Lactarius fuliginosus

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Lactarius fuliginosus
Lactarius fuliginosus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Genus: Lactarius
Species:
L. fuliginosus
Binomial name
Lactarius fuliginosus
(Krapf) Fr. (1838)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus fuliginosusKrapf (1782)
  • Galorrheus fuliginosus(Krapf) P.Kumm. (1871)
  • Lactifluus fuliginosus(Fr.) Kuntze (1891)

Lactarius fuliginosus, commonly known as the sooty milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The medium-sized fruit bodies have velvety, grayish-brown caps and crowded gills. It is found in deciduous forests of Asia, Europe, and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Austrian botanist Karl Von Krapf in 1782 as Agaricus fuliginosus. Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned this name in his 1821 Systema mycologicum, and later (1838) transferred it to the genus Lactarius in his Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. [2] Other synonyms include Paul Kummer's 1871 Galorrheus fuliginosus [3] and Otto Kuntze's 1891 Lactifluus fuliginosus. [4] Paul Konrad and André Maublanc's subspecies picinus is now known as the distinct species L. picinius . [5] L. fuliginosus form speciosus, described by Jakob Emanuel Lange in 1928, [6] has been elevated to a distinct species as L. romagnesii , while his form albipes is now L. azonites . [7] Fries's 1838 form major is now L. lignyotus . [8]

Lactarius fuliginosus is classified in the section Plinothgali of subgenus Plinthogalus in the genus Lactarius. Species in this section are characterized by having caps and stipes ranging in colour from buff to pale brown to grayish-brown and pinkish-staining flesh. [9] Molecular analysis published in 2012 showed that L. fuliginosus and L. picinus are sibling species, and cannot be reliably distinguished using morphology alone. Dirk Stubbe suggests that the geneti of L. fuliginosus from L. picinus was a fairly recent event that involved a host switch from deciduous to coniferous trees. [10]

The specific epithet fuliginosus derives from the Latin word for "sooty". [11] It is commonly known as the "sooty milkcap". [12]

Description

Mature gills are creamy ochre coloured; the stipe base is lighter coloured at the base and immediately under the gills. 2009-12-25 Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr 71479.jpg
Mature gills are creamy ochre coloured; the stipe base is lighter coloured at the base and immediately under the gills.

The cap is convex to flattened, sometimes with a small central depression, and measures 4.5–12.5 cm (1.8–4.9 in) in diameter. The surface of the cap is dry, smooth, and has a velvety texture. It sometimes develops small wrinkles in the center, while the cap margin develops irregular grooves in maturity. Its colour is buff to grayish-brown to dark fawn, sometimes with darker spots and a lighter margin. The crowded gills have an adnate to slightly decurrent attachment to the stipe. They have an olive-buff to pinkish-buff colour, and stain pinkish. The cylindric stipe measures 4–8.5 cm (1.6–3.3 in) long by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) thick and tapers to the base. Its surface texture is similar to the cap, but is coloured paler, and is whitish near the top. The flesh is whitish, but stains pinkish where injured; it is thick and firm in the cap and stipe. It has no significant odor and a mild to slightly acrid taste. The mushroom's sparse latex is white but dries pinkish, imparting that colour when it stains the gills and flesh. [13] Lactarius fuliginosus is not edible, [14] and may be somewhat poisonous. [15]

The spore print is pinkish buff. The spores are spherical to broadly ellipsoid, measuring 7.4–9.2 by 6.6–8.4  μm. The spore surface is covered with an almost complete reticulum with narrow ridges up to about 1 μm high, and irregular warts that stain amyloid with Melzer's reagent. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are somewhat club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 40–55 by 10–12 μm. The cap cuticle is in the form of a trichoepithelium measuring 50–100 μm thick comprising cylindric terminal hyphae measuring 20–45 by 5–8 μm. [13]

Similar species

Lactarius azonites is similar in appearance to L. fuliginosus but can be distinguished by its cap shape with an irregularly scalloped margin, the irregular and often anastomosing gills, the pale to almost whitish stipe, and the thick flesh that quickly turns red with injury. Microscopically, its spores have more regular surface ridges and a more widely meshed reticulum. [16]

Habitat and distribution

Lactarius fuliginosus is ectomycorrhizal with deciduous trees. [10] Its fruit bodies grow on the ground in deciduous forests of Europe and North America. In Asia, it has been recorded from Kashmir Valley in India, [17] China, and Japan. [10]

