Kiana Katyaaq | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 66°58′18″N160°25′49″W / 66.97167°N 160.43028°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Alaska |
Borough | Northwest Arctic |
Incorporated | June 30, 1964 [1] |
Government | |
• Mayor | Brad M. Reich |
• State senator | Donny Olson (D) |
• State rep. | Thomas Baker (R) |
Area | |
• Total | 0.19 sq mi (0.49 km2) |
• Land | 0.19 sq mi (0.49 km2) |
• Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
Elevation | 92 ft (28 m) |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 447 |
• Density | 2,377.66/sq mi (917.66/km2) |
Time zone | UTC−9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−8 (AKDT) |
ZIP code | 99749 |
Area code | 907 |
FIPS code | 02-39300 |
GNIS feature ID | 1413311 |
Kiana (Inupiaq : Katyaak or Katyaaq) is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 361, down from 388 in 2000.
Kiana, meaning where three rivers meet, was founded several centuries ago. Before Kiana became a village, the Inupiat tended to travel with certain animal herds; constantly hunting for meat and furs.
In the 1800s, the Inupiaqs of Kiana used to live along the Kobuk River. Throughout the year the villagers hunted and fished near their houses. They moved to an area where there was an abundance of animals and fish. The Inupiaqs lived in houses made of sod; that is because they would follow where the animals would go.
When someone died inside the house they abandoned it, believing they would catch a contagious disease. Instead of building coffins or digging graves, the villagers wrapped the bodies of the deceased in cloths; they put poles in the cloths making the shape of a teepee.
Archaeological studies have been done on the local site 'Igliqtiqsiugvigruaq' (Swift Water Place) which was inhabited by the ancestors of the present day residents of Kiana from 1790 to 1810. The town consisted of burrowed homes connected by tunnels. [3]
The first white people arrived from the south with boats in 1898 and changed the way of life. They settled in what is now Kiana. More white people came in 1901 and 1902 and started building houses. Inupiaq women moved to them and married the men. [4]
Archaeologists have discovered a pre-contact Inupiaq village near Kiana. From carbon dating, the archaeologists discovered the village was from the late 1700s to the early 1800s. After more digging was done, they found that some of the houses they excavated were connected with tunnels and passageways. The average house size in the village was about the size of typical one-roomed cabins. Some of the artifacts that were found include metal fragments and shards, as well as glass beads. [5]
Kiana is the central village of the Kobuk river, for Kowagmiut Inupaiq Eskimos. Kiana became known to the Federal Government after a population increase, eventually making the town in to a city, in the year 1915. A United States Post Office was founded in the year 1964. [6]
Before the post office was built, mail came only once a month. The mail transportation method was mainly by dogsled or by walking from one village to another. During that time, Kiana became a key supply city for coal and gold miners who were posted along the Squirrel River. The Blankenship Trading Post was managed by Walter Blankenship, and later by Robinson Blankenship and Ruth Blankenship Sandvik. The trading post was the only store with goods such as flour, salt, carbonated beverages, coffee, tea, sugar, and fruit, both dried and canned.
