Hedlundia is a genus of plants in the rosefamily (of Rosaceae). They are shrubs or small trees that have a hybrid origin involving crosses between Aria and Sorbussensu stricto. There are about 48 species are distributed across central, western and southern Europe, Scandinavia, Turkey, the Caucasus, Crimea, and also central Asia.[1] The term Hedlundia was published in 2017.[2]
Hedlundia species are small trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, pinnatilobate (having lobes arranged in a pinnate manner) or basally pinnate with 1–2(–3) leaflets. They are white- or greenish-grey-tomentose (covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs) beneath, with 7–15 pairs of lateral veins, with small to prominent, long, sub-acute to obtuse lobes with a variable number of teeth.
They have flowers with white petals and 2–3 styles. The fruit is medium-sized, orange-red to crimson in colour, with few to sparse small lenticels (porous tissue consisting of cells). (Sennikov & Kurtto 2017; Rushforth 2018).[2][3]
History
Fruit of Hedlundia lonetalensis (syn. Sorbus lonetalensis) in Bissingen, Bavaria, Germany
They appear to have arisen via hybridization events between the clades Aria(Pers.) Host and Sorbus(L.).[4]
The hybrid term ×Ariosorbus was used by Mezhenskyj et al., 2012.[5]
Majeský et al. (2017) reviewed the taxonomic treatments of apomictic taxa in the Asteraceae and Roseceae and provided 5 criteria to recognise an apomictic species.[6]
The rules around plant naming say that a genus of hybrid origin needs to have a new name to distinguish it from the two genera that have created it. In other words, the species that arose from a cross between Sorbus and Aria needed a new genus name.[7]
Rushforth in 2018 agreed with Sennikov & Kurtto (2017) changes.[2] European and West Asian hybrid species involving Aria edulis (all) with variously Sorbus aucuparia, Torminalis clusii and rarely Chamaemespilus alpina are treated in Sennikov & Kurtto (2017) under the genera HedlundiaSennikov & Kurtto (Aria × Sorbus), BorkhauseniaSennikov & Kurtto (Aria × Sorbus × Torminalis), KarpatiosorbusSennikov & Kurtto (Aria × Torminalis), MajovskyaSennikov & Kurtto (Aria × Chamaemespilus) and NormeyeraSennikov & Kurtto (Aria × Chamaemespilus × Sorbus).[3]
In Rosaceae subtribe Malinae, many taxa in nature and in horticulture are the result of hybridisation between two (or more) genera. This situation results in the use of nothogenera (hybrid name), e.g. ×SorbaroniaC.K.Schneid. (= Sorbus × AroniaMedik.), ×PyrariaA.Chev. (Aria × Pyrus). ×SorbocotoneasterPojark. (= Sorbus × Cotoneaster) or ×AmelasorbusRehder (Amelanchier × Sorbus). If narrower genera are used, notably in Sorbus sensu lato, some authors (e.g. Sennikov & Kurtto, 2017;[2] Kurtto et al., 2018;[8] Sennikov, 2018),[9] have treated some of the resulting nothogenera as genera in their own right, and this can lead to the use of other names, including HedlundiaSennikov & Kurtto [Aria(Pers.) J.Jacq. ex Host × Sorbus sensu stricto] and ScandosorbusSennikov [= Aria × Sorbus sensu stricto × TorminalisMedik., replacing the illegitimate BorkhauseniaSennikov & Kurtto; see Sennikov, 2018].[9]
Even in Britain, the use of separate generic names for the hybridogenous taxa by Kurtto et al. (2018),[8] and Sennikov & Kurtto (2017),[2] however, fails to address the full complexity of the situation, as some of the species result from more than one hybridisation event. For example, Robertson et al. (2004) showed that Sorbus arranensisHedl. (Arran Whitebeam) was the result of hybridisation between S. aucuparia and S. rupicola(Syme) Hedl. (Rock Whitebeam); in the system of Sennikov & Kurtto (2017),[2] this was treated as Hedlundia arranensis(Hedl.) Sennikov & Kurtto. While, Sorbus pseudofennicaE.F.Warb. (Arran Service Tree), was treated as Hedlundia pseudofennica(E.F.Warb.) Sennikov & Kurtto, is in turn the result of back-crossing of Hedlundia arranensis onto Sorbus aucuparia (Robertson et al., 2004).[10] This shake up of the taxonomy has changed the names of the three microspecies that are unique to the island of Arran on the west coast of Scotland. Arran whitebeam (Hedlundia arranensis), Arran service-tree (Hedlundia pseudofennica) and the Catacol whitebeam (Hedlundia pseudomeinichii) where all previously Sorbus species and have now been moved to the newly created genus Hedlundia as they are the product of inter-generic crossing involving rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and rock whitebeam (Aria rupicola).[7]
