| HNRNPR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | HNRNPR , HNRPR, hnRNP-R, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 607201 MGI: 1891692 HomoloGene: 4251 GeneCards: HNRNPR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPR gene. [5] [6]
This gene belongs to the subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are RNA-binding proteins and they complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. While all of the hnRNPs are present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. The protein encoded by this gene has three repeats of RRM domains that bind to RNAs and also contains a nuclear localization motif. [6]
HNRNPR, together with its main RNA interacting partner, 7SK, is essential for axon growth in motoneurons. [7] Depletion of HNRNPR from primary motoneurons inhibits axonal development, but it does not lead to enhanced loss of motor neurons. [7] It also plays an important role in axonal β-actin mRNA translocation, binding directly to the 3'-UTR of β-actin mRNA. [8]
HNRNPR enhances c-fos transcription in vitro by forming a complex with PC4 and Mediator cofactors. [9]
HNRNPR has been shown to interact with SMN1, [10] [11] PRMT1, [12] [13] TDP-43, [14] and FUS/TLS. [14]
snRNPs, or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA, a critical aspect of post-transcriptional modification of RNA, occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Additionally, U7 snRNP is not involved in splicing at all, as U7 snRNP is responsible for processing the 3′ stem-loop of histone pre-mRNA.
Gideon Dreyfuss is an American biochemist who is the Isaac Norris Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA). The presence of the proteins bound to a pre-mRNA molecule serves as a signal that the pre-mRNA is not yet fully processed and therefore not ready for export to the cytoplasm. Since most mature RNA is exported from the nucleus relatively quickly, most RNA-binding protein in the nucleus exist as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles. After splicing has occurred, the proteins remain bound to spliced introns and target them for degradation.
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA1 gene. Mutations in hnRNP A1 are causative of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the syndrome multisystem proteinopathy.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPK gene. It is found in the cell nucleus that binds to pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) as a component of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles. The simian homolog is known as protein H16. Both proteins bind to single-stranded DNA as well as to RNA and can stimulate the activity of RNA polymerase II, the protein responsible for most gene transcription. The relative affinities of the proteins for DNA and RNA vary with solution conditions and are inversely correlated, so that conditions promoting strong DNA binding result in weak RNA binding.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA2B1 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPU gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (HNRNPD) also known as AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPD gene. Alternative splicing of this gene results in four transcript variants.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1/C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPC gene.
Synaptotagmin-binding, cytoplasmic RNA-interacting protein (SYNCRIP), also known as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) Q or NS1-associated protein-1 (NSAP-1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNCRIP gene. As the name implies, SYNCRIP is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. It is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and participates in several cellular and disease pathways, especially in neuronal and muscular development. In humans, there are three isoforms, all of which are associated in vitro with pre-mRNAs, mRNA splicing intermediates, and mature mRNA-protein complexes, including mRNA turnover.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPF gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBMX gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPH1 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPL gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B, also known as HNRNPAB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HNRNPAB gene. Although this gene is named HNRNPAB in reference to its first cloning as an RNA binding protein with similarity to HNRNP A and HNRNP B, it is not a member of the HNRNP A/B subfamily of HNRNPs, but groups together closely with HNRNPD/AUF1 and HNRNPDL.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPH3 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPH2 gene.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like, also known as HNRPDL, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HNRPDL gene.
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTBP1 gene.
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