The first villages in the region to start teaching the Inupiaq language in public school were Ambler, Shungnak, and Kobuk. Noorvik and the other villages around the region began teaching it as well. Viola Barr and Rosaline Jackson were the first people in Kiana to teach Inupiaq language in a classroom in 1971. [7] Before white people came to the region, the children of Kiana grew up speaking the Inupiaq language. Most Kiana students and adults do not know how to read, write, or speak the language. The region is trying to get more people to speak the language so many more townspeople will be able to speak Inupiaq. Rosetta Stone and the Inupiaq Language Commission help with the effort. [8]
Kiana is located at 66°58′18″N160°25′49″W / 66.97167°N 160.43028°W (66.971720, -160.430168). [9] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
The village of Kiana is located where rivers meet: the Squirrel River, Kobuk River as well as big/small channel rivers. Kiana is in the Northwestern Alaska, 30 miles north of the Arctic Circle, and 57 air miles east of Kotzebue. [10]
In Kiana, there are frequent storms and extreme temperature swings. There is also evidence of climate change occurring in the past 50 years. Evidence of rising temperatures each month, and increased precipitation (except July) has also been recorded. [11]
The snowfall is significant with about 60 inches per year and the rainfall is 16 inches on average. The Kobuk River is navigable by boat from May to October; it is frozen for the remainder of the year. [10]
Climate data for Kiana, Alaska | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 40 (4) | 38 (3) | 48 (9) | 62 (17) | 82 (28) | 92 (33) | 91 (33) | 91 (33) | 74 (23) | 62 (17) | 41 (5) | 42 (6) | 92 (33) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 4.6 (−15.2) | 10.3 (−12.1) | 16.1 (−8.8) | 33.4 (0.8) | 51.5 (10.8) | 65.4 (18.6) | 67.5 (19.7) | 61.3 (16.3) | 50.1 (10.1) | 31.0 (−0.6) | 11.3 (−11.5) | 6.7 (−14.1) | 34.1 (1.2) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | −2.3 (−19.1) | 2.3 (−16.5) | 6.7 (−14.1) | 23.6 (−4.7) | 41.5 (5.3) | 54.9 (12.7) | 58.2 (14.6) | 52.4 (11.3) | 41.9 (5.5) | 25.0 (−3.9) | 5.9 (−14.5) | 0.3 (−17.6) | 25.9 (−3.4) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | −8.6 (−22.6) | −5.1 (−20.6) | −3.6 (−19.8) | 13.6 (−10.2) | 31.5 (−0.3) | 44.3 (6.8) | 48.8 (9.3) | 43.5 (6.4) | 33.6 (0.9) | 18.9 (−7.3) | −0.6 (−18.1) | −6.1 (−21.2) | 17.5 (−8.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | −58 (−50) | −54 (−48) | −51 (−46) | −21 (−29) | −8 (−22) | 28 (−2) | 30 (−1) | 22 (−6) | 6 (−14) | −19 (−28) | −39 (−39) | −52 (−47) | −58 (−50) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.55 (39) | — | — | — | 0.37 (9.4) | — | — | — | 7.91 (201) | 4.33 (110) | 1.16 (29) | 0.44 (11) | — |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | — | — | — | — | 0.1 (0.25) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Source: [12] |
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1920 | 98 | — | |
1930 | 115 | 17.3% | |
1940 | 167 | 45.2% | |
1950 | 181 | 8.4% | |
1960 | 253 | 39.8% | |
1970 | 278 | 9.9% | |
1980 | 345 | 24.1% | |
1990 | 385 | 11.6% | |
2000 | 388 | 0.8% | |
2010 | 361 | −7.0% | |
2020 | 447 | 23.8% | |
U.S. Decennial Census [13] |
Kiana first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village. It formally incorporated in 1964.
As of 2013, the total population in Kiana was 361, 101 occupied households, and 77 families. Average people per household: 3.
The median income for a household in 2011, was $39,688, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $35,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,534. About 5.6% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.
Male | Female | Total |
---|---|---|
192 | 169 | 361 |
Male | Female | |
---|---|---|
28 | 26 |
Native American | White | Hispanic | African American | 2 or More Races |
---|---|---|---|---|
90% | 6.6% | 0.6% | 0% | 2.8% |
Kiana has a city administrator who is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the facilities and to carry out the vision and the mission that is set forth by the City Council and the Mayor who are both elected by the citizens. The mayor's responsibility is to help set the focus of the Council.
Tom Cyrus was mayor of Kiana for 7 years, from 2003 to 2010. During that time, the city and traditional council worked closely. They chose to merge the two governments and formed a joint council since they were working with similar visions. The merged organization of governments held joint council meetings and planning sessions. They had one executive director, one accountant, and a city clerk. All administrative positions were moved into one building and they streamlined costs by not duplicating services. At that time, there was limited funding available to municipal governments and there were more opportunities for money through BIA funds and tribal government. In 2009, the goals began to change and it was decided to separate the two governments, with the goal of making the city and traditional governments financially solvent again.