While including this species in Hedlundia reflected the broad contributions of the parental genomes, extending the splitting approach to its logical conclusion, the Arran service tree could be treated in another nothogenus with a name like ×Sorbohedlundia. To make matters yet more complex again, Sorbus pseudomeinichiiAshley Robertson (False Rowan) is the result of a further round of back-crossing of the Arran Service Tree (Sorbus pseudofennica) with Sorbus aucuparia (Robertson & Sydes, 2006).[11] Problems still occur, such as the naming of the cross could this be "×Sorbosorbohedlundia"? Including taxa like S. pseudofennica and S. pseudomeinichii in Hedlundia, as done by Sennikov & Kurtto (2017), means that Hedlundia becomes a name applied to taxa with distinct evolutionary histories.[12]
Taxonomy
The genus name of Hedlundia was chosen by botanists Alexander Nikolaevitsch Sennikov and Arto Kurtto in 2017,[2][7] "The new genus is dedicated to Johan Teodor Hedlund (1861 - 1953), the renowned Swedish expert in Sorbus, who contributed very much to the early understanding of the Sorbus hybrida aggr. in Scandinavia and Britain".[13]
Johan Hedlund had studied species variation in this group of trees.[14] He had published nearly 50 new names or combinations of Sorbus L. (Rosaceae),[15] in 1901.[16]
The type species is Hedlundia hybrida(L.) Sennikov & Kurtto, Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 93: 37 (2017).[2]
They are known as limipihlajat (in Finnish) and rönnoxlar (in Swedish).[17]
The term Hedlundia is not accepted by all botanists, who still refer to the species as Sorbus such as Sorbus austriaca,[18] and GRIN (United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service) only accepts 3 crosses (as of October 2023);×Hedlundia armeniaca(Hedl.) Mezhenskyj, ×Hedlundia persica(Hedl.) Mezhenskyj and ×Hedlundia thuringiaca(Nyman) Sennikov & Kurtto.[19]
The Finnish rowan (or Finnish whitebeam), (Hedlundia hybrida, formerly Sorbus hybrida) is, as the scientific name suggests, a native of at least the rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and the German rowan (Aria edulis).[20]
They are native to most parts of Europe (within Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Bulgaria, Crimea, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,[17] France, Germany,[21] Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia).[1] As well as parts of central Asia, (within Kazakhstan, Kirghistan, North Caucasus, Tajikistan, Transcaucasus, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) and a few regions in the western Asia, (within Iran and Turkey).[1][22]
Nine of the species occur as natives in the Nordic countries, most of which grow on the west coast of Norway.[23] Species have also been recorded on the island of Sicily.[24] Species, Hedlundia austriaca, Hedlundia hybrida and Hedlundia mougeotii are all found in Finland.[17]
They have been introduced into several countries (and regions) including; Belgium, parts of Central European Russia and parts of USA (within the states of Illinois, New Brunswick, Utah, Vermont and Washington).[1]
Habitat
The various Hedlundia species can grow in a variety of places. Such as Hedlundia anglica is usually found growing on cliffs, quarries and rocky hillsides. While, Hedlundia hybrida grows on rocky meadow banks and in broadleaf woods.[25]
Uses
Several species are grown as ornamental trees, such as a specimen tree of Hedlundia tamamschjanae, which grows in Kew Gardens and was introduced to Britain by the Armenian botanist Dr Eleonora Gabrieljan.[26]
Hedlundia persica is used as a source of firewood in Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[27]
Endangered
Hedlundia schwarziana (formerly Sorbus schwarziana) is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN in Germany. It is being threatened by forest management changes which includes forest clearance and shading from spruce plantations.[21]
Species Hedlundia persica is rare and red-listed in Kyrgyzstan (Davletkeldiev 2006).[28]
Hedlundia pseudofennica, which is endemic to the Isle of Arran in Scotland, is threatened by habitat loss.
