Juliidae

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Juliidae
Temporal range: Paleocene?/Eocene–recent
Julia exquisita.jpg
Julia exquisita
Julia borbonica shell.jpg
A drawing of the shell (the exterior of the right valve) of a taxon named "Julia borbonica"
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Infraclass: Euthyneura
Superorder: Sacoglossa
Superfamily: Oxynooidea
Family: Juliidae
E. A. Smith, 1885 [1]
Synonyms

Prasinidae Stoliczka, 1871 (Prasinidae is a senior, but unused, synonym of Juliidae)

Contents

Juliidae, common name the bivalved gastropods, is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. [2]

These are sacoglossan (sap-sucking) sea snails, and many of them are green in color.

These snails are extremely unusual in that their shells consist of two separate hinged pieces or valves. The valves are joined by a ligament, and look nothing like a normal snail shell; instead the valves look almost exactly like the two hinged valves of a clam, a bivalve mollusk, which is a related but very different class of mollusks.

Up until the mid-20th century, the Juliidae were known only from fossil shells, and not surprisingly, these fossils were interpreted as being the shells of bivalves. Julia , which is the type genus of the family, was named in 1862 by Augustus Addison Gould, who described it as a bivalve genus. Juliidae are known from the Eocene period to the Recent, but they probably first appeared during the Paleocene. [3]

The similarity of the bivalved [a] shells of Juliidae to those of bivalves does not mean that these snails are closely related to bivalves; this is an example of convergent evolution.

Research history

Initial interpretation as bivalves

These bivalved gastropods were for a long time only known from fossils and dead material. Because of this, they had been described as being somewhat atypical bivalves. In the late 19th century they were classified among the bivalves, within the family Mytilidae, the mussels. [4]

Julia was named by Augustus Addison Gould in 1862. He considered it a bivalve with similarities to Vulsella , Pedum , and Veneridae, but noted that it was difficult to classify due to its distinctiveness. [5] Another genus that would later be identified as a juliid, Berthelinia , was named by H. Crosse based on a fossil in 1875. Crosse initially only had a single valve to study, and thus was unaware of its bivalved nature, and identified it as a gastropod similar to Hipponix . [6] In 1887, with more material at hand, Crosse and Fischer realized that Berthelinia had a bivalved shell and accordingly reclassified it as a bivalve. [7] Two shells of Julia were obtained during the Challenger expedition, and in Edgar Albert Smith's 1885 review of the bivalves collected from the expedition, he named the family Juliidae for the genus, noting that its systematic position was not yet determined. [8]

In 1951, Arthur Day Howard reported a freshly dead shell found while washing green algae, and predicted the live animal would be found attached to green algae. [9]

Discovery of live animals

Until the mid-20th century, these creatures were still considered to be bivalves. Then, in 1959, living individuals of one species were collected on the green alga, Caulerpa , in Japan. It was immediately clear that these animals were, in fact, unusual gastropods with a two-part shell. The first-discovered live species of bivalved gastropod was Tamanovalva limax , described by Kawaguti & Baba (1959). [10]

Once the habitat, appearance, and life habits of these very small and inconspicuous animals were understood, researchers in subsequent years were able to find a number of other species and genera in different parts of the world, also living on various species of Caulerpa.

2005 taxonomy

This family is within the superorder Sacoglossa (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The family Juliidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):

Description

Drawing of the interior of the left valve of the shell of "Julia borbonica". Julia borbonica shell 2.jpg
Drawing of the interior of the left valve of the shell of "Julia borbonica".
Drawing of the interior of the right valve of the shell of "Julia borbonica". Julia borbonica shell 3.jpg
Drawing of the interior of the right valve of the shell of "Julia borbonica".

As Tryon (1884) [4] wrote in his description of the genus Julia : the shell is oblong, thick, and cordiform. The valves are closed, the margins entire and the valves are inequilateral. The lunule is deep circular, projecting into the interior of the right valve, the left valve is in the same place furnished with dentiform tubercles. The hinge line is simple and arched. The ligament is external and narrow. There are two muscle scars which are unequal and subcentral.

These animals have two valves, and the soft parts can be completely withdrawn inside the shell. [13] The two valves are usually thin and translucent.

In the genus Tamanovalva there is a protoconch on the apex of the left valve. This is clearly visible in the left valve of Tamanovalva babai . [14]

The body of the live animals is in most cases green (as it is in many sacoglossans), and in many species the individual appears green in totality. This, combined with the very small overall size, makes the animal hard to see on the green algae on which it lives. This ability serves as crypsis, especially as cryptic coloration (camouflage). In two species and the camouflage is even more complete: the mantle of the animal is patterned in a way that closely resembles the structure of the alga on which it lives.

The empty valves of the shells of these animals are in some cases green, in other cases brownish-green or yellow, and in yet others, colorless. The species Julia zebra has shells that are finely striped with brown and blotched with white. [15]

Ecology

Distribution

Species in this family occur in all tropical zone seas and all temperate zone seas. [13]

Life cycle

After hatching, the juvenile snails immediately take their place on algae (the larval phase of veliger is extremely short). [16]

Feeding habits

Juliidae feed on green algae [13] of the genus Caulerpa . Some species of Juliidae feed only on one species of Caulerpa; others feed on multiple species of this green alga.

Genera

The type genus of the family Juliidae is Julia Gould, 1862.