Some of the issues that the mayor deals with include looking for funding, supervising the water and sewer plant, managing the village power, and dealing with wildlife in the community. The mayor also has to assist the council and community with long range planning.
Kiana's current mayor, Brad Reich, became mayor when Tom Cyrus resigned in 2009. The full resignation took a year to go into effect and Reich become mayor. [15]
The Kiana School, operated by the Northwest Arctic Borough School District, serves the community. As of 2017 [update] it has 123 students, with Alaska natives making up 97% of the student body. [16]
There are several types and uses of transportation in and around Kiana which include travel over land and water. [10] Types of land transportation used by the people in Kiana are all terrain vehicles, cars, trucks, and snow machines. [10] They are used for getting around the village and just riding around. [17]
Some vehicles are used to travel between villages. [10] In the winter, an ice road is usually plowed or formed on the Kobuk River from Kiana to Noorvik; it extends all the way to Kotzebue. [17] In the summer, the people of Kiana use the same routes on motor boats to get to other villages.
In all seasons, people use bush airplanes to get to all other villages in the region. Bob Baker Memorial Airport is located one mile from the city. Bering Air and Ravn Air provide service to Kotzebue and other locations. The barge system which services Kiana is Crowley Marine Services. CMS goes to Kiana every summer, bringing gas, fuel, and other products. Store owners use large boats to ship goods upriver.
The costs for transportation are very significant. For example, buying tickets on a bush plane and fuel costs are high. Bering Air charges $324 for round trip fare to Kotzebue, and $180 round trip to Noorvik. Ravn Air tickets are $240 round trip to Kotzebue and $160 round both ways to Noorvik. [10] Gas prices vary. At the Kiana City Office, it costs $7.21 including tax for a gallon of gas. At Lee's Sea Air (the store in Kiana), it's $12 for a gallon. [18]
Northwest Arctic Borough is a borough located in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,793, up from 7,523 in 2010. The borough seat is Kotzebue. The borough was formed on June 2, 1986.
Unalakleet is a city in Nome Census Area, Alaska, United States, in the western part of the state. At the 2010 census the population was 765, up from 688 in 2000. Unalakleet is known in the region and around Alaska for its salmon and king crab harvests; the residents rely for much of their diet on caribou, ptarmigan, oogruk, and various salmon species.
Ambler is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 258, down from 309 in 2000. The city is located in the large Iñupiaq language speaking region of Alaska, and the local dialect is known as the Ambler dialect. As of 1999, over 91% of the community speaks and understands the language, with many young children actively learning the language in school. It has important relationships with the "hub" city of Kotzebue, Alaska and has important relationships with Maniilaq Health Association.
Kobuk is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 151, up from 109 in 2000.
Kotzebue or Qikiqtaġruk is a city in the Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the borough's seat, by far its largest community and the economic and transportation hub of the subregion of Alaska encompassing the borough. The population of the city was 3,102 as of the 2020 census, down from 3,201 in 2010.
Noorvik is an Iñupiat city in the Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 694, up from 668 in 2010. Located in the NANA Region Corp, Noorvik has close ties with the largest city in the region, Kotzebue. Residents speak a dialect of Iñupiaq known as Noorvik Inupiaq. Noorvik was the first town to be counted in the 2010 census.
Selawik is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 829, up from 772 in 2000.
Shungnak is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 262, up from 256 in 2000.
The Inupiat are a group of Alaska Natives whose traditional territory roughly spans northeast from Norton Sound on the Bering Sea to the northernmost part of the Canada–United States border. Their current communities include 34 villages across Iñupiat Nunaat, including seven Alaskan villages in the North Slope Borough, affiliated with the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation; eleven villages in Northwest Arctic Borough; and sixteen villages affiliated with the Bering Straits Regional Corporation. They often claim to be the first people of the Kauwerak.
