History of New York City (1978–present)

New York City has seen a cycle of modest boom and a bust in the 1980s, a major boom in the 1990s, and mixed prospects since then. This period has seen severe racial tension, a dramatic spike and fall of crime rates, and a major influx of immigrants growing the city's population past the eight million mark. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 had a lasting impact on the city that continues to reverberate to the present.

Koch and Dinkins (1978–1993)

See also: Crime in New York City

Compared to the 1970s, the 1980s were a time of restrained optimism in New York. The boom on Wall Street was fueling the speculative real estate market, and unemployment numbers dropped noticeably. Koch successfully balanced the city's budget ahead of schedule, allowing the city to re-enter the bond market and raise cash, effectively ending the city's financial crisis by 1981. However, the city's reputation for crime and disorder was still very much a part of New Yorkers' daily lives. ^{[1] [2] [3]} Mayor Ed Koch repeatedly warned that filth, crime, and racial tensions were weakening the city. He put a high priority on rebuilding neighborhoods and infrastructure. One result was that gentrification brought new businesses to decrepit neighborhoods and converted low-end rental housing to co-ops and condos that attracted young upscale professionals and business people. Koch's energetic efforts brought enormous attention from the media, but critics condemned his attacks on his opponents as "crazy," "wackos," and "radicals" and alleged he was racially divisive. ^[4]

For years enormous attention followed the criminal trials resulted when a woman known as the Central Park Jogger was badly beaten and raped. ^[5] The illegal drug trade flourished, causing the murder rate to soar, and dividing the city into areas ruled by different drug lords. It became known as the crack epidemic. ^[6] The New York City Subway fell victim to a crime epidemic that saw more crimes being committed on the subway each year than in any other subway system around the world. ^[7]

Homelessness became a serious problem during the 1980s, ^[8] specifically in the last two of Edward Koch's three terms as mayor (1978–1990). The city outlawed discrimination against gay and lesbian people in such matters as employment and housing in 1986. ^[9] In 1989, Koch was defeated by David Dinkins in the Democratic Party primary in his bid for a fourth term, and then Dinkins narrowly defeated Republican Rudolph Giuliani in the general election to become the city's first-ever black mayor. ^[10] Crime began a 15-year decline in 1990 during Dinkins's administration, but a combination of continued racial strife (such as that in the Crown Heights Riot in 1991), ^{[11] [12]} and an extremely weak economy (in January 1993 the city's unemployment rate reached 13.4 percent, the highest level of joblessness seen there since the Great Depression) ^[13] caused Dinkins' popularity to seriously decline (including a threat by residents of Staten Island to secede from the city, where in a 1993 referendum, 65% voted to secede, but implementation was blocked in the State Assembly). ^[14]

On February 26, 1993, a truck bomb detonated in a basement garage of World Trade Center Tower One. The 1,336 pounds (606 kg) urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device ^[15] was intended to knock the North Tower (Tower One) into the South Tower (Tower Two), bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people. ^{[16] [17]} It failed to do so, but did kill six people and injured more than a thousand. ^[18]

Mayor Dinkins faced considerable opposition from members of the police force, which escalated into a 1992 police riot, at which his political rival Rudolph Giuliani addressed the crowd. In late 1993, David Dinkins was defeated by Giuliani in his bid for reelection. ^[19]

Giuliani (1994–2001)

NASDAQ MarketSite at Times Square.

The World Trade Center skyline before September 11, 2001.

The World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks.

The city rebounded in the mid- and late 1990s due to the steady expansion of the national economy and the Wall Street stock market boom ^[20] that took place concomitantly, as well as the precipitous drop in crime, although stubbornly high unemployment remained a local problem. Mayor Rudolph Giuliani, a former federal prosecutor, is credited by many for revitalizing Times Square ^{[21] [22]} and making the city more "liveable" by cracking down on crime. ^[23] Changes in the worldwide economy during this time proved to be especially favorable to New York because of its highly developed transportation and communications infrastructure, as well as its massive population base. Over the course of the decade, the city's image transformed from being one of a bygone, decaying metropolis to one of the world's preeminent "global cities." ^[24]

As for sports, 1994 saw a great chapter in the city's sports history, with the New York Rangers finally winning their first Stanley Cup since 1940 ^{[25] [26]} and the New York Knicks making it to the NBA Finals, where they lost in seven games to the Houston Rockets, at the same time. ^{[27] [28] [29]}

