November 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Opportune</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Opportune was an Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched on 20 November 1915 and joined the Grand Fleet. Opportune spent much of the war involved in anti-submarine warfare. The ship took part in large patrols to seek out submarines which involved entire flotillas and also acted as an escort for convoys. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, the destroyer was transferred to Portsmouth and placed in reserve. After a brief spell as a remote controlled target to test how warships responded to attacks by aircraft, Opportune was decommissioned and, on 7 December 1923, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Oberon</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Oberon was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel was launched in 1916 and joined the Grand Fleet. Oberon joined the Thirteenth Destroyer Flotilla which, in 1917, participated in a large anti-submarine warfare operation in the North Sea. The sortie led to three German submarines being sunk, although Oberon was not directly involved in these attacks. In 1918, the flotilla was involved in one of the final sorties of the Grand Fleet, but again the destroyer saw no action at the time. After the Armistice that marked the end of the First World War, Oberon was placed in reserve, decommissioned and, in 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Obedient</i> (1916) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Obedient was a Repeat Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the preceding L class, capable of higher speed. Launched in 1915, the destroyer served with the Grand Fleet during the Battle of Jutland in 1916, helping sink the torpedo boat V48 and narrowiy missing the German battleships as they withdrew. Subsequently, Obedient took part in anti-submarine patrols, attacking U-70 in 1917. The conditions of service meant that the destroyer was soon worn out and, after the armistice that ended the war in 1918, Obedient was placed in reserve. Despite a service life of only five years, the vessel was decommissioned and, in 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Onslaught</i> (1915) British M-Class destroyer

HMS Onslaught was a Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous L-class, capable of higher speed. The vessel, launched in 1915, joined the Twelfth Destroyer Flotilla under the flotilla leader Faulknor. The ship saw action during the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, jointly sinking the German torpedo boat SMS V48 and launching the torpedo that sank the pre-dreadnought battleship Pommern, the only German battleship to be lost in the battle. Subsequently, the destroyer acted as an escort to other naval ships during the Action of 19 August 1916 and took part in anti-submarine operations. At the end of the war, Onslaught was withdrawn from service and, in 1921, sold to be broken up.

HMS <i>Brisk</i> (1910) Destroyer of the Royal Navy

HMS Brisk was one of 20 Acorn-class destroyers built for the Royal Navy that served in the First World War. The Acorn class were smaller than the preceding Beagle class but oil-fired and better armed. Launched in 1910, Brisk was the first destroyer equipped with two Brown-Curtis steam turbines and two shafts. At the start of the war, the ship served with the Second Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet. The destroyer spent most of the war in anti-submarine warfare and was upgraded for this purpose with increasing capacity for attack with depth charges. Despite being involved in many actions, the ship did not sink any enemy boats, although the ship did rescue many survivors of ships sunk, including the troop ship SS Mendi, as well as surviving a torpedo attack from the German submarine U-84 and hitting a mine, all in 1917. Having spent most of the war in the seas around the British Isles, Brisk ended the war as part of the Aegean Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. After the Armistice, Brisk was placed in reserve before being sold to be broken up in 1921.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 310.
  2. ↑ Friedman 2009, p. 326.
  3. 1 2 3 Parkes & Prendergast 1969, p. 108.
  4. 1 2 Preston 1985, p. 81.
  5. ↑ Manning & Walker 1959, p. 391.
  6. ↑ Dawson 1935, p. 161.
  7. ↑ "Destroyer Flotillas of the Grand Fleet". Supplement to the Monthly Navy List: 12. October 1917. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  8. ↑ Naval Staff Monograph No. 35 1939, p. 174.
  9. ↑ Naval Staff Monograph No. 33 1927, p. 379.
  10. ↑ Newbolt 1928, p. 384.
  11. ↑ Newbolt 1931, pp. 54–56.
  12. ↑ Dawson 1935, p. 199.
  13. ↑ Dawson 1935, p. 121.
  14. ↑ "II. — Home Fleet". The Navy List: 703. October 1919. Retrieved 19 March 2022– via National Library of Scotland.
  15. ↑ Moretz 2002, p. 79.
  16. ↑ "835. Salmon". The Navy List: 860. October 1920. Retrieved 19 March 2022– via National Library of Scotland.
  17. ↑ "III– Local Defence and Minesweeping Flotillas and Training Establishments". The Navy List: 705. January 1921. Retrieved 19 March 2022– via National Library of Scotland.
  18. ↑ "To Belfast and Back: Mr Shakespeare's Journey". The Times. No. 42899. 9 December 1921. p. 12.
  19. ↑ Hackmann 1984, p. 175.
  20. ↑ "Naval and Military: West Coast Cruise". The Times. No. 44624. 4 July 1927. p. 27.
  21. ↑ "Shipping Mishaps". The Times. No. 44667. 23 August 1927. p. 10.
  22. ↑ "Afghan King With The Fleet: A Display of Mimic Warfare". The Times. No. 44859. 4 April 1928. p. 9.
  23. ↑ "Collision in Channel: Greek Steamer Sunk". The Times. No. 44885. 5 May 1928. p. 12.
  24. ↑ "Submarines Diving To Locate H 47". The Times. No. 45251. 10 July 1929. p. 16.
  25. ↑ Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 153.
  26. ↑ Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 210.
  27. ↑ McDonald 1972, p. 258.
  28. ↑ "Submarine Missing". The Times. No. 46041. 27 January 1932. p. 10.
  29. ↑ "The Services Royal Navy: Manning Changes". The Times. No. 46401. 24 May 1933. p. 27.
  30. ↑ Manning & Walker 1959, p. 386.
  31. ↑ "Royal Navy: HMS Sable". The Times. No. 47355. 22 April 1936. p. 19.
  32. ↑ Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 308.
  33. 1 2 Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 68.
  34. ↑ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 72.
  35. ↑ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 46.
  36. ↑ Bush & Warlow 2021, p. 74.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.