Isopogon anethifolius

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Isopogon anethifolius
Narrow Leaf Drumstick - Isopogon anethifolius (7970118766).jpg
Flowers emerging from base of cone
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Isopogon
Species:
I. anethifolius
Binomial name
Isopogon anethifolius
Isopogonanethifoliusrgemap.png
Range in New South Wales (in green)
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Atylus anethifolius(Salisb.) Kuntze
    • Isopogon anethifolius(Salisb.) R.Br. isonym
    • Isopogon confertus Gand.
    • Isopogon eriophorusGand.
    • Isopogon globosusGand.
    • Isopogon virgatulusMcGill. orth. var.
    • Isopogon virgulatusGand.
    • Protea anethifoliaSalisb.
    • Protea furcellata Sm. ex Meisn. nom. inval., pro syn.
    • Protea rangiferinaMeisn.

Isopogon anethifolius, commonly known as narrow-leaf drumsticks [2] or narrow-leafed drumsticks, [3] is a shrub in the family Proteaceae. The species is found only in coastal areas near Sydney in New South Wales, and to the immediate west. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest and heathland on sandstone soils. An upright shrub, it can reach to 3 m (9.8 ft) in height, with terete leaves that are divided and narrow. The yellow flowers appear in the Spring, from September to December, and are prominently displayed. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name of drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.

Contents

Isopogon anethifolius regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, as well as from seed. It was described by Richard Salisbury in 1796, and was first grown in the United Kingdom the same year. One of the easiest members of the genus Isopogon to grow in cultivation, I. anethifolius grows readily in the garden if located in a sunny or part-shaded spot with sandy soil and good drainage.

Description

Habitat (Botany Bay National Park) Isopogonanethhabit.JPG
Habitat (Botany Bay National Park)

Isopogon anethifolius is a shrub usually between 1 and 3 m (3 and 10 ft) high with an upright habit (tall and thin with mostly vertical stems). [2] It generally grows taller in more sheltered areas such as woodlands, and shorter in more exposed areas. [3] The stems are reddish in colour, and new growth in winter is tinged with reddish and tan tones. [4] The leaves are terete (round in cross section) and less than 1 mm (1⁄25 in) in diameter. They branch once or twice in their 16 cm (6+1⁄4 in) length. The globular yellow flowerheads, known as inflorescences, appear at the ends of branches in spring and early summer (September to December), [5] [6] though occasionally at other times of year. [3] These are up to 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) in diameter. [7] The individual flowers arise out of the central woody globe in a spiral pattern, [3] and are around 1.2 cm (1⁄2 in) long. [4] They are straight stalkless structures that originate from a scale on the globe, composed of a tubular structure known as the perianth, which envelopes the flower's sexual organs. The perianth splits into four segments, revealing a thin delicate style tipped with the stigma. At the ends of the four perianth segments are the male pollen-bearing structures known as anthers. [8] Arranged in a spiral pattern, the flowers open from the outer/bottom of the flowerhead inwards. [4] The egg-shaped grey cones are revealed as the old flower parts fall away, [9] and are up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. The seed-bearing nuts are small—up to 4 mm (3⁄16 in) across—and lined with hairs. [10] The seed weighs around 4 mg (0.00014 oz). [6]

The terete leaves readily distinguish Isopogon anethifolius from other members of the genus, [4] which have flat leaves and are greater than 1 mm (1⁄25 in) across. [11] On a microscopic level, the supporting ground tissue of I. anethifolius differs from some of its genus by its irregular misshapen sclereids (thick-walled cells that make up part of the ground tissue) and contorted cell body. [12]

Taxonomy

Cone persisting after the flowers have died Isopogon anethifolius Middle Head seedpod.jpg
Cone persisting after the flowers have died

Isopogon anethifolius was among the plants collected by English botanist Joseph Banks and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander on 5 May 1770 at Botany Bay during the first voyage of Captain James Cook. [13] A drawing by Scottish artist Sydney Parkinson was the source for a subsequent painting by James Britten, published in 1905. [13] [14] Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name Leucadendron serraria in Banks' Florilegium . [15] English botanist Richard Salisbury described the species in 1796 as Protea anethifolia, [16] from a specimen collected in Port Jackson (Sydney). [17] The species name is derived from the Latin words anethum "dill" and folium "leaf", from the resemblance of its leaves to those of the herb. [5] The common name is variously written as narrowleaf-, [10] narrow-leaf-, [2] or narrow-leafed drumsticks. [3] The common name drumsticks is derived from the globular cones of the members of the genus. [18]