The Knicks made it to the NBA Finals again in 1999, where they lost in five games to the San Antonio Spurs. ^[30] The New York Yankees began a dynasty led by manager (and New Yorker) Joe Torre winning the World Series in 1996, ^{[31] [32] [33]} 1998, ^[34] 1999, ^[35] and 2000. ^[36]

September 11, 2001

Main article: September 11 attacks

The South Tower of the original World Trade Center immediately after United Airlines Flight 175 was crashed into it by hijackers; the other tower, the North Tower has been hit by American Airlines Flight 11 around 15 minutes earlier

On September 11, 2001, Islamic terrorist hijackers linked to the jihadist organization Al-Qaeda piloted two hijacked passenger airliners into each of the twin 110 story World Trade Center towers. The airplanes, designated for transcontinental flights and therefore fully loaded with jet fuel, were hijacked mid-flight and intentionally crashed into the towers in the early morning hours of September 11. The crashes caused massive structural damage during impact, ripping gaping holes into the towers, and ignited raging fires, that caused both weakened towers to collapse in less than two hours. Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane hijacking that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, 2,977 victims died in the attacks. ^[37]

The 9/11 attacks led to a temporary exodus of business from Lower Manhattan to places such as Midtown Manhattan, Jersey City, and Brooklyn, as well as elsewhere, along with the need to reposition the broadcasting antennas of several television channels. ^[38] About 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors. ^[39] The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the government of New York City in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs. ^[40]

Lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001.

Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers. ^{[41] [42]} Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at ground zero. ^{[43] [44]} The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002. ^[45] Many other closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed the attack, either out of fear of further attacks or respect for the tragedy. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed by the end of May 2002. ^[46]

November 2001 plane crash

On November 12, 2001, American Airlines Flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens shortly after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 people on board and five others on the ground. It was the second-deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus A300, after Iran Air Flight 655, and the second-deadliest aviation incident to occur on U.S. soil, after American Airlines Flight 191. In terms of single-airplane crash incidents that were ruled accidental and not criminal, as of March 2014, no incident since then has surpassed that death toll, though before 2001 there had been deadlier incidents of this type. Although initially feared to be another act of terrorism, ^{[47] [48] [49] [50]} the crash was eventually found to have been caused by pilot error. ^[51]

Bloomberg (2002–2013)

Main article: Mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg

Billionaire media baron Michael Bloomberg, a Republican, was elected mayor in 2001, and reelected in 2005 and 2009. He used a statistical, results-based approach to city management, appointing city commissioners based on their expertise and granting them wide autonomy in their decision-making. Breaking with 190 years of tradition, he implemented what New York Times political reporter Adam Nagourney called a "bullpen" open office plan, similar to a Wall Street trading floor, in which dozens of aides and managerial staff are seated together in a large chamber. The design is intended to promote accountability and accessibility. ^[52]

Over the next ten years, a wave of public- and private-sector building projects reshaped large sections of the city, and a residential construction boom has resulted in permits being issued for over 25,000 new residential units every year. While the 2012 Summer Olympics ultimately went to London, New York was among the finalists and the campaign resulted in a plan to replace Shea Stadium with a new stadium, as well as an extension of the 7 subway service. ^{[53] [54]}

New York City was affected by the 2003 North America blackout on August 14, 2003, at 4:11 PM, leaving the city without electricity for over a day. Unlike in the New York City blackout of 1977, there was no major looting.

One World Trade Center is now the city's tallest building, opening in 2014 it alongside the new World Trade Center complex replaced the original complex destroyed on September 11 2001.

However, during the blackout, Verizon's emergency generators failed several times, leaving the emergency services number 9-1-1 out of service for several periods of about a quarter-hour each. New York City's 311 information hotline received over 175,000 calls from concerned residents during the weekend. Amateur radio operators attached to New York City ARES provided a backup communications link to emergency shelters and hospitals. Amateur radio repeaters were supplied with emergency power and remained functional. Many major U.S. networks (CBS, NBC, ABC, and FOX) and some cable TV networks (such as HBO, MTV, and Nickelodeon) were unable to broadcast because of the lack of electricity in the New York City area, but back-up stations in Dallas and flagship transmitters there made it possible for prime-time television to be broadcast. (ABC chose instead to cover the news from Washington, D.C. during the blackout). ^[55]

Hurricane Irene brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of August 24–25, 2011. In Manhattan, the Hudson River flooded in the Meatpacking District. ^[56] Long Beach and Freeport, both of which experienced serious flooding, were among the worst-hit towns on Long Island, ^[57] and many roads were left impassable. The workers at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan worked to make the World Trade Center site hurricane-proof, and escaped major damage, just missing the tenth anniversary of 9/11. ^[57] The winds knocked down many trees and power lines, leaving almost 350,000 homes and businesses without power in Nassau and Suffolk counties. ^[58]