Hedlundia cuneifolia (syn. Sorbus cuneifolia, Llangollen Whitebeam,[29]) in Wales, UK has been assessed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as 'Endangered'.[30]
Related Research Articles
The rowans or mountain-ashes are shrubs or trees in the genus Sorbus of the rose family, Rosaceae. They are native throughout the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in the Himalaya, southern Tibet and parts of western China, where numerous apomictic microspecies occur. The name rowan was originally applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia and is also used for other species in the genus Sorbus.
Sorbus is a genus of over 100 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae. Species of Sorbus (s.l.) are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, mountain-ash and service tree. The exact number of species is disputed depending on the circumscription of the genus, and also due to the number of apomictic microspecies, which some treat as distinct species, but others group in a smaller number of variable species. Recent treatments classify Sorbus in a narrower sense to include only the pinnate leaved species of subgenus Sorbus, raising several of the other subgenera to generic rank.
The whitebeams are members of the family Rosaceae, comprising the genus Aria. They are deciduous trees with simple or lobed leaves, arranged alternately. They are related to the rowans, and many of the endemic restricted-range apomictic microspecies of whitebeam in Europe are thought to derive from hybrids between the common whitebeam and the European rowan. Some are also thought to be hybrids with the wild service tree, and the service tree of Fontainebleau found in French woodlands.
Catacol is a small village on the Isle of Arran, Scotland.
The Arran whitebeams are species of whitebeam endemic to the island of Arran, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Hedlundia pseudomeinichii, known as false rowan and Catacol whitebeam, is a rare species of tree endemic to the Isle of Arran in south-western Scotland. It is believed to have arisen as a hybrid of the native European rowan and the cut-leaved whitebeam which is in turn a rowan/Arran whitebeam hybrid. Until 2020, only one living specimens of the Catacol whitebeam was known, at the time making it the rarest tree not only in Scotland, but joint rarest in the world with Wood's cycad. Another was recorded as a sapling, but is believed to have been destroyed by deer. A seedling and grafted plants have also been grown in Edinburgh.
Hedlundia anglica, the English whitebeam, is a species of whitebeam tree in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to Ireland and the United Kingdom, with an entire British population estimated at 600 individuals.
Hedlundia arranensis, sometimes referred to as the Scottish or Arran whitebeam, is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to the island of Arran in Scotland.
Hedlundia pseudofennica, also called Arran service-tree or Arran cut-leaved whitebeam, is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae. Endemic to the Isle of Arran in Scotland, it is threatened by habitat loss. It is thought to be a naturally occurring hybrid between H. arranensis and Sorbus aucuparia, probably with additional backcrossing with S. aucuparia. Hedlundia arranensis is itself a hybrid between Aria rupicola and S. aucuparia. Apomixis and hybridization are common in some groups of Sorbus species.
Scandosorbus intermedia or, formerly, Sorbus intermedia, the Swedish whitebeam, is a species of whitebeam found in southern Sweden, with scattered occurrences in Estonia, Latvia, easternmost Denmark (Bornholm), the far southwest of Finland, and northern Poland.