The Kobuk River, also known by the names Kooak, Kowak, Kubuk, Kuvuk, and Putnam, is a river located in the Arctic region of northwestern Alaska in the United States. It is approximately 280 miles (451 km) long. Draining a basin with an area of 12,300 square miles (32,000 km2), the Kobuk River is among the largest rivers in northwest Alaska, with widths of up to 1,500 feet and flows reaching speeds of 3–5 miles per hour in its lower and middle reaches. The average elevation for the Kobuk River Basin is 1,300 feet (400 m) above sea level, ranging from sea level at its mouth on the Bering Sea to 11,400 feet near its headwaters in the Brooks Range.
Kobuk Valley National Park is a national park of the United States in the Arctic region of northwestern Alaska, located about 25 miles (40 km) north of the Arctic Circle. The park was designated in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act to preserve the 100 ft (30 m) high Great Kobuk Sand Dunes and the surrounding area which includes caribou migration routes. Park visitors must bring all their own gear for backcountry camping, hiking, backpacking, boating, and dog sledding. No designated trails or roads exist in the park, which at 1,750,716 acres, is slightly larger than the state of Delaware. Kobuk Valley is one of eight national parks in Alaska, the state with the second most national parks, surpassed only by California which has nine. The park is managed by the National Park Service.
Noatak National Preserve is a United States National Preserve in northwestern Alaska that was established to protect the Noatak River Basin. The Noatak River system, located just north of the Arctic Circle, is thought to be the last remaining complete river system in the United States that has not been altered by human activities. The roadless basin was proclaimed a United States National Monument in 1978 and a National Preserve in 1980 through the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA). Noatak National Preserve borders Kobuk Valley National Park on the south and Gates of the Arctic National Park on the east. Unlike the national parks that it borders, sport hunting is allowed in Noatak National Preserve.
Bering Air is an American airline headquartered in Nome, Alaska, United States. It operates domestic scheduled passenger and charter airline services, as well as air ambulance and helicopter services. Its main base is Nome Airport, with hubs at Ralph Wien Memorial Airport (Kotzebue) and Unalakleet Airport.
Buckland Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southwest of the central business district of Buckland, a city in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is situated on the Buckland River.
The Squirrel River is a 72-mile (116 km) tributary of the Kobuk River in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is a very clear, small arctic river flowing south from the foothills of Baird Mountains to where it meets the Kobuk River in the village of Kiana. From Kiana, the Kobuk flows southwest into Hotham Inlet of Kotzebue Sound on the Chukchi Sea.
Maniiḷaq is a figure of Iñupiat legend and history. He lived in the 19th century before colonialists arrived in his area of northwest Alaska. He lived as a hunter and a healer in northwest Alaska. Various stories about him include that he heard voices predicting that people would come to Alaska, that he had prophetic visions of boats that were propelled by fire or that flew in the air, and that he heard voices from a higher power who he said identified as abba. Some also say that Maniiḷaq rested every seventh day. Other prophecies attributed to Maniiḷaq include the prophecy that the village of Ambler, Alaska would one day become a large metropolis, and that a whale would swim upriver and appear at Ambler. It is said that Maniiḷaq practiced traditional medicine, and also that he resisted the dominant cultural order of shamanism. He is an important figure in Northwest Alaska Christian communities. The most distant future event he predicted was a day that was split in two, which is probably a reference to the Solar eclipse of July 1, 2057.
Hageland Aviation Services was a regional FAR Part 135 airline based in Anchorage, Alaska, United States. It operated as the Ravn Connect component of Ravn Alaska, serving many destinations throughout Alaska.
Kobuk Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Kobuk, a city in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska.
The Baird Mountains are a mountain range located northeast of the Kotzebue Sound, in between the Kobuk and Noatak Rivers in Alaska. The range was named after Smithsonian Institution Secretary Spencer F. Baird.