Results of the election showing the candidates with the largest share of votes in each of the 33 provinces of Indonesia. Megawati Sukarnoputri: red; Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono: blue; Jusuf Kalla: yellow.[1]
Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 8 July 2009. The elections returned a president and vice president for the 2009–2014 period. Incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, elected with a 20% margin in the 2004 election, sought a second term against former President Megawati Sukarnoputri in a rematch of the 2004 election, as well as incumbent Vice President Jusuf Kalla. Securing a majority of the votes in a landslide victory in the first round, Yudhoyono was re-elected without the need to proceed to a second round, scheduled to be held on 8 September if no candidate received a majority of the popular vote.[2][3] Yudhoyono was officially declared the victor of the election on 23 July 2009, by the General Election Commission.[4] Yudhoyono, with nearly 74 million votes in his favor, holds the record for the highest number of votes for a single person in any democratic election in history.[5]
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands, and at 1,904,569 square kilometres, the 14th largest by land area and the 7th largest in combined sea and land area. With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
The President of the Republic of Indonesia is the head of state and also head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.
The Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia is the first in the line of succession in the Republic of Indonesia.
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons, or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the plurality system and the two-round system for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and party-list proportional representation for the election of a legislature.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, commonly referred to by his initials SBY, is an Indonesian politician and retired Army general officer who was the President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014. He is currently the chairman of the Democratic Party of Indonesia and President of the Assembly and Chair of the Council of the Global Green Growth Institute. President Yudhoyono was also the former Chairman of ASEAN due to the hosting of Indonesia of the 18th and 19th ASEAN Summits.
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri is an Indonesian politician who served as President of Indonesia from 23 July 2001 to 20 October 2004. She was previously the country's vice president for 21 months.
Muhammad Jusuf Kalla is an Indonesian politician who has been Vice President of Indonesia since 2014, having previously served from 2004 to 2009. He was unsuccessful as Golkar's presidential candidate in the 2009 presidential election. Since 2009 Kalla has served as the Chairman of the Indonesian Red Cross Society. Before Kalla declared himself as the running mate for Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election, a 2012 poll placed his popularity among likely voters in the top three contenders for the presidency and ahead of his own party's nominee Aburizal Bakrie. He is the first person to hold two non-consecutive terms as Vice President of Indonesia.
The Golkar Party or Party of Functional Groups is a political party in Indonesia. It was founded as Sekber Golkar in 1964, and participated for the first time in 1971 as Golkar. At this point, Golkar was not a political party. In 1999, forced by the new election law, the groups reformed itself as a political party.
Abdurrahman Wahid, colloquially known as Gus Dur, was an Indonesian Muslim religious and political leader who served as the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001. The long-time president of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB), Wahid was the first elected president of Indonesia after the resignation of Suharto in 1998.
On 17 February, the Constitutional Court ruled that independent candidates would not be allowed to run in the election.[12]
Coalition talks
Following legislative elections held on 9 April, coalitions of political parties began to emerge in order to nominate candidates for President and Vice President. Under the 2008 Presidential Election Law, the candidates must be nominated by a party or coalition that won at least 25% of the popular vote or 112 (20%) of 560 seats of the People's Representative Council.[13] Indonesia's Constitutional Court also ruled that independent candidates would not be allowed to run.[14] Candidates had to officially register with the General Election Commission by midnight of 16 May in order to appear on the ballots.[15]
The People's Representative Council, alternatively translatable as the House of Representatives or as the House of People's Representatives, is one of two elected national legislative assemblies in Indonesia.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia is an court in Indonesia which part of Judicial branch of Government of Indonesia, whose primary role is the reviewing of constitutionality under the Constitution. It also has administrative law functions such as ruling on competence disputes between governmental entities, giving final decisions on impeachments, and making judgments on the dissolution of political parties.
It initially appeared that Golkar, the party of incumbent Vice President Jusuf Kalla, would enter into a coalition with the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI–P) of former president Megawati Sukarnoputri to challenge President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Democratic Party. However, talks were broken off on 13 April 2009, with Golkar reportedly more interested in continuing the coalition with Yudhoyono rather than risk being cut off from power completely. Yudhoyono was also in talks with Islamist parties in a bid to form a coalition controlling more than half the seats in parliament.[16][17][18]
The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle is an Indonesian political party, and the party of the current President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo.
The Democratic Party is a centre to centre-right political party in Indonesia. It was founded on 9 September 2001. Its ideology is based on the Indonesian concept of Pancasila, and identifies as centrist.