Hurricane Sandy brought another destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. ^[59] City public schools closed for four days. ^[60] CUNY and NYU canceled all classes and campus activities for October 30. ^[61] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985. ^[62] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888. ^[63] The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft. ^[64] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded. ^[65] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108-year history of the New York City subway system. ^[66] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site. ^[67] Over 10 billion gallons of raw and partially treated sewage were released by the storm, 94% of which went into waters in and around New York and New Jersey. ^[68] In addition, a four-story Chelsea building's facade crumbled and collapsed, leaving the interior on full display; however, no one was hurt by the falling masonry. ^[69]

De Blasio (2014–2021)

Bloomberg was term-limited; after his third term, he could not run again in 2013. Bill de Blasio won the subsequent mayoral election, and was sworn into the mayor's office on January 1, 2014, by former President Bill Clinton. ^[70]

In 2017, a transit crisis was declared after years of deferred maintenance on the city's subways, buses, and railroads. ^[71] Congestion pricing was proposed as a result of the crisis. ^[72] A subway "action plan" ^[73] and a "genius challenge" were also announced as possible solutions. ^[74]

On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into the Hudson River Park's bike path in Tribeca between Houston Street and Chambers Street, killing at least eight people and injuring at least 15. ^[75] Most of those who were hit were bike riders. ^{[76] [77]}

COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in New York City

The city was in a state of lockdown between March 22 and June 8, 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. By April 2020, New York City was experiencing the most deaths of any locality in the coronavirus pandemic in New York State, which itself had the highest number of confirmed coronavirus cases of any state in the United States; ^[78] at the time, one-third of total known U.S. cases were in New York City. ^[79] By May, New York governor Andrew Cuomo had announced a four-phase reopening plan for regions in New York state, including New York City. ^[80] Phase 1 of reopening in New York City began on June 8. ^[81] The region reached its last phase of reopening six weeks later, on July 20. ^[82] Between the city's first recorded case and the Phase 4 reopening, New York City had recorded more than 218,000 COVID-19 cases, including 18,787 deaths directly attributed to the disease. ^[83]

COVID-19 cases and transmission decreased significantly between June and September 2020. However, by the beginning of October 2020, twenty ZIP Codes were identified as cluster areas, which contained 26% of all positive cases in the state at the time. ^[84] In response, the governor's office announced what they called "direct enforcement" of COVID-19 related restrictions in high-risk neighborhoods. ^[85]

During the pandemic, a federal judge blocked Mayor Bill de Blasio from enforcing restrictions on religious organizations to 25% when others operated at 50%. ^{[86] [87]} A federal lawsuit alleging religious discrimination began in June by Catholic priests and Jewish congregants against Governor Andrew Cuomo and Mayor de Blasio. ^{[88] [89] [90]} Mayor Bill de Blasio apologized to the Orthodox Jewish community for his handling of the shutdown. ^{[91] [92]}

Adams (2022-)

Main article: New York City migrant housing crisis

On 2 November 2021, Democratic candidate Eric Adams won the New York City mayoral election. Incumbent Mayor Bill de Blasio was term-limited and ineligible to run for re-election. ^[93]

On 1 January 2022, Eric Adams was sworn in as mayor of New York City. ^[94]

As of October 2023, more than 130 600 migrants had arrived in New York City since the spring of 2022. The migrant crisis in New York City was called a humanitarian crisis by Mayor Eric Adams. Many of the migrants have been Venezuelans who had crossed the southern border from Mexico, continuing their trip to New York City, partly with the help of officials in Texas. As of October 2023, more than 65 400 migrants were staying in NYC homeless shelters. ^[95]

See also

• American urban history
• Timeline of New York City, 1950s–1970s
• 1977 New York City mayoral election
• 1981 New York City mayoral election
• 1985 New York City mayoral election
• 1989 New York City mayoral election
• 1993 New York City mayoral election
• 1997 New York City mayoral election
• 2001 New York City mayoral election
• 2005 New York City mayoral election
• 2009 New York City mayoral election
• 2013 New York City mayoral election
• 2017 New York City mayoral election
• 2021 New York City mayoral election

