Kakrapar Atomic Power Station | |
---|---|
Country | India |
Coordinates | 21°14′19″N73°21′00″E / 21.23861°N 73.35000°E |
Status | Operational |
Construction began | 1984 |
Commission date | 6 May 1993 |
Operator(s) | Nuclear Power Corporation of India |
Nuclear power station | |
Reactors | 4 |
Reactor type | |
Reactor supplier | NPCIL/BARC |
Cooling source | Ukai Dam, Tapti River |
Power generation | |
Units operational | 2 × 220 MW 2 × 700 MW |
Nameplate capacity | 1840 MW |
Capacity factor | 38.25% (5 year global average of 2 older units) |
Annual net output | 1354 GW·h |
External links | |
Website | www |
Commons | Related media on Commons |
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power station in India, which lies in the proximity of Mandvi, Surat and Tapi river in the state of Gujarat.
Phase I consist two 220 MW pressurised water reactor with heavy water as moderator (PHWR). KAPS-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 and began commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May 1993. KAPS-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production on 1 September 1995. In January 2003, CANDU Owners Group (COG) declared KAPS as the best performing pressurised heavy water reactor. [1]
KAPS-2 was shut down after a coolant channel leak in July 2015 and a similar issue forced the shutdown of KAPS-1 in March 2016. After a replacement of coolant channels and feeder tubes, KAPS-2 attained criticality in September 2018. Maintenance on KAPS-1 was completed ahead of schedule and was brought to operation on 19 May 2019. [2]
The construction costs were originally estimated to be ₹382.52 crore; the plant was finally finished at a price of ₹1,335 crore.
In 2007 the First Manmohan Singh ministry approved outline plans to build two Indian-designed IPHWR-700 reactors, with two sister reactors a little later at Rajasthan Atomic Power Station. In 2009 approval was confirmed, and site preparation was completed by August 2010. The first concrete for Kakrapar 3 and 4 was in November 2010 and March 2011 respectively with operation originally expected by early and late 2018 respectively. [3] [4]
The project over-ran largely due to tuning of the IPHWR-700 design and slow delivery of supplies. [3]
Unit 3 achieved the first criticality on 22 July 2020. It was connected to the grid on 10 January 2021. [5] This unit began commercial operation on 30 June 2023. [6] Unit 3 achieved operations at full load on 31 August 2023. [7]
Unit 4 commissioning is under progress. Hot functional testing was scheduled around June 2023 and criticality was initially planned around September 2023. The Initial Fuel Loading (IFL) commenced on 20 October 2023 after permission was granted by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. [8] Unit 4 achieved first criticality on 17 December 2023. [9] The reactor was connected to the grid on 20 February 2024. [10] Unit 4 started commercial operation from 31 March, 2024. [11]
Phase | Unit No. | Reactor | Status | Capacity in MWe | Construction start | First criticality | Grid Connection | Commercial operation | Closure | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Model | Net | Gross | |||||||||
I | 1 | PHWR | IPHWR-220 | Operational | 202 | 220 | 1 December 1984 | 3 September 1992 | 24 November 1992 | 6 May 1993 | — | [12] |
2 | PHWR | IPHWR-220 | Operational | 202 | 220 | 1 April 1985 | 8 January 1995 | 4 March 1995 | 1 September 1995 | — | [13] | |
II | 3 | PHWR | IPHWR-700 | Operational | 630 | 700 | 22 November 2010 | 22 July 2020 | 10 January 2021 | 30 June 2023 | — | [14] |
4 | PHWR | IPHWR-700 | Operational | 630 | 700 | 22 November 2010 | 17 December 2023 | 20 February 2024 | 31 March 2024 | — | [15] |
The Fort St. Vrain Nuclear Power Plant is a former commercial nuclear power station located near the town of Platteville in northern Colorado in the United States. It originally operated from 1979 until 1989. It had a 330 MWe High-temperature gas reactor (HTGR). The plant was decommissioned between 1989 and 1992.
