Inocybe geophylla

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Inocybe geophylla
Ino.geo.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Inocybaceae
Genus: Inocybe
Species:
I. geophylla
Binomial name
Inocybe geophylla
Inocybe geophylla
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.pnggills on hymenium
Umbonate cap icon.svgConical cap icon.svg cap is umbonate or conical
Adnexed gills icon2.svg hymenium is adnexed
Bare stipe icon.svg stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 spore print is brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgecology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Poison.pngedibility: poisonous

Inocybe geophylla, commonly known as the earthy inocybe, common white inocybe or white fibercap, is a poisonous mushroom of the genus Inocybe . It is widespread and common in Europe and North America, appearing under both conifer and deciduous trees in summer and autumn. The fruiting body is a small all-white or cream mushroom with a fibrous silky umbonate cap and adnexed gills. An all-lilac variety lilacina is also common.

Contents

Taxonomy and naming

It was first described in 1799 as Agaricus geophyllus by English naturalist James Sowerby in his work Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. [1] Christiaan Hendrik Persoon spelt it Agaricus geophilus in his 1801 work Synopsis methodica fungorum. [2] Its specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek terms geo- "earth", and phyllon "leaf". [3] It was given its current binomial name in 1871 by Paul Kummer. [4]

A lilac form is known as var. lilacina; it was originally described as Agaricus geophyllus var. lilacinus by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1872, who came across it in Bethlehem, New York. [5] It was given its current name by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1876. It was classified as a separate species in 1918 by Calvin Henry Kauffman, who felt that it was consistently different and grew in different locales. [6] A 2005 study of nuclear genes found that I. geophylla was closely related to I. fuscodisca , while I. lilacina came out as in a lineage with I. agglutinata and I. pudica . [7]

Description

The cap is 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in) in diameter and white or cream-coloured with a silky texture, at first conical before flattening out to a more convex shape with a pronounced umbo (boss). The cap margins may split with age. The thin stipe is 1–6 cm (0.39–2.36 in) high and 0.3–0.6 cm thick and lacks a ring. [8] It has a small bulb at the base, [9] and often does not grow straight. [10] The crowded gills are adnexed and cream early, before darkening to a brownish colour with the developing spores. The spore print is brown. The almond-shaped spores are smooth and measure around 9 × 5 μm. The faint smell has been likened to meal, [8] damp earth, [3] or even described as spermatic. [11] The white or cream flesh has an acrid taste and does not change colour when cut or bruised. [9]

Similar species

Larger mushrooms can be confused with members of the genus Tricholoma or the edible Calocybe gambosa , though these have a mealy smell and gills that remain white. [10] In Israel, it is confused with edible mushrooms of the genus Tricholoma , particularly Tricholoma terreum , and Suillus granulatus , all of which grow in similar habitat. [12] In North America it resembles mushrooms of the genus Camarophyllus . [11]

The variety lilacina is similar in shape but tinted lilac all over, with an ochre-brown flush on the cap umbo and the base of the stem. It has a strong mealy or earthy odour. [8] This variety could be mistaken for the edible amethyst deceiver ( Laccaria amethystina ), although the latter species has a fibrous stipe, a fruity smell and lacks the ochre-coloured umbo. [9] It is a similar coloration to the wood blewit, although mushrooms of that species generally grow much larger. [11]

I. pudica and Clitocybe nuda are also similar. [13]

Distribution and habitat

I. geophylla var. lilacina (Peck) Gillet Ino.geo2.jpg
I. geophylla var. lilacina (Peck) Gillet

Inocybe geophylla is common and widespread across Europe and North America. [8] [11] In western North America it is found under live oak, pine and Douglas fir. [11] Both varieties are found in the Canadian Arctic regions of northern Manitoba and North West Territories, with the nominate form found in dryish tundra heath communities composed of American dwarf birch ( Betula glandulosa ), Arctic willow ( Salix arctica ), dwarf willow ( S. herbacea ), polar willow ( S. polaris ssp. pseudopolaris), snow willow ( Salix reticulata ), bog bilberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum), lingonberry ( V. vitis-idaea var. minus), alpine bearberry ( Arctostaphylos alpina ), alpine bistort ( Persicaria vivipara ), Arctic bell-heather ( Cassiope tetragona ) and northern white mountain avens ( Dryas integrifolia ) and var. lilacina in moist mossy tundra heaths, alongside such plants as American dwarf birch, snow willow, Arctic bell-heather and northern white mountain avens. [14] It is mycorrhizal, the fruiting bodies are found in deciduous and coniferous woodlands in summer and autumn. Within these locations, fruiting bodies may be found in grassy areas and near pathways, [10] or often on rich, bare soil that has been disturbed at roadsides, and near ditches. [15]

In Israel, I. geophylla grows under Palestine oak ( Quercus calliprinos ) and pines, with mushrooms still appearing in periods of little or no rain as they are mycorrhizal. [12]