References

1. Johnson, Bruce D.; Golub, Andrew; Eloise Dunlap (2006). "The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York". In Blumstein, Alfred; Wallman, Joel (eds.). The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-86279-5.
2. Karmen, Andrew (2000). New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s . NYU Press. ISBN   0-8147-4717-5.
3. Peter Kerr (April 18, 1987). "AGENTS TELL OF DRUG'S GRIP ON WALL STREET". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
4. Jonathan Soffer, Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York City (2010)
5. Lynnell Hancock, "Wolf pack: the press and the Central Park jogger," Columbia Journalism Review (2003) online
6. "DEA History Book, 1876–1990" (drug usage & enforcement), US Department of Justice, 1991, USDoJ.gov webpage: DoJ-DEA-History-1985-1990.
7. nycsubway.org—The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s
8. Scherl DJ, Macht LB (September 1979). "Deinstitutionalization in the absence of consensus". Hosp Community Psychiatry. 30 (9): 599–604. doi:10.1176/ps.30.9.599. PMID   223959. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06.
9. Lewin, Tamar (15 April 1986). "Business and the Law; AIDS and Job Discrimination". The New York Times.
10. Roberts, Sam (9 November 1989). "THE 1989 ELECTIONS: THE NEW YORK VOTE; Almost Lost at the Wire". The New York Times.
11. William Glaberson, "Judge Accepts a Guilty Plea in '91 Crown Heights Unrest", The New York Times, April 13, 2002.
12. "Beep Honor Peace Coalition: Crown Heights leaders reflect on 10-year milestone" ^{[ permanent dead link ]}, New York Daily News, August 23, 2001.
13. Johnson, Kirk (March 6, 1997). "New York City Has Sharp Rise In Jobless Rate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
14. McFadden, Robert D. (March 5, 1994). "'Home Rule' Factor May Block S.I. Secession". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
15. Whitlock, Craig (2005-07-05). "Homemade, Cheap and dangerous – Terror Cells Favor from {megan anderson} Simple Ingredients In Building Bombs". Washington Post. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
16. Childers, J. Gilmore; Henry J. DePippo (1998-02-24). "Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings: Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center". US Senate Judiciary Committee. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
17. Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006) p. 178.
18. "FBI 100 First Strike: Global Terror in America". FBI.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
19. Purdum, Todd S. (November 3, 1993). "Giuliani ousts Dinkins by a thin margin ..." The New York Times.
20. Aaron Donovan (September 9, 2001). "If You're Thinking of Living In/The Financial District; In Wall Street's Canyons, Cliff Dwellers". The New York Times: Real Estate. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
21. Macek, Steve (2006). Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, And the Moral Panic Over the City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 111. ISBN   9780816643608.
22. Rofes, Eric E. (2001). "Imperial New York: Destruction and Disneyfication under Emperor Giuliani. Review of Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. Samuel R. Delany. New York: New York University Press, 1999". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 7 (1): 101–09. doi:10.1215/10642684-7-1-101. S2CID   144081737.
23. "NYC crime rate cut with penalties" Archived 2012-07-19 at archive.today , BCHeights.com, November 3, 2005.
24. Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-07063-6
25. Morrison, Scott (2008). Hockey Night in Canada: My Greatest Day. Toronto: Key Porter Books. p. 106.
26. LaPointe, Joe (May 28, 1994). "2 Overtimes Later, It's a Final and It's the Rangers". New York Times. p. 27. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
27. Blinebury, Fran (June 13, 2004). "BELIEVE IT: 10 YEARS LATER; 'The Times of Our Lives'". The Houston Chronicle. p. 1.
28. Hahn, Alan (June 14, 2009). "After huge effort, Knicks fall short". Newsday. p. A79. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
29. NHL Stanley Cup Winners Vol 4: June 14, 1994: Vancouver Canucks vs New York Rangers-Stanley Cup Game 7 on YouTube
30. "Official Website on NBA.com". NBA.com . Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
31. Costello, Brian (August 8, 2004). "'94 Yanks Cut Short". New York Post . p. 58.
32. Curry, Jack (August 26, 2002). "Lost Games, Lost Dreams". The New York Times . p. D1. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
33. Amore, Dom (May 15, 2005). "Imagine: Buck's Yankees, but Not Jeter's". The Hartford Courant . p. E8.
34. Forman, Sean L. "1998 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com - Major League Statistics and Information. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
35. 1999 World Series Coverage
36. The subway series: the Yankees, the Mets and a season to remember. St. Louis, Mo.: The Sporting News. 2000. ISBN   0-89204-659-7.
37. "Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony". The Online Rocket. September 12, 2008. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive February 15, 2014.
38. Bloomfield, Larry (October 1, 2001). "New York broadcasters rebuild". Broadcast Engineering. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
39. Dolfman, Michael L.; Wasser, Solidelle F. (2004). "9/11 and the New York City Economy". Monthly Labor Review. 127.
40. Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). "The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. p. 5. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
41. Gates, Anita (September 11, 2006). "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
42. "What was Found in the Dust". New York Times. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
43. "New York: 9/11 toxins caused death". CNN. May 24, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
44. DePalma, Anthony (May 13, 2006). "Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
45. Heilprin, John (June 23, 2003). "White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
46. "Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup". CNN. May 30, 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
47. United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims, "The need to implement WHTI to protect U.S. homeland security", 2006. p. 24 of transcripts
48. Bell, Stewart (2005). The Martyr's Oath. p. 157.
49. Bell, Stewart (August 27, 2004). "Montreal man downed US plane, CSIS told". National Post . Retrieved October 16, 2013.
50. "Canadian Report Causes AA 587 Stir". Wave of Long Island . September 3, 2004. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