Hedlundia hybrida, the Swedish service-treeFinnish whitebeam, or oakleaf mountain ash, is a species of whitebeam native to Norway, eastern Sweden, south-western Finland, and locally in Latvia.
Hedlundia thuringiaca is a widely cultivated species of ornamental shrub. It is cultivated by grafting.
Sorbus hybrida may refer to several different species of plants:
Malinae is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which came into force in 2011 for any group at the subtribe rank that includes the genus Malus but not either of the genera Rosa or Amygdalus. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.
Torminalis is a genus of plants in the rose family Rosaceae. The genus Torminalis was formerly included within the genus Sorbus, as the section Torminaria, but the simple-leafed species traditionally classified in Sorbus are now considered to form a separate monophyletic group. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Torminalis glaberrima, commonly known as wild service tree, chequers, and checker tree. This tree is native to Europe, parts of northern Africa and western Asia.
Karpatiosorbus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, native to Europe, including Crimea, and Algeria. Shrubs or small trees, they appear to have arisen via hybridization events between the clades Aria(Pers.) Host and TorminalisMedik. Many of its species propagate solely by apomixis.
Majovskya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rosaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, they appear to have arisen via hybridization events between the clades Aria(Pers.) Host and Chamaemespilus(L.) Crantz.
Normeyera is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. It includes nine species native to west-central Europe, ranging from France through Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia to Poland.
Scandosorbus is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. It includes two species of trees native to northern Europe.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sennikov, A.N.; Kurtto, A. (2017). "A phylogenetic checklist of Sorbus s.l. (Rosaceae) in Europe". Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 93: 1–78.
1 2 Rushforth, Keith (21 December 2018). "The Whitebeam problem, and a solution". Phytologia. 100 (4).
↑ Mosyakin, Sergei L.; Fedoronchuk, Mykola M.; McNeill, John (April 2022). "(2886) Proposal to conserve the name Aria against Chamaemespilus and Torminalis (Rosaceae)". Taxon. 71 (2): 480–481.
↑ Mezhenskyj, V.M.; Mezhenska, L.O.; Melnichuk, M.D.; Yakubenko, B.Y. (2012). Rare Fruit Crops (in Ukrainian). Kiev.: National Univ. of Life and Environmental Sciences.
1 2 Kurtto, A.; Sennikov, A.N.; Lampinen, R. (2018). Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of vascular plants in Europe. 17. Rosaceae (Sorbus s. lato). Helsinki.: The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo.
1 2 Sennikov, A.N. (2018). "Scandosorbus (Rosaceae), a new generic name for Sorbus intermedia and its hybrid". Annales Botanici Fennici. 55: 321–323.
↑ Robertson, A.; Newton, A.; Ennos, R. (2004). "Breeding systems and continuing evolution in the endemic Sorbus taxa on Arran". Heredity. 93: 487–495.
↑ Robertson, A.; Sydes, C. (2006). "Sorbus pseudomeinichii a new endemic Sorbus (Rosaceae) microspecies from Arran, Scotland". Watsonia. 26: 9–14.
↑ Rich, Tim C.G.; Hjertson, Mats; Moberg, Roland (February 2006). "Typification of some T. Hedlund names in Sorbus L. (Rosaceae)". Taxon. 55 (1): 203–206.
↑ Mossberg, Bo; Stenberg, Lennart; Vuokko, Seppo; Väre, Henry (2005). Suuri Pohjolan kasvio (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN951-31-2924-1.
↑ Raimondo, F.M.; Gabrieljan, E.; Greuter, W. (2019). "The genus Aria (Sorbus s. l., Rosaceae) in the Sicilian flora: taxonomic updating, re-evaluation, description of a new species and two new combinations for one Sicilian and one SW Asian species". Bot. Chron. 22: 15–37.
↑ Davletkeldiev, A.A. (2006). Red Data Book of the Kyrgyz Republic (2nded.). Bishkek. p.544.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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