| Juncus gerardii | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Juncaceae |
| Genus: | Juncus |
| Species: | J. gerardii |
| Binomial name | |
| Juncus gerardii | |
| Synonyms | |
Juncus gerardii var. pedicellatus Fern. | |
Juncus gerardii, commonly known as blackgrass, black needle rush or saltmarsh rush, is a perennial flowering plant in the rush family Juncaceae.
Juncus gerardii forms loose swards of erect tufts from dense and far-reaching matrix of black rhizomes. [1] Stems are slender and wiry, growing to 25-75 cm tall. [2] Leaves are narrow, channelled and with short auricles.
Flowers are borne towards the tips of the branches, with a short primary bract. [3] Tepals are dark brown and held around black capsules, which can give the capsules a striped appearance.
Juncus gerardii occurs on coastal sites and intertidal zones, in salt marshes, wetland margins, disturbed habitats and wastelands. [2] [4] It tends to establish just above the high-tide line, [3] as it prefers saline, waterlogged soils, but is intolerant of flooding. [2]
Juncus gerardii is native to Europe (Mediterranean to Mongolia) and North America. [5] In North America, it has spread to some unwanted locations, such as the Great Lakes region, where it causes several adverse environmental impacts, such as threatening the survival of native vegetation and hosting insects that can carry diseases. [2]
Juncus gerardii has been introduced to a number of countries, including Greenland, New Zealand, Australia (Tasmania and Victoria), and Asia (Primorye and Magadan). [5]
Juncus gerardii was accidentally introduced to New Zealand, becoming naturalised in 1891 [1] .
It is considered invasive, having been recorded in coastal wetlands and pastures, [6] where it can form large swards that exclude native vegetation and reduce grazing potential. J. gerardii has also been recorded on saline soils as far inland as Alexandra, as well as on non-saline soils in Invercargill. [7]
Flowers and fruits late spring to summer. [3] Seedling recruitment occurs in exposed habitats where there is little light competition. [2] However, this species mainly spreads through asexual reproduction, forming clonal populations from the spreading rhizomes. [2]
A salt marsh, saltmarsh or salting, also known as a coastal salt marsh or a tidal marsh, is a coastal ecosystem in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water that is regularly flooded by the tides. It is dominated by dense stands of salt-tolerant plants such as herbs, grasses, or low shrubs. These plants are terrestrial in origin and are essential to the stability of the salt marsh in trapping and binding sediments. Salt marshes play a large role in the aquatic food web and the delivery of nutrients to coastal waters. They also support terrestrial animals and provide coastal protection.
Juncus acutus, the spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush, is a flowering plant in the monocot family Juncaceae. It is native to the Americas, Northern and Southern Africa, Western and Southern Europe and West Asia, and is found in a variety of wet habitats, such as bogs, fens, meadows, and salt marshes, and along the edges of ponds and lakes.
Juncus articulatus is a flowering plant species in the rush family Juncaceae. It is known by the common name jointleaf rush or jointed rush, which can also refer to J. kraussii from Australia. It is native to Eurasia, Canada, Greenland and much of the United States. It grows in moist areas, such as wet sand, and thrives in calcareous soils. J. articulatus was found to be more sensitive to drought and salt stress than its congeners J. acutus and J. maritimus. It is a perennial herb producing mainly erect stems from a short rhizome. The stem may root at nodes, and it generally has one or more flattened hollow cylindrical leaves up to 10 centimeters long. Transverse internal partitions or joints may be seen or felt in the leaf of the plant.
Juncus patens is a species of rush, known by the common names spreading rush and California grey rush.
Juncus xiphioides is a species of rush known by the common name irisleaf rush.
Ficinia nodosa, the knotted club-rush or knobby club-rush, is a rhizomatous perennial in the family Cyperaceae, native to South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Widespread in the Southern Hemisphere, Ficinia nodosa grows to between 15 and 220 cm in height. Although it grows best in sandy, salty soil, the plant grows in a wide variety of environments from coastal sand dunes to alpine regions. F. nodosa’s appearance is characterised by dense clusters of long green stems topped with small, rounded flowers often remaining throughout the year.
Brackish marshes develop from salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity. This commonly happens upstream from salt marshes by estuaries of coastal rivers or near the mouths of coastal rivers with heavy freshwater discharges in the conditions of low tidal ranges.
Juncus kraussii commonly known as salt marsh rush, sea rush, jointed rush, matting rush or dune slack rush, is of the monocot family Juncaceae and genus Juncus. It grows in salt marshes, estuarine and coastal areas.
Juncus acutiflorus, also called sharp-flowered rush, is a rush or a grassy flowering plant in the family Juncaceae. As the name suggests, the plant has notable sharp-looking flowers, flowering between July and September.
Juncus roemerianus is a species of flowering plant in the rush family known by the common names black rush, needlerush, and black needlerush. It is native to North America, where its main distribution lies along the coastline of the southeastern United States, including the Gulf Coast. It occurs from New Jersey to Texas, with outlying populations in Connecticut, New York, Mexico, and certain Caribbean islands.
Juncus phaeocephalus, the brown-headed rush, is native mostly along the coast of California, north to Oregon and Washington. It grows in moist seeps and shallow wet soil.
Hungry Bay Nature Reserve is a nature reserve on the east coast of Bermuda. It was established in 1986. It is considered the best example of coastal mangrove swamp on the island. It includes the Hungry Bay area and the largest mangrove coastal swamp in Bermuda. It is protected by a Tree preservation order (T.P.O.) and designated as an official Nature Reserve within the Parks system of Bermuda.
Oreojuncus trifidus is a species of rush known by the common names highland rush and three-leaved rush. It is native to the Northern Hemisphere, where it is an arctic/montane species with an amphi-atlantic distribution.
Juncus dichotomus is a monocot in the Juncaceae family of rushes. The plant is native to the Americas in temperate zones but has been introduced to other parts of the world. Juncus dichotomus often is found in very moist areas and where rainfall is a common occurrence. It is often most recognizable in the spring and summer months due to its conspicuous flowers and infructescence.
Juncus australis is a species of rush known by the common names austral rush, leafless rush and wīwī. The species is native to south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, where it can be found around bodies of water. Its habitat is wet or seasonally wet grasslands and woodlands, and it can grow in dense and damp soil along rivers and creeks. It is a rhizomatous perennial rush that grows up to 120 centimetres tall. The plant flowers in clusters, with dense heads at the tip of the stem.
Juncus ingens, common name giant rush, is a dioecious perennial with horizontal or ascending rhizomes. The stems are erect, dull green, (1.5–2–5 m tall and 4–10 mm in diameter, cataphylls are to 40 cm or more long. The inflorescence is large and drooping, with many flowers scattered along fine branchlets. Flowers occur mostly October-January, seeds are shed mostly December-April. Juncus ingens was first described by Norman Wakefield in 1957. It is one of only two known dioecious species of Juncus native to Australia, the other being Juncus psammophilus.
Typha × glauca is a hybrid species of plant originating as a cross between T. angustifolia and T. latifolia. It shows invasive behavior in the Midwestern United States
Juncus compressus is a species of flowering plant in the rush family, Juncaceae. It is native to temperate Eurasia.Juncus compressus is easy to confuse with J. gerardii.
Juncus marginatus is a species of flowering plant, it is a type of rush with the common names of margined rush and grass-leaf rush.
Juncus littoralis is a species of rush in the family Juncaceae known as coastal rush; it has no subspecies.
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