51. Bella, Timothy; Fearnow, Benjamin (November 11, 2011). "Remembering America's Second-Deadliest Plane Crash". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 2, 2014.
52. Nagourney, Adam (December 25, 2001). "Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things". The New York Times .
53. Roberts, Sam (November 26, 2006). "Bloomberg Administration Is Developing Land Use Plan to Accommodate Future Populations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
54. Bagli, Charles V. (November 27, 2011). "From Ashes of Olympic Bid, a Future Rises for the Far West Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
55. "Interim Report on the August 14, 2003, Blackout" (PDF). New York Independent System Operator. January 8, 2004. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
56. "Port Authority Reopens North Tube of the Holland Tunnel". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Press release). August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02.
57. Benkoe, Jeff (August 28, 2011). "Long Island pounded by Irene but residents feel lucky". Reuters. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
58. Jonathan Allen – "Long Island residents frustrated by power outages" – Reuters – August 29, 2011 – Retrieved August 30, 2011.
59. Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine CNN
60. "Hurricane Sandy closures". New York Post. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
61. Gonen, Yoav; Goldenberg, Sally; Li, David K.; Stretten, Amy; Simeone, Jessica; Sutherland, Amber; Mongelli, Lorena; Celona, Larry; Antenucci, Antonio (2012-10-30). "Follow live Hurricane Sandy updates from around the city". New York Post. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
62. Andrew, Tangel (October 29, 2012). "Stock market to remain closed Tuesday". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012-10-29.
63. "Hurricane Sandy to keep stock markets shuttered Tuesday, Market Day". October 29, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
64. Long, Colleen (2012-10-29). "Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm". TheState.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
65. "Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
66. "Worst disaster in NYC subway's history, says MTA chief". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
67. "Superstorm Sandy: flood, wind damage and travel chaos in New York City". The Telegraph. London. 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
68. Report Cites Large Release of Sewage From Hurricane Sandy New York Times April 30, 2013
69. "Hurricane Sandy: Large sections of Manhattan left without power". The Oregonian. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
70. Michael M. Grynbaum (January 1, 2014). "Taking Office, de Blasio Vows to Fix Inequity". The New York Times .
71. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (June 29, 2017). "Cuomo Declares a State of Emergency for New York City Subways". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 25, 2017.
72. Santora, Marc (August 13, 2017). "Cuomo Calls Manhattan Traffic Plan an Idea 'Whose Time Has Come'". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331.
73. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 25, 2017). "Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 25, 2017.
74. Barron, James (June 29, 2017). "M.T.A. Asks Transit Fans, 'Who Wants to Be a Subway-Saving Millionaire?'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 26, 2017.
75. Helsel, Phil; Winter, Tom (October 31, 2017). "Terrorism suspected after Truck Driver Kills Six in Lower Manhattan". NBC News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 31, 2017.
76. Mueller, Benjamin; K. Rashbaum, William (October 31, 2017). "Multiple Deaths Reported as Driver Careens Down Bike Path in Manhattan". The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2017.
77. BBC News staff (October 31, 2017). "New York attack: At least six killed by man driving truck". BBC News . Retrieved October 31, 2017.
78. "Coronavirus in New York: Latest Updates". New York . March 28, 2020.
79. "How New York became the epicenter of America's coronavirus crisis". Vox. March 27, 2020.
80. Higgins-Dunn, Noah (May 22, 2020). "New daily coronavirus cases in New York are now lower than at the beginning of the outbreak, Gov. Cuomo says". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
81. Goodman, J. David (June 7, 2020). "New York City Begins Reopening After 3 Months of Outbreak and Hardship". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
82. Millman, Jennifer (July 20, 2020). "'It Has to Stop:' Cuomo Threatens to Reverse NYC Reopening, Now in Phase 4, Over Noncompliance". NBC New York. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
83. Donnelly, Frank (July 20, 2020). "Coronavirus on S.I.: No additional deaths reported; 24 new cases, hospitalizations at 17". silive. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
84. "Coronavirus Updates: Cuomo Identifies The 20 ZIP Codes With Increasing COVID-19 Positivity Rates". Gothamist. October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
85. says, JimmieMWiggins (October 7, 2020). "Second Shutdown Set For COVID-19 Clusters And Surrounding Areas". Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
86. "Judge blocks 25% capacity rule for religious services in NY". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
87. June 26, Ryan Tarinelli |; PM, 2020 at 04:42. "Federal Judge Rules Against New York's Outdoor Gathering Restrictions". New York Law Journal. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
88. Schreirber, Sholom (June 13, 2020). "'Absolute Monarchy': Catholic Priests, Jewish Congregants Sue Cuomo, De Blasio Over Double Standards On Worship, Protests". The Jewish Voice. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
89. "Orthodox Jews sue de Blasio, Cuomo for discrimination over lockdown rules". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
90. "Suit Filed Alleging Religious Discrimination in Actions by Cuomo and De Blasio | Hamodia.com". Hamodia. June 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
91. Shahrigian, Shant. "NYC Mayor de Blasio apologizes to Orthodox Jewish leaders for city's handling of COVID shutdown". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
92. Marsh, Julia (2020-10-20). "De Blasio apologizes to ultra-Orthodox leaders over lack of COVID-19 communication". New York Post. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
93. "New York Election Results". The New York Times. 2 November 2021.
94. Helmore, Edward (2 January 2022). "Eric Adams sworn in as mayor of New York City". The Observer.
95. "What to Know About the Migrant Crisis in New York City". 19 October 2023.