In Western Australia, Brandon Matheny and Neale Bougher (2005) pointed to collections of what was referred to as I. geophylla var. lilacina by some Australian taxonomists, as a misapplication of the name I. geophylla var. lilacina; the specimens have been reclassified as the species Inocybe violaceocaulis . [16]

Toxicity

Like many fibrecaps, Inocybe geophylla contains muscarine. [17] The symptoms are those of muscarine poisoning, namely, greatly increased salivation, perspiration (sweating), and lacrimation (tear flow) within 15–30 minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours. [18] Delirium does not occur. The specific antidote is atropine. Inducing vomiting to remove mushroom contents is also prudent due to the speed of onset of symptoms. [19] Death has not been recorded as a result of consuming this species. It is often ignored by mushroom hunters because of its small size. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Agaricus bisporus</i> Species of fungus

Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Europe and North America. It has two color states while immature – white and brown – both of which have various names, with additional names for the mature state.

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.

<i>Clitocybe nuda</i> Species of mushroom

Clitocybe nuda, commonly known as the wood blewit and alternately described as Lepista nuda, is an edible mushroom native to Europe and North America. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790, it was also known as Tricholoma nudum for many years. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. It is a fairly distinctive mushroom that is widely eaten, though there is some caution about edibility. Nevertheless, it has been cultivated in Britain, the Netherlands and France.

<i>Inocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Inocybe is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of Inocybe are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments.

<i>Inosperma erubescens</i>

Inocybe erubescens, also known as I. patouillardii, commonly known as the deadly fibrecap, brick-red tear mushroom or red-staining Inocybe, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Inocybe and one of the few known to have caused death. It is found growing in small groups on leaf litters in association with beech. All mushroom guidebooks as well as the mushroomers advise that the entire genus should be avoided. The fruit bodies appear in spring and summer; the bell-shaped caps are generally pale pinkish in colour with red stains, with a reddish-pink stipe and gills.

<i>Inocybe hystrix</i>

Inocybe hystrix is an agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae. It forms mycorrhiza with surrounding deciduous trees. Fruit bodies are usually found growing alone or in small groups on leaf litter during autumn months. Unlike many Inocybe species, Inocybe hystrix is densely covered in brown scales, a characteristic that aids in identification. The mushroom also has a spermatic odour that is especially noticeable when the mushroom is damaged or crushed.

<i>Tricholoma pardinum</i> Species of agaric fungus endemic to North America, Europe, and parts of Asia

Tricholoma pardinum, commonly known as spotted tricholoma, tiger tricholoma, tigertop, leopard knight, or dirty trich, is a gilled mushroom widely distributed across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is generally found in beech woodland in summer and autumn. Two subspecies have been described from southern Europe. First officially described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, T. pardinum has had a confusing taxonomic history that extends over two centuries. In 1762, German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described the species Agaricus tigrinus with an illustration corresponding to what is thought to be T. pardinum, and consequently, the name Tricholoma tigrinum has been used erroneously in some European field guides.

<i>Inocybe corydalina</i> var. <i>corydalina</i>

Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina, commonly known as the greenflush fibrecap, is a member of the genus Inocybe which is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of the hallucinogen psilocybin.

<i>Inocybe lacera</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe lacera, commonly known as the torn fibrecap, is a poisonous species of mushroom in the genus Inocybe. Its appearance is that of a typical "little brown mushroom": small, brown and indistinct. However, it is distinguishable by its microscopic features, particularly its long, smooth spores. As with many other species of Inocybe, I. lacera contains the poisonous chemical muscarine which, if consumed, can lead to salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal problems and vomiting. Found in Europe and North America, it typically grows in autumn in mixed woods, favouring sandy soil. There are several documented subspecies in addition to the main I. lacera var lacera, including the dwarf form I. lacera var. subsquarrosa and I. lacera var. heterosperma, found in North America.

<i>Russula fellea</i>

The mushroom Russula fellea goes by the common name of the geranium-scented russula, or bitter russula and is a member of the genus Russula, all of which are commonly known as brittlegills. It is straw or honey coloured and in Britain grows in beech woods during autumn. It is inedible.

<i>Tricholoma saponaceum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma saponaceum, also known as the soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America.

<i>Inosperma maculatum</i> Species of fungus

Inosperma maculatum, formerly named Inocybe maculata and known in the vernacular as the frosty fibrecap, is a species of mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. First described by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1885, I. maculatum is found throughout Europe, Asia and North America. It is a medium-sized brown mushroom with a fibrous, brown cap with white remnants of a universal veil in the middle. The stem is cream or brown. The species is ectomycorrhizal and grows at the base of various trees, including beech. Inosperma maculatum is poisonous, containing muscarine. Possible symptoms after consumption of I. maculatum mushrooms are salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal problems and vomiting, with the possibility of death due to respiratory failure.

