| Hoary-throated spinetail | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Synallaxis |
| Species: | S. kollari |
| Binomial name | |
| Synallaxis kollari Pelzeln, 1856 | |
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The hoary-throated spinetail (Synallaxis kollari) is a Critically Endangered bird species in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. [2] It is found in Brazil and Guyana. [3]
The hoary-throated spinetail was originally described in genus Synallaxis. [4] In the early twentieth century some authors moved it into the newly created genus Poecilurus. By 2000 the merger of Poecilurus into Synallaxis was generally accepted and a study published in 2011 confirmed that placement. That study also established that the hoary-throated spinetail is a sister species to the white-whiskered spinetail (S. candei) and the rufous-breasted spinetail (S. erythrothorax). [5] [6]
The hoary-throated spinetail is monotypic. [2]
The hoary-throated spinetail is 14.5 to 16 cm (5.7 to 6.3 in) long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have grayish lores, dark rufous cinnamon ear coverts, and a rufous streak behind the eye. Their crown is gray-brown and their nape, back, rump, and uppertail coverts bright rufous. Their wings are rufous with dusky tips on their flight feathers. Their tail is rufous. Their throat is dull black with white tips on the feathers. Their underparts are mostly rufous cinnamon with pale ochraceous lower flanks and buffy or pale cinnamon-white in the center of their belly. Their iris is dark reddish brown, their maxilla blackish gray, their mandible blue-gray with a blackish tip, and their legs and feet blue-gray. [7] [8]
The hoary-throated spinetail has a very restricted range in the extreme northern Amazon Basin. It is found only along several tributaries of the Branco River in the Brazilian state of Roraima and Guyana's Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region. It inhabits gallery forest along the watercourses, which flow through grasslands called "Lavrado" in Brazil and the Rupununi savannah in Guyana. The total length of the narrow bands it inhabits is less than 600 km (370 mi). It favors dense undergrowth heavy with vines and Inga shrubs. [7] [8]
The hoary-throated spinetail is a year-round resident. [1]
Nothing is known about the hoary-throated spinetail's diet or foraging behavior, though it is assumed to feed on arthropods like other Synallaxis spinetails. [7]
Nothing is known about the hoary-throated spinetail's breeding biology. It is assumed to build a stick nest similar to those of other Synallaxis spinetails. [7]
The hoary-throated spinetail makes a "double-noted 'tuh-tih', the second note higher". It is not known if this is a song or a call. [8]
The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the hoary-throated spinetail as Near Threatened, then in 1994 as Vulnerable, in 2000 as Endangered, in 2005 again as Vulnerable, in 2008 again as Endangered, and since 2012 as Critically Endangered. It has a very small range and an estimated population of 1500 to 7000 mature individuals that is believed to be decreasing. "The gallery forests within the species[sic] range are being rapidly converted into rice plantations [and] [b]urning of vegetation, such as the fires that spread through Roraima in 1999, may be another major threat." "Forest loss across the species's[sic] range is likely to become extremely rapid." [1] "About 60% of the gallery forest within the species’ range is inside indigenous reserves" which are not formally protected, and rice is illegally farmed in them by non-indigenous people. [7]
The pale-breasted spinetail is a passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Ecuador.
Synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. It is one of the most diverse genera in the family and is composed of small birds that inhabit dense undergrowth across tropical and subtropical habitats in the Neotropical region. Some species show contrasting plumage patterns involving rufous crown and wing patches and black throat patches but they are difficult to see as they keep ensconced in vegetation most of the time. Most species show the long graduated tail with pointy feathers that is typical of spinetails. They are also characterized by constructing large domed nests with stick, including a long entrance tube. Some species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their plumage, but can be told apart by their vocalizations, which can be quite distinctive.
The stripe-crowned spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Parker's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Cabanis's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
The white-whiskered spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
The black-throated spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Venezuela.
The chestnut-throated spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is mainly found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The Bahia spinetail is a Near Threatened species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.
The Apurimac spinetail is a Vulnerable species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The cinereous-breasted spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
McConnell's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The Maranon spinetail is a Critically Endangered species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.
The dusky spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The white-bellied spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru.
The ruddy spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, and possibly Guyana.
The ochre-cheeked spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
The rufous spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The Rio Orinoco spinetail, or Orinoco spinetail, is a Near Threatened species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Venezuela and possibly Colombia.
The Chinchipe spinetail is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae, the ovenbirds. It is endemic to Peru.
