Geography
Hebgen Lake is located in southwest Montana. It lies approximately 11 miles (18 km) northwest of West Yellowstone and 45 miles (72 km) southwest of Ennis. It is approximately 15 miles (24 km) long and 5 miles (8.0 km) wide, covering 12,563 acres (5,084 ha). At its deepest it is 70 feet (21 m), with a volume of 386,200 acre-feet (0.4764 km3). [5] [6]
In addition to the Madison River, which flows through the reservoir, the tributaries include the South Fork Madison River, which feeds the southeastern Madison Arm, as well as Duck Creek, Grayling Creek and Red Canyon Creek, which flow into the eastern Grayling Arm. To the west, opposite the Grayling Arm, Watkins Creek flows into the main part of the reservoir.
Ecology
Hebgen Lake supports a diverse aquatic ecosystem and is notable for its self-sustaining fish populations and unique ecological challenges. The lake is home to wild rainbow and brown trout, with studies showing that over 80% of rainbow trout are of wild origin. [7] Hatchery contributions are limited, helping to maintain a balanced and resilient fish community. [6]
The Madison and Grayling arms of the lake host extensive beds of aquatic vegetation, including curly-leaf pondweed and Eurasian watermilfoil. These submerged plants provide habitat for aquatic invertebrates and juvenile fish. [8] However, the presence of invasive species has raised management concerns.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), particularly of cyanobacteria such as Anabaena flos-aquae, have occurred periodically in Hebgen Lake. These blooms can produce toxins that are dangerous to wildlife, livestock, pets, and humans. In response, NorthWestern Energy developed a toxic algae monitoring and public notification plan to reduce health risks and improve lake safety. [9]
Groundwater inputs and nutrient pollution are also ecological concerns. Advocacy groups have questioned the adequacy of environmental review for wastewater discharge permits in the area, citing potential risks to Hebgen Lake's water quality. [10]
Historical water quality assessments conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency in the 1970s provide baseline data on nutrient levels and other limnological parameters, used to establish long-term ecological trends. [11]
Fish Species
Hebgen Lake supports a coldwater fishery dominated by trout species. Both native and introduced species are found in the lake. They benefit from its cool temperatures, and aquatic vegetation. Notably, wild rainbow and brown trout sustain popular recreational fisheries, while native species like mountain whitefish and westslope cutthroat trout contribute to ecological balance. The table below lists fish species documented in Hebgen Lake by Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. [6]
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