The PDI–P selected former president Megawati as its presidential candidate on 7 May but did not immediately announce a running mate.[22] The possibility of Gerindra leader Prabowo Subianto becoming Megawati's running mate had been favored by PDI–P leadership, but the two parties had yet to come to an agreement two days before the 16 May candidate registration deadline.[23][24] After plans to announce the pair's candidacy were postponed to allow for continuing negotiations, both parties eventually declared on 15 May the nomination of Megawati and Prabowo as candidates for president and vice president.[25]
In the scenario that either Kalla or Megawati would have lost his or her bid for the presidency in the first election round, one candidate would have supported the other in the second round, as agreed upon by the grand coalition formed to oppose incumbent President Yudhoyono.[26]
On 12 May 2009, Yudhoyono chose Boediono, the governor of Bank Indonesia (Indonesia's central bank), as his running mate.[27] Four parties which had planned to form a coalition with Yudhoyono's Democratic Party (PAN, PPP, the National Awakening Party (PKB), and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS)) had expected that the vice presidential nominee would come from one of their parties. Although they threatened to form their own coalition with Gerindra and present their own candidate, PKB became the first party in the coalition to support Yudhoyono's decision.[28][29] The remaining three parties eventually agreed to support the Yudhoyono–Boediono ticket and attended the nomination ceremony in Bandung on 15 May.[30]
Initially, the pair of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Boediono was referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as SBY Berbudi.[33] Three days after the slogan was announced, the campaign team had changed its name to SBY–Boediono due to concerns that the term berbudi was not as well known outside Java.[35]
Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto
The pair of Jusuf Kalla and Wiranto is referred to colloquially by the Indonesian media as JK–Win.[33]
Voters in a polling station in North Jakarta receiving their ballot to vote in the election.
Candidates had to register from 10–16 May, with medical checks, which they all passed,[36] from 11–15 May.[37] The candidates were officially announced on 28 May[38] and drew their ballot numbers at the General Election Commission building on 31 May.[39] Megawati–Prabowo drew number 1, SBY–Boediono number 2 and Kalla–Wiranto number 3.[39]
The presidential election campaign began on 2 June and ran until 4 July, with mass rallies allowed from 12 June onwards. Those participating in the campaign, were not allowed to question the basis of the Indonesian state, insult the race or religion of candidates, use threats or violence or give financial or material incentives to voters.[40] There were a series of debates between 18 June and 2 July that were carried live on Indonesian television, three between the presidential candidates and two between the vice-presidential candidates. The topics for these two-hour debates were agreed in advance, and by common consent, did not explicitly include human rights issues.[41]
After a two-day "silent period", voting took place on 8 July. National election results are due to be announced between 27 and 29 July. Following a period to allow for legal challenges, the final results will be announced between 1 and 12 August. If the election goes to a second round, the second campaign period will run from 15 July – 7 September, with the vote on 8 September. The final result is due to be announced on 8 October, with the president and vice-president being sworn before the general session of the People's Consultative Assembly in October 20.[42]
The United Development Party is an Islam-based political party in Indonesia. Due to its distinctive logo, the party is nicknamed "Kaaba Party".
The first direct presidential election in Indonesia was held in two rounds on July 5 and September 20, 2004. Prior to a 2002 amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, the President and Vice President were elected by the country's top legislative body, the People's Consultative Assembly.
Wiranto is a retired Indonesian army General. He was the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces from February 1998 to October 1999 during Indonesia's transition from authoritarian rule to democracy. He ran unsuccessfully for President of Indonesia in 2004 and for the vice-presidency in 2009. On 27 July 2016 Wiranto was appointed Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs, replacing Luhut Binsar Panjaitan.
Elections in Indonesia have taken place since 1955 to elect a legislature. At a national level, Indonesian people did not elect a head of state – the president – until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the 560-member People's Representative Council and the 128-seat Regional Representative Council.
The Post-Suharto era in Indonesia began with the fall of Suharto in 1998 during which Indonesia has been in a period of transition, an era known in Indonesia as Reformasi. A more open and liberal political-social environment ensued following the resignation of authoritarian President Suharto, ending the three decades of the New Order period.
Aburizal Bakrie is an Indonesian politician, and widely recognised as one of the most successful pribumi businessmen in Indonesia. From 2004 until 2005 Bakrie served as Indonesia's Coordinating Minister for Economy. From 2005 until 2009 he served as Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare. Since 2009, Bakrie served as the Chairman of the Golkar Party up to late 2014, and resumed chairmanship in May 2015.
Muhammad Hatta Rajasa was the former Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet and the vice presidential candidate with Prabowo Subianto in the Indonesian Presidential Election, 2014. Previously, he was the State Secretary, Minister of Transport, and Minister for Research and Technology in the Mutual Assistance Cabinet (2001-2004).
Agum Gumelar is a politician and former general of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. He is a former minister having held several positions, a former chairman of Indonesian Football Association and National Sports Committee of Indonesia. He is an alumnus of the National Military Academy in Magelang, Central Java and Medical Faculty of Padjadjaran University in Bandung, West Java. In 1998, he received a master's degree from American World University, an organization forbidden to operate in 2005 because of its diploma mill action.
The Mutual Assistance Cabinet was the Indonesian Cabinet which served under President Megawati Sukarnoputri and Vice President Hamzah Haz from 9 August 2001 until 20 October 2004. The Cabinet was formed after Megawati and Hamzah were elected President and Vice President at the Special Session of the People's Consultative Assembly in July 2001.
Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 9 April 2009 for 132 seats of the Regional Representative Council (DPD) and 560 seats of the People's Representative Council (DPR). A total of 38 parties met the requirements to be allowed to participate in the national elections, with a further six contesting in Aceh only. The Democratic Party of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the largest share of the vote, followed by the Golkar Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle.
Boediono is an Indonesian economist. He was the Vice President of Indonesia from 2009 to 2014. He became Vice President after winning the 2009 presidential election together with the then-incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 9 July 2014, with former general Prabowo Subianto contesting the elections against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo; incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term in office. On 22 July the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla, were sworn-in on 20 October 2014, for a 5-year term.
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