Further reading

• Berman, Marshall and Brian Berger, eds. New York Calling: From Blackout to Bloomberg (2007). Recent social change in all five boroughs.
• Berg, Bruce F. New York City Politics: Governing Gotham (2007) excerpt
• Brash, Julian. Bloomberg's New York: Class and Governance in the Luxury City (2011), A geographical approach
• Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. New York: An Illustrated History (2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary, New York: A Documentary Film an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by Ric Burns for PBS. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003.
• Carroll, Tamar W. "Social protest photography and public history: 'Whose streets? Our streets!': New York City, 1980–2000." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 57.1 (2021): 34-59.

• David, Greg. Modern New York: The Life and Economics of a City (2012)
• Greenberg, Miriam. Branding New York: How a city in crisis was sold to the world (Routledge, 2009)
• Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale University Press, 1995) 1350 pages; articles by experts; 2nd expanded edition 2010, 1585pp
• Kirtzman, Andrew (2001). Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN   0-06-009389-7.
• Miyares, Ines M. "Changing Latinization of New York City." in Hispanic Spaces, Latino Places (U of Texas Press, 2021) pp. 145-166.

• Plunz, Richard. A history of housing in New York City (Columbia UP, 2018).

• Purnick, Joyce. Mike Bloomberg: Money, Power, Politics (2009)
• Rich, Wilbur C. David Dinkins and New York City Politics: Race, Images, and the Media (SUNY Press, 2012)
• Siegel, Fred. The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York, and the Genius of American Life (2005)
• Soffer, Jonathan. Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York City (2010)

• Sorkin, Michael, and Sharon Zukin, eds. After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City. Routledge, 2013.
• Spear, Michael. "The struggle to build a progressive urban politics: Frank Barbaro's 1981 New York City mayoral campaign." New York History (2010): 45–69. in JSTOR
• Taylor, Clarence. Fight the power: African Americans and the long history of police brutality in New York City (NYU Press, 2021).
• Williams, Mason B. "How the Rockefeller Laws Hit the Streets: Drug Policing and the Politics of State Competence in New York City, 1973–1989." Modern American History 4.1 (2021): 67-90. online

Guide books

• New York City. Let's Go. 1999. OL   15144824W.
• Otis, Ginger Adams. New York City (Lonely planet, 2010)

Primary sources

• Dinkins, David N.; Knobler, Peter (2013). A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic . PublicAffairs, ISBN   978-1-61039-301-0