In 1799, the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described Protea acufera, [19] later identified as a synonym by Salisbury and Robert Brown. [20] [21] I. anethifolius gained its current name in 1809 when it was redescribed as the dill-leaved isopogon (Isopogon anethifolius) by English plantsman Joseph Knight in his controversial work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae . [22] [20] Robert Brown had written of the genus Isopogon but Knight had hurried out his work before Brown's. Brown's description appeared in his paper On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae in the Transactions of the Linnean Society in 1810. [9]

French naturalist Michel Gandoger described four taxa in 1919 that he regarded as similar to (but distinct from) I. anethifolius. I. confertus was a plant from Rylstone on the Central Tablelands, which he distinguished by its crowded leaves that were 7–8 cm (2+3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) long. I. eriophorus was a plant with more scattered leaves that were 12–14 cm (4+3⁄4–5+1⁄2 in) long. He described I. globosus from the Port Jackson district on the basis of round (rather than oval) infructescences (cones), and I. virgatulus from Western Australia. [23] All four were subsequently synonymised with I. anethifolius. [22] Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants, almost all of which turned out to be species already described. [24]

The 1891 publication Revisio generum plantarum was German botanist Otto Kuntze's response to what he perceived as poor method in existing nomenclatural practice. [25] Because Isopogon was based on Isopogon anemonifolius , [20] and that species had already been placed by Salisbury in the segregate genus Atylus in 1807, [26] Kuntze revived the latter genus on the grounds of priority, and made the new combination Atylus anethifolius. [27] However, Kuntze's revisionary program was not accepted by the majority of botanists. [25] Ultimately, the genus Isopogon was nomenclaturally conserved over Atylus by the International Botanical Congress of 1905. [28]

Like all species in the genus Isopogon, I. anethifolius has 13 haploid chromosomes. [29]

Distribution and habitat

Isopogonanethng.JPG
Closeup of foliage and new growth, Botany Bay National Park
Ianethifolius maranoa.jpg
In cultivation at Maranoa Gardens in Balwyn

Isopogon anethifolius is found only in New South Wales, where it occurs in the Sydney Basin and surrounds, from Braidwood northwards to Mount Coricudgy in Wollemi National Park. [2] The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 900 to 1,600 mm (35 to 63 in). The species occurs naturally from sea level to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) altitude and is found on sandstone in heathland and dry sclerophyll woodland. [6] Typical trees it is associated with include the scribbly gums Eucalyptus haemastoma and E. sclerophylla and silvertop ash ( E. sieberi ), open forest plants such as soft geebung ( Persoonia mollis ), and heathland plants such as heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ), dwarf she-oak ( Allocasuarina nana ) and Wingello grevillea ( Grevillea molyneuxii ). [6]

Ecology

Isopogon anethifolius resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfire. It is also serotinous—the seeds are held on the plant as a canopy-based seedbank and are released after fire. These then fall directly to the ground or are blown a short distance by wind. [6] Plants resprouting from the lignotuber can flower in around two and a half years, while seedlings take around three and a half years. [30]

Leaf spotting is caused by the fungus Vizella . Flower buds may be damaged by weevils. [6]

Cultivation

Isopogon anethifolius was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1796. [7] Along with Isopogon dawsonii , it is the easiest member of the genus to grow. [4] The fine foliage, red stems, bright yellow flowers in spring and distinctive drumsticks afterwards make I. anethifolius an appealing garden plant. It has potential as a screening plant (its dense foliage can be used for privacy). [31] It prefers acidic soil with extra water, though it does not tolerate waterlogging. A part-shaded position is the preferred location, though I. anethifolius grows readily in full sun. [7] Plants can withstand frosts to −8 °C (20 °F). [32] Fertiliser applied in spring assists growth. [31] Young plants can grow long stems that eventually droop, and respond well to pruning. [7] The species can be propagated by cuttings or seeds, which germinate after 30 to 60 days. [7] Flowering can take several years from seed. [4] Western Australian Isopogon species including I. cuneatus and I. latifolius have been grafted onto rootstocks of this species. [32] The flowers, cones and foliage are used in the cut-flower industry. [33]

Related Research Articles

<i>Banksia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae

Banksia is a genus of around 170 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and woody fruiting "cones" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in a wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

<i>Isopogon</i> Genus of flowering plants

Isopogon, commonly known as conesticks, conebushes or coneflowers, is a genus of about forty species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, and are endemic to Australia. They are shrubs with rigid leaves, bisexual flowers in a dense spike or "cone" and the fruit is a small, hairy nut.