Based on a classification by Jensen (1996), [17] three recent genera were recognized in the family Juliidae: [18] Julia Gould, 1862; Berthelinia Crosse, 1875; Tamanovalva Kawaguti & Baba, 1959.

While Jensen (2007) [19] recognized two recent genera with a few subgenera in the genus Berthelinia. Recent species listed here are based on Jensen (2007), [19] fossil genera and species are based on Le Renard (1996): [3]

Juliinae

Bertheliniinae

Gougerotiinae

? subfamily

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Note the distinction between "bivalved", i.e. consisting of two valves, and "bivalve", i.e. a member of class Bivalvia

References

This article incorporates public domain text from reference. [4]

  1. ↑ Smith E. A. (1885). "Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger". Zoology13(1): 269.
  2. ↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Juliidae E. A. Smith, 1885. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196330 on 2021-06-09 Taxonomic edit history
  3. 1 2 3 4 Le Renard J., Sabelli B. & Taviani M. (March 1996). "On Candinia (Sacoglossa: Juliidae), a New Fossil Genus of Bivalved Gastropods". Journal of Paleontology 70(2): 230–235. JSTOR   1306386
  4. 1 2 3 George Washington Tryon, Jr. (1884). Structural and systematic conchology: an introduction to the study of the Mollusca. Volume III. Philadelphia, published by the author, page 267.
  5. ↑ Gould, Augustus A. (1862). "Descriptions of new genera and species of shells". Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 8: 280–284.
  6. ↑ Crosse, H. (1875). "Description du nouveau genre Berthelinia". Journal de Conchyliologie. 23: 79–81.
  7. ↑ Crosse, H.; Fischer, P. (1887). "Observations sur le genre Berthelinia". Journal de Conchyliologie. 35: 305–311.
  8. ↑ Smith, E. A. (1885), Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, pp. 269–270
  9. ↑ Howard, A. D. (1951). "The family Juliidae". The Nautilus. 64 (3): 84–87.
  10. 1 2 Kawaguti S. & Baba K. (1959). "A preliminary note on a two-valved sacoglossan gastropod, Tamanovalva limax, n. gen., n. sp., from Tamano, Japan". Biological Journal Okayama University5(3-4): 177–184.
  11. ↑ Keen & Smith A. G. (1961). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, 30(2): 50.
  12. ↑ Le Renard J. (1980). Bulletin d'Information des Géologues du Bassin de Paris17(2): 23.
  13. 1 2 3 (in Czech) de Bruyne R. H. (2004). Encyklopedie ulit a lastur. Rebo Productions, 336 pp., ISBN   80-7234-288-6, page 223.
  14. 1 2 Rudman W. B. (16 October 2011). "Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965" Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  15. ↑ "Julia zebra: Shell".
  16. 1 2 Rudman W. B. (4 October 2003). "Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963" Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  17. 1 2 3 Jensen K. R. (1996). "Phylogenetic systematics and classification of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Sciences351(1335): 91–122. doi : 10.1098/rstb.1996.0006.
  18. ↑ Händeler K., Grzymbowski Y. P., Krug P. J. & Wägele H. (2009). "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology 6: 28. doi : 10.1186/1742-9994-6-28 PMID   19951407.
  19. 1 2 3 Jensen K. R. (November 2007). "Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)" Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine . Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2006)(3-4): 255–281.
  20. ↑ Rudman W. B. (4 October 2001). "Julia exquisita (Gould, 1862)" Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  21. ↑ "ZOOLOGY Part XXXV". REPORT of the SCIENTIFIC RESULTS of the VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-76. pp.  269, 270 . Retrieved 2024-01-31– via 19thCenturyScience.org.
     • "LINKED INDEX TO THE BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS". Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2024-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
     • "ZOOLOGY Part XXXV". Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2024-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
     • "Contents". Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2024-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  22. 1 2 3 Bolland R. F. (2001). "Okinawan Opisthobranch of the Week Julia exquisita". Last change of the page 12 March 2001.
  23. ↑ Poppe-Images.com, accessed 11 May 2009
  24. ↑ Pittman C. (10 October 2001). "Julia zebra Kawaguti, 1981" Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  25. ↑ Kawaguti S. (1981). "A new bivalved gastropod Julia zebra". Bulletin of the Kawasaki Paramedical College1: 9-13.
  26. ↑ Miller M. D. (2002). "Berthelinia chloris". The Slug Site, accessed 11 May 2009.
  27. ↑ Kay E. A. (1964). "A new species of Berthelinia and its associated sacoglossans in the Hawaiian Islands". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London36: 191–197. abstract.
  28. ↑ Pittman C. & Fiene P. (2009). "Berthelinia pseudochloris". Sea Slugs of Hawaii, last change of the page 27 January 2009, accessed 10 May 2009.
  29. ↑ Rudman W. B. (16 October 2001). "Midorigai australis Burn, 1960" Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  30. ↑ Burn R. F. (1965). "Rediscovery and taxonomy of Edenttellina typica Gatliff and Gabriel". Nature206(4985): 735–736.
  31. ↑ Burn R. (1966). "The Opisthobranchs of a caulerpan microfauna from Fiji". Proceedings of the Malacological Society London37: 45. abstract
  32. ↑ Rudman W. B. (11 March 2002). "Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti & Baba, 1959" Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
  33. ↑ Gatliff J. H. & Gabriel C. J. (1911). "On some new species of Victorian marine mollusca". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria24: 189–192.
  34. ↑ Rudman W. B. (16 October 2001). "Edenttellina typica Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911" Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
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