<i>Inosperma cookei</i> Species of fungus

Inosperma cookei, commonly known as the straw fibrecap, is a species of mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. It was first described in 1892 by Giacomo Bresadola, and is named in honour of Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. The species is found in Europe, Asia and North America. It produces small mushrooms of an ochre colour, with a prominent umbo, fibres on the cap and a distinctive bulb at the base of the stem. It grows from soil in mixed woodland, and is encountered in summer and autumn, though is not common. Ecologically, it feeds through use of ectomycorrhiza. Inosperma cookei has been described as both toxic and non-toxic, but either way, is not advised for consumption.

<i>Inocybe praetervisa</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe praetervisa is a small, yellow and brown mushroom in the family Inocybaceae, distinguished from other members of the genus by its unusual spores and bulb. The unusual spores led to the species being named the type species of the now-abandoned genus Astrosporina; recent studies have shown that such a genus could not exist, as the species with the defining traits do not form a monophyletic group. However, it is a part of several clades within the genus Inocybe. I. praetervisa grows on the ground in woodland, favouring beech trees, and is found in Europe, North America and Asia. It is inedible and probably poisonous due to the presence of muscarine. The ingestion of muscarine can lead to SLUDGE syndrome, and could potentially lead to death due to respiratory failure.

<i>Inocybe godeyi</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe godeyi is a species of Inocybaceae fungus found in Europe. The species produces mushrooms with cone-shaped caps up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The caps are cream, becoming browner, but they bruise red. The stem is up to 6 cm (2 in) long, and has a "bulb" at the base. The white flesh has a strong smell and an acrid taste. The mushrooms can be found on forest floors in autumn months; the species forms an ectomycorrhizal relationship to surrounding trees, favouring beech. I. godeyi is known to be poisonous, containing muscarine compounds, and consumption of the mushrooms can lead to SLUDGE syndrome. The species is sometimes mistaken for the deadly I. erubescens.

<i>Inocybe saliceticola</i> Species of fungus in the family Inocybaceae found in the Nordic countries

Inocybe saliceticola is a fungus found in moist habitats in the Nordic countries. The species produces brown mushrooms with caps of varying shapes up to 40 millimetres (1.6 in) across, and tall, thin stems up to 62 mm (2.4 in) long. At the base of the stem is a large and well-defined "bulb". The species produces unusually shaped, irregular spores, each with a few thick protrusions. This feature helps differentiate it from other species that would otherwise be similar in appearance and habit.

<i>Phaeocollybia christinae</i> Species of fungus

Phaeocollybia christinae, commonly known as Christina's rootshank, is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Found in the woodlands of Europe and eastern North America, it typically grows in sandy soil near conifer trees, especially spruce. The fruit bodies are characterized by a brownish cap with a pointed umbo, and a long stem that extends deeply into the soil.

<i>Inocybe whitei</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe whitei, or Inocybe pudica, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.

<i>Cortinarius alboviolaceus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius alboviolaceus is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Cortinarius native to Europe and North America.

<i>Inocybe rimosa</i>

Inocybe rimosa is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s. Serious poisoning can result from consuming any quantity of the mushroom.

References

  1. ↑ Sowerby, James (1799). Coloured Figures of English Fungi. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: J. Davis. p. 2, plate 124.
  2. ↑ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen, Sweden: H. Dietrich. p. 340. OCLC   28329773.
  3. 1 2 Nilson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 98. ISBN   0-14-063006-6.
  4. ↑ Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 78.
  5. ↑ Peck, Charles Horton (1872). "Report of the botanist". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 26: 35–92 [90].
  6. ↑ Kauffman, Calvin Henry (1918). The Agaricaceae of Michigan. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. Lansing, Michigan: W.H. Crawford, state printers. p. 466.
  7. ↑ Matheny, P. Brandon (2005). "Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.014. PMID   15737578.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Roger (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: Pan Books. p. 220. ISBN   0-330-26441-9.
  9. 1 2 3 Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. pp. 83, 137. ISBN   3-8331-1239-5.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 122. ISBN   0-222-79409-7.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms Demystified . Ten Speed Press. pp.  460. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  12. 1 2 Lurie, Yael (2009). "Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (6): 562–65. doi:10.1080/15563650903008448. PMID   19566380. S2CID   205902282.
  13. ↑ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 242. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  14. ↑ Ohenoja, Esteri; Ohenoja, Martti (22 December 2010). "Larger fungi of the Canadian Arctic". North American Fungi. 5 (5): 85–96. doi: 10.2509/naf2010.005.0056 .
  15. ↑ Laessoe, Thomas (1998). Mushrooms (flexi bound). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN   0-7513-1070-0.
  16. ↑ Matheny, P. Brandon; Bougher, Neale L. (2004). "A new violet species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from Urban and Rural Landscapes in Western Australia". Australasian Mycologist. 24 (1): 7–12.
  17. ↑ Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas – a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. p. 343. ISBN   0-7167-2600-9.
  18. ↑ North, Pamela (1967). Poisonous Plants and Fungi in colour. Blandford Press & Pharmacological Society of Great Britain. p. 111.
  19. ↑ Benjamin, p. 346–49.
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