Hydrocotyle

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Hydrocotyle
Starr 010424-9001 Hydrocotyle bowlesioides.jpg
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Subfamily: Hydrocotyloideae
Genus: Hydrocotyle
L. [1] [2] [3]
Synonyms [4]
  • CatephaLesch. ex Rchb.
  • ChondrocarpusNutt.
  • GlyceriaNutt.
  • HidrocotileNeck., orth. var.
  • NeosciadiumDomin

Hydrocotyle, also called floating pennywort, [5] water pennywort, [6] Indian pennywort, dollar weed, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort and white rot, [7] is a genus of prostrate, perennial [8] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae. [3]

Contents

Description

Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles, are very common.[ clarification needed ] They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes, [6] and some species in coastal areas by the sea. [9] [10]

Leaves
Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped. The leaf surfaces of Hydrocotyle are prime grounds for oviposition of many butterfly species, such as Anartia fatima .
Flowers
Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.
Fruits and reproduction
Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants. [8]
The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes. [11]

Selected species

The genus Hydrocotyle has between 75 and 100 species [12] that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide. [8] A few species have entered the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics. [13] A list of selected species: [1] [2] [3] [12] [14] [15] [16]

Distribution

Hydrocotyleae grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones. [8]

Fossil record

One fossil fruit of a Hydrocotyle sp. has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. [18]

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<i>Centella asiatica</i> Species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae

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<i>Hydrocotyle umbellata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Hydrocotyle umbellata is an aquatic plant that thrives in wet, sandy habitat. Its English common name is manyflower marshpennywort or dollarweed. It is native to North America and parts of South America. In Brazil it is known as acariçoba and has applications in herbal medicine with purported anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It can also be found growing as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed on other continents. It is an edible weed that can be used in salads or as a pot herb.

<i>Hydrocotyle ranunculoides</i> Species of plant

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<i>Anisus vorticulus</i> Species of gastropod

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<i>Hydrocotyle verticillata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Hydrocotyle verticillata, also known as whorled pennywort, whorled marshpennywort or shield pennywort, is a flowering plant found in South and North America and the West Indies. Its creeping habit and unusual leaves give it its common names. It grows in places that are marshy, boggy, or even wet.
Hydrocotyle verticillata is used in aquaria, where it is undemanding; it does prefer a good substrate, however, and at least moderate light. It benefits from additional carbon dioxide. It is widely used as a foreground plant.

<i>Hydrocotyle vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, the marsh pennywort, common pennywort, water naval, money plant, lucky plant, dollarweed or copper coin, is a small creeping aquatic perennial plant native to North Africa, Europe, the Caucasus and parts of the Levant.

<i>Senecio crassiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio crassiflorus, in Portuguese: margarida-das-dunas, one of the native South American Senecio and an herbaceous dune dwelling perennial.

<i>Hydrocotyle bonariensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Hydrocotyle bonariensis, the largeleaf pennywort, once a member of the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae and of the genus Hydrocotyle, is a hairless and creeping perennial.

<i>Panicum repens</i> Species of plant

Panicum repens is a species of grass known by many common names, including torpedo grass, creeping panic, panic rampant, couch panicum, wainaku grass, quack grass, dog-tooth grass, and bullet grass. Its exact native range is obscure. Sources suggest that the grass is native to "Africa and/or Asia", "Europe or Australia", "Eurasia", "Australia", "Europe, Asia, and Africa", or other specific regions, including the Mediterranean, Israel, and Argentina. It is present in many places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It has been called "one of the world's worst weeds."

<i>Hydrocotyle prolifera</i> Species of flowering plant

Hydrocotyle prolifera, commonly called whorled marshpennywort , is a species of flowering plant in the ginseng family (Araliaceae). It is native to North America and South America, where it is widespread. In the United States, it is largely restricted to the southeastern and southwestern regions. Its natural habitat is in swamp forests, or in pools of standing water.

<i>Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides is a small species of flowering plant native to southeastern Asia. It is also referred to as lawn marshpennywort. It is a dicot, traditionally placed in the family Apiaceae, but more recently suggested to belong in the Araliaceae. It grows in abundance when the conditions are right. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides originated in southeastern Asia, but is slowly spreading in the United States, along with other places around the world. It can grow in a wide variety of habitats. It has been used for medicinal purposes in Asia and is also common in the aquarium trade.

<i>Hydrocotyle americana</i> Species of flowering plant

Hydrocotyle americana is a small plant native to the Northeastern United States. It is commonly referred to as American marshpennywort or navelwort and American water-pennywort. H. americana grows from Ontario to Newfoundland south through the Appalachian Mountains to South Carolina. H. americana has been introduced to South Africa as well as New Zealand.

References

  1. 1 2 "Hydrocotyle L." African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  2. 1 2 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hydrocotyle L." The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  3. 1 2 3 Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2006-04-02). "Genus: Hydrocotyle L." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  4. "Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-12-29.[ dead link ]
  5. "Floating pennywort". Invasive Species. 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  6. 1 2 University of Florida Herbarium (2005). "Hydrocotyle species". Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Particulars and Photographs. University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  7. M. Grieve (1931). "Hydrocotyle". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Flora of China. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  9. Aluka. "Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. [family UMBELLIFERAE]". African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  10. Klein, Alecsandro Schardosim; Citadini-Zanette, Vanilde; dos Santos, Robson (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina". Biotemas (in Portuguese). 20 (3): 15–26.
  11. Watson, Mark F. "Hydrocotyle L". Flora of Bhutan. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  12. 1 2 Flora of China. "1. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus". Family List. 14. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  13. "Pennywort, Genus Hydrocotyle". The Aquarium Gardener Series. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  14. Taiwan Plant Names. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List. III. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  15. Madagascar Catalog. "Hydrocotyle L." Genus Page. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  16. "hydrocotyle". New Zealand Weeds. Massey University: Institute of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
  17. "Hydrocotyle hydrophila | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". nzpcn.org.nz. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  18. Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.