<i>Banksia serrata</i> Species of tree native to eastern Australia

Banksia serrata, commonly known as the saw banksia, the old man banksia, the saw-tooth banksia or the red honeysuckle and as wiriyagan by the Cadigal people, is a species of woody shrub or tree of the genus Banksia, in the family Proteaceae. Native to the east coast of Australia, it is found from Queensland to Victoria with outlying populations on Tasmania and Flinders Island. Commonly growing as a gnarled tree up to 16 m (50 ft) in height, it can be much smaller in more exposed areas. This Banksia species has wrinkled grey bark, shiny dark green serrated leaves and large yellow or greyish-yellow flower spikes appearing over summer. The flower spikes, or inflorescences, turn grey as they age and pollinated flowers develop into large, grey, woody seed pods called follicles.

<i>Banksia ericifolia</i> Woody shrub native to Australia

Banksia ericifolia, the heath-leaved banksia, or lantern banksia, is a species of woody shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Australia. It grows in two separate regions of Central and Northern New South Wales east of the Great Dividing Range. Well known for its orange or red autumn inflorescences, which contrast with its green fine-leaved heath-like foliage, it is a medium to large shrub that can reach 6 m (20 ft) high and wide, though is usually half that size. In exposed heathlands and coastal areas, it is more often 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft).

<i>Banksia robur</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from the east coast of Australia

Banksia robur, commonly known as swamp banksia, grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown in north Queensland to the Illawarra region on the New South Wales south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to 3 m tall, with large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.

<i>Banksia dentata</i> Tree species

Banksia dentata, commonly known as the tropical banksia, is a species of tree in the family Proteaceae. It occurs across northern Australia, southern New Guinea and the Aru Islands. Growing as a gnarled tree to 7 m (23 ft) high, it has large green leaves up to 22 cm (8.7 in) long with dentate margins. The cylindrical yellow inflorescences, up to 13 cm (5.1 in) high, appear between November and May, attracting various species of honeyeaters, sunbirds, the sugar glider and a variety of insects. Flowers fall off the ageing spikes, which swell and develop follicles containing up to two viable seeds each.

<i>Isopogon anemonifolius</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae

Isopogon anemonifolius, commonly known as broad-leaved drumsticks, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native only to eastern New South Wales in Australia. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest, and heathland on sandstone soils. I. anemonifolius usually ranges between one and two metres in height, and is generally smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related Isopogon anethifolius, and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.

<i>Lambertia formosa</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae, endemic to New South Wales, Australia

Lambertia formosa, commonly known as mountain devil, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae, endemic to New South Wales, Australia. First described in 1798 by English botanist James Edward Smith, it is the type species of the small genus Lambertia. It is generally found in heathland or open forest, growing in sandstone-based soils. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to around 2 m (7 ft) with a woody base known as a lignotuber, from which it regrows after bushfire. It has stiff narrow leaves, and the pink to red flowerheads, made up of seven individual tubular flowers, generally appear in spring and summer. It gains its common name from the horned woody follicles, which were used to make small devil-figures.

<i>Isopogon ceratophyllus</i> Species of plant of the family Proteaceae that is endemic to Australia

Isopogon ceratophyllus, commonly known as the horny cone-bush or wild Irishman, is a plant of the family Proteaceae that is endemic to the coast in Victoria, South Australia and on the Furneaux Group of islands in Tasmania. It is a small woody shrub that grows to 100 cm high with prickly foliage. It is extremely sensitive to dieback from the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi

<i>Telopea truncata</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Tasmania

Telopea truncata, commonly known as the Tasmanian waratah, is a plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania where it is found on moist acidic soils at altitudes of 600 to 1200 m (2000–4000 ft). Telopea truncata is a component of alpine eucalypt forest, rainforest and scrub communities. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to a height of 3 metres (10 ft), or occasionally as a small tree to 10 m (35 ft) high, with red flower heads, known as inflorescences, appearing over the Tasmanian summer and bearing 10 to 35 individual flowers. Yellow-flowered forms are occasionally seen, but do not form a population distinct from the rest of the species.

<i>Persoonia levis</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia

Persoonia levis, commonly known as the broad-leaved geebung, is a shrub native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia. It reaches 5 m (16 ft) in height and has dark grey papery bark and bright green asymmetrical sickle-shaped leaves up to 14 cm (5.5 in) long and 8 cm (3.2 in) wide. The small yellow flowers appear in summer and autumn, followed by small green fleshy fruit, which are classified as drupes. Within the genus Persoonia, it is a member of the Lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. P. levis interbreeds with several other species where they grow together.

<i>Persoonia linearis</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia

Persoonia linearis, commonly known as the narrow-leaved geebung, is a shrub native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia. It reaches 3 m (9.8 ft), or occasionally 5 m (16 ft), in height and has thick, dark grey papery bark. The leaves are, as the species name suggests, more or less linear in shape, and are up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long, and 0.1 to 0.7 cm wide. The small yellow flowers appear in summer, autumn and early winter, followed by small green fleshy fruit known as drupes. Within the genus Persoonia, it is a member of the Lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. P. linearis interbreeds with several other species where they grow together.

