Ischnocera

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Ischnocera
Strigiphilus sp..JPG
Undetermined Strigiphilus species from a Ural owl (Strix uralensis), side view
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Psocodea
Suborder: Troctomorpha
Infraorder: Nanopsocetae
Parvorder: Phthiraptera
Superfamily: Ischnocera
Families [1]

The Ischnocera is a large superfamily of lice. They are mostly parasitic on birds, but including a large family (the Trichodectidae) parasitic on mammals. The genus Trichophilopterus is also found on mammals (lemurs), but probably belongs to the "avian Ischnocera" and represents a host switch from birds to mammals. It is a chewing louse, which feeds on the feathers and skin debris of birds. Many of the avian Ischnocera have evolved an elongated body shape. This allows them to conceal themselves between the feather shafts and avoid being dislodged during preening or flight.

The taxonomy of the group is in need of revision, as several phylogenetic studies have found the group to be paraphyletic, specifically in regards to the two major families Philopteridae and Trichodectidae. In order to resolve this, in 2020 de Moya et al. proposed retaining the majority of the species (including Philopteridae) within Ischnocera, and then moving Trichodectidae to its own grouping called Trichodectera. [2]

Ischnocera currently consists of the following families: [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louse</span> Order of insects

Louse is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result of developments in phylogenetic research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sucking louse</span> Suborder of insects

Sucking lice have around 500 species and represent the smaller of the two traditional superfamilies of lice. As opposed to the paraphyletic chewing lice, which are now divided among three suborders, the sucking lice are monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amblycera</span> Suborder of lice

The Amblycera are a large clade of chewing lice, parasitic on both birds and mammals. The Amblycera are considered the most primitive clade of lice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psocoptera</span> Order of insects

Psocoptera are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocodea.

A bird louse is any chewing louse of order Phthiraptera which parasitizes warm-blooded animals, especially birds. Bird lice may feed on feathers, skin, or blood. They have no wings, and their biting mouth parts distinguish them from true lice, which suck blood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psocomorpha</span> Suborder of booklice

Psocomorpha is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea. There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trogiomorpha</span> Group of booklice

Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea, alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha. Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Troctomorpha</span> Suborder of booklice

Troctomorpha is one of the three major suborders of Psocodea (barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice), alongside Psocomorpha and Trogiomorpha. There are more than 30 families and 5,800 described species in Troctomorpha. The order includes parasitic lice, which are most closely related to the booklice family Liposcelididae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philopteridae</span> Family of lice

The Philopteridae are a family of Ischnocera, chewing lice mostly parasitic on birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ectopsocidae</span> Family of booklice

Ectopsocidae is a family of Psocodea belonging to the suborder Psocomorpha. The family includes fewer than 200 species, most of them in the genus Ectopsocus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homilopsocidea</span> Group of booklice

Homilopscocidea is an infraorder of Psocodea. It is probably a paraphyletic group, still in use for lack of a better solution. There are about 7 families and more than 1,200 described species in Homilopsocidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psocodea</span> Order of insects

Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), they are believed to have evolved from within the former order Psocoptera, which contained the bark lice and book lice, now found to be paraphyletic. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the hemipteroids. Psocodea contains around 11,000 species, divided among four suborders and more than 70 families. They range in size from 1–10 millimetres (0.04–0.4 in) in length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraneoptera</span> Superorder of insects

Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a superorder of insects which includes lice, thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ricinidae</span> Family of lice

The Ricinidae are a family of a larger group Amblycera of the chewing lice. Most commonly they are ectoparasites of birds. The family includes the genus Ricinus.

Campanulotes elegans is a species of lice in the disputed, probably paraphyletic, family Philopteridae, the chewing lice, or in the family Goniodidae.

<i>Rallicola</i> Genus of lice

Rallicola is a genus of chewing louse. It is an ectoparasite of rails and other birds. It was named by Thomas Harvey Johnston and Launcelot Harrison in 1911. There are two subgenera aside from the nominotypical subgenus: Aptericola, whose species are found on kiwi birds, and Huiacola, a monospecific subgenus consisting of Rallicola extinctus, once found on the huia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichodectidae</span> Family of lice

Trichodectidae is a family of louse in the suborder Ischnocera. Its species are parasites of mammals. The following 19 genera are recognized:

Geomydoecus is a genus of louse in the suborder Ischnocera. They are parasites of gophers (Geomyidae). Species include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harrison's rule</span>

Harrison's rule is an observation in evolutionary biology by Launcelot Harrison which states that in comparisons across closely related species, host and parasite body sizes tend to covary positively.

Enderleinellidae is a family of parasitic lice in the order Psocodea. There are about 5 genera and more than 50 described species in Enderleinellidae.

References

  1. 1 2 Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2021). "Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0" . Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  2. de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). "Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa075 . ISSN   1063-5157.