The Lucens reactor was a 6 MW experimental nuclear power reactor built next to Lucens, Vaud, Switzerland. After its connection to the electrical grid on 29 January 1968, the reactor only operated for a few months before it suffered an accident on 21 January 1969. The cause was a corrosion-induced loss of heat dispersal leading to the destruction of a pressure tube which caused an adjacent pressure tube to fail, and partial meltdown of the core, resulting in radioactive contamination of the cavern.
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program. It operates under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India.
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is an Indian public sector undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by the Government of India and is responsible for the generation of electricity from nuclear power. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
Kaiga Generating Station is a nuclear power generating station situated at Kaiga, near the river Kali, in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India. The plant has been in operation since March 2000 and is operated by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India.
Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) located at Kalpakkam about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Chennai, India, is a comprehensive nuclear power production, fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment facility that includes plutonium fuel fabrication for fast breeder reactors (FBRs). It is also India's first fully indigenously constructed nuclear power station, with two units each generating 220 MW of electricity. The first and second units of the station went critical in 1983 and 1985, respectively. The station has reactors housed in a reactor building with double shell containment improving protection also in the case of a loss-of-coolant accident. An Interim Storage Facility (ISF) is also located in Kalpakkam.
The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant is a large commercial nuclear power plant located at the Paradise Point in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant is a large commercial nuclear power plant located at Chashma in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S.) is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India. It was the first commercial nuclear power station built in India.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is the largest nuclear power station in India, situated in Kudankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002, but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen. KKNPP is scheduled to have six VVER-1000 reactors built in collaboration with Atomstroyexport, the Russian state company and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.
The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power plant located at Rawatbhata in the state of Rajasthan, India.
Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. As of November 2020, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 8 nuclear power plants, with a total installed capacity of 7,380 MW. Nuclear power produced a total of 43 TWh in 2020–21, contributing 3.11% of total power generation in India. 10 more reactors are under construction with a combined generation capacity of 8,000 MW.
India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha, the well-known physicist, in the 1950s to secure the country's long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The ultimate focus of the programme is on enabling the thorium reserves of India to be utilised in meeting the country's energy requirements. Thorium is particularly attractive for India, as India has only around 1–2% of the global uranium reserves, but one of the largest shares of global thorium reserves at about 25% of the world's known thorium reserves. However, thorium is more difficult to use than uranium as a fuel because it requires breeding, and global uranium prices remain low enough that breeding is not cost effective.
The Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant or the Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (GHAVP) is a proposed nuclear power plant to be built on a 560 hectares area west of Gorakhpur village of Fatehabad district of Haryana.
The Chutka Nuclear Power Plant is a proposed nuclear power plant to be built on a 1,200 acres (490 ha) area, near Chutka Village of Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The site is near Kanha National Park, one of the tiger reserves of India and the largest national park of Madhya Pradesh state in India.
The IPHWR-700 is an Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by the NPCIL. It is a Generation III reactor developed from earlier CANDU based 220 MW and 540 MW designs. It can generate 700 MW of electricity. Currently there is two unit operational, 6 units under construction and 8 more units planned, at a cost of ₹1.05 lakh crore (US$13 billion).
The IPHWR-220 is an Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. It can generate 220 MW of electricity. Currently, there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. It is sometimes referred to as an small modular reactor due to its modularization.
The IPHWR is a class of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactors designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. The baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Later the design was based on VVER technology which was scaled to 540 MW and 700 MW designs. Currently there are 17 units of various types operational at various locations in India.
The Indian Pressurized Water Reactor-900 (IPWR-900) is a class of pressurized water reactors being designed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in partnership with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to supplement the Indian three-stage nuclear power programme.
The Mahi Banswara Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant (MBRAPP) is a proposed nuclear power plant to be built on a 1,366.49 acres (553.00 ha) area, near Banswara district of Rajasthan.