<i>Persoonia lanceolata</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales in eastern Australia

Persoonia lanceolata, commonly known as lance-leaf geebung, is a shrub native to New South Wales in eastern Australia. It reaches 3 m (10 ft) in height and has smooth grey bark and bright green foliage. Its small yellow flowers grow on racemes and appear in the austral summer and autumn, followed by green fleshy fruits which ripen the following spring. Within the genus Persoonia, P. lanceolata belongs to the lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. It interbreeds with several other species found in its range.

<i>Isopogon latifolius</i> Species of shrub of the family Proteaceae endemic to southwest Western Australia

Isopogon latifolius is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is endemic to the southwest botanical province of Western Australia.

<i>Persoonia elliptica</i> Species of flowering plant

Persoonia elliptica, commonly known as snottygobble or spreading snottygobble, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub or small tree with egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves and groups of cylindrical yellow flowers. It usually grows in woodland or forest dominated by jarrah or marri within 50 km (30 mi) of the coast.

<i>Persoonia chamaepeuce</i> Species of flowering plant

Persoonia chamaepeuce, commonly known as the dwarf geebung or heathy geebung, is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a prostrate shrub with crowded, linear leaves and yellow flowers in the leaf axils.

<i>Petrophile pulchella</i> Species of shrub of the family Proteaceae found in eastern Australia

Petrophile pulchella, commonly known as conesticks, is a common shrub of the family Proteaceae and is found in eastern Australia. The leaves are divided with needle-shaped but soft pinnae, the flowers silky-hairy, cream-coloured and arranged in oval heads and the fruit are arranged in oval heads. Conesticks grows on shallow sandstone soils, often in open forest or heathlands near the coast. It is also occasionally seen on the adjacent ranges.

<i>Isopogon mnoraifolius</i> Species of shrub of the family Proteaceae endemic to New South Wales

Isopogon mnoraifolius is a shrub in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to New South Wales.

<i>Isopogon longifolius</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the southwest of Western Australia

Isopogon longifolius is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a shrub with simple, linear, or deeply divided leaves and sessile, spherical heads of silky-hairy, yellow flowers and spherical to oval cone.

<i>Isopogon linearis</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the southwest of Western Australia

Isopogon linearis is a small shrub in the family Proteaceae that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia.

References

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  5. 1 2 Wrigley & Fagg 1991, p. 428.
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  9. 1 2 Wrigley & Fagg 1991, p. 426.
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  11. ↑ Harden, Gwen J. "Isopogon". New South Wales Flora Online. New South Wales Herbarium. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  12. ↑ Rao, T. A.; Das, S. (February 1981). "Typology and taxonomic value of foliar sclereids in the Proteaceae 1.Isopogon R. Br". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 90 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1007/BF03052895. ISSN   0370-0097. S2CID   81444223.
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  14. ↑ Britten, James (1905). Illustrations of Australian plants collected in 1770 during Captain Cook's voyage round the world in H.M.S. Endeavour /by the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, with determinations by James Britten. Vol. 3. London, United Kingdom: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 253.
  15. ↑ Diment, Judith (1984). "Catalogue of the Natural History drawings commissioned by Joseph Banks on the Endeavour Voyage 1768-1771 held in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1: Botany: Australia". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 11: 1-184 [144].
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  18. ↑ Walters, Brian (December 2008). "Isopogon anemonifolius". Australian Native Plant Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  19. ↑ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1799). Anales de historia natural. Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. pp. 236–37.
  20. 1 2 3 Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p.  94.
  21. ↑ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 15–226 [71–72]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x.
  22. 1 2 "Isopogon anethifolius (Salisb.) Knight". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  23. ↑ Gandoger, Michel (1919). "Sertum plantarum novarum. Pars secunda". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 66 (4): 216–33. doi: 10.1080/00378941.1919.10836101 .
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  28. ↑ "Congrès international de Botanique de Vienne". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 52: LII. 1905.
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  30. ↑ Kubiak, P. (2009). "Fire responses of bushland plants after the January 1994 wildfires in northern Sydney" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 11 (1): 131–65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-02.
  31. 1 2 ANBG staff (10 November 2015) [1978]. "Isopogon anethifolius drumsticks". Growing Native Plants. (online version at www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Government. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  32. 1 2 Bate, Catriona; Tricket, Phil (September 2015). "Plant profile – Isopogon anethifolius(Salisb.) Knight" (PDF). Isopogon and Petrophile Study Group (17): 9–12. ISSN   1445-9493.
  33. ↑ New South Wales Primary Industries. "Potential or very new flower crops". New South Wales Government. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.

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