Chemistry

The fruit bodies were noted to have insecticidal properties in a 1990 publication. [18] Later research revealed the presence of a stearic acid ester that, upon injury to the mushrooms, coverts to an acrid phenol compound that oxidizes to a mixture of benzofuran and red chromene pigments. [19] [20] This is part of a wound-activated chemical defense system used by the fungus to deter mycophagy. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Inocybe hystrix is an agaric fungus in the family Inocybaceae. It forms mycorrhiza with surrounding deciduous trees. Fruit bodies are usually found growing alone or in small groups on leaf litter during autumn months. Unlike many Inocybe species, Inocybe hystrix is densely covered in brown scales, a characteristic that aids in identification. The mushroom also has a spermatic odour that is especially noticeable when the mushroom is damaged or crushed.

<i>Lactarius vietus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius vietus is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae, first described by Elias Magnus Fries. It produces moderately sized and brittle mushrooms, which grow on the forest floor or on rotting wood. The flattened-convex cap can vary in shape, sometimes forming the shape of a wide funnel. It is typically grey, but the colour varies. The species has crowded, light-coloured gills, which produce white milk. The spore print is typically whitish, but also varies considerably. The mushrooms typically have a strong, acrid taste and have been described as inedible, but other authors have described them as consumable after boiling. L. vietus feeds by forming an ectomycorrhizal relationship with surrounding trees, and it favours birch. It grows in autumn months and is fairly common in Europe, North America and eastern Asia.

<i>Lactarius quietus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius quietus is a mushroom of the genus Lactarius. It is easily identified by its oily scent and the concentric bands on its cap. It is brown, and is probably named after its matte, "quiet" surface and colouration. It is found exclusively under oak trees in Europe, where it grows solitarily or in scattered groups in autumn months. In North America, the variety L. quietus var. incanus is fairly common in the same habitat. The mushroom's edibility is disputed.

<i>Lactarius sanguifluus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius sanguifluus, commonly known as the bloody milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. First described from France in 1811, the species was given its current name by Elias Fries in 1838 when he transferred it to Lactarius. Found in Asia, Mediterranean Africa, and Europe, fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow scattered or in groups on the ground under conifers, especially Douglas fir. When bruised or cut, the fruit bodies ooze a blood-red to purple latex that slowly turns greenish upon exposure to air. The caps are orangish to reddish-brown, and become funnel-shaped with age. The gills are pinkish to purplish. Different forms have been described from Italy, but these are not universally accepted as distinct. L. sanguifluus mushrooms are edible, and sold in rural markets of Europe and Asia. Fruit bodies grown in polluted soil, including roadsides subject to heavy traffic, can bioaccumulate toxic heavy metals. Several sterols and pigment have been isolated and identified from the mushrooms.

<i>Lactarius subflammeus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius subflammeus, commonly known as the orange milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in western North America in the late summer and fall and is especially common in the Pacific Northwest, where it grows on the ground near conifers like pine and spruce. The brightly colored fruit bodies, which are slimy or sticky, have scarlet caps when young that soon fade to brilliant orange. The stem—typically longer than the width of the cap—is also bright orange but the gills are whitish. The mushroom secretes a whitish latex when it is cut or injured.

<i>Lactarius alnicola</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius alnicola, commonly known as the golden milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The fruit bodies produced by the fungus are characterized by a sticky, vanilla-colored cap up to 20 cm (7.9 in) wide with a mixture of yellow tones arranged in faint concentric bands. The stem is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and has yellow-brown spots. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white latex, which has an intensely peppery taste. The acrid taste of the fruit bodies renders them unpalatable. The fungus is found in the western United States and Mexico, where it grows in mycorrhizal associations with various coniferous trees species, such as spruce, pine and fir, and deciduous species such as oak and alder. It has also been collected in India. Two varieties have been named: var. pitkinensis, known from Colorado, and var. pungens, from Michigan.

<i>Lactarius pubescens</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius pubescens, commonly known as the downy milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is a medium to large agaric with a creamy-buff, hairy cap, whitish gills and short stout stem. The fungus has a cosmopolitan distribution, and grows solitarily or in scattered groups on sandy soil under or near birch.

<i>Lactarius fumosus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius fumosus, commonly known as the smoky milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae.

<i>Lactarius fallax</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius fallax, commonly known as the velvety milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. Found in both spruce and mixed conifer forests, it is a fairly common species in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, with a northerly range extending to Alaska. Its fruit bodies are medium-sized, with velvety, brown to blackish caps up to 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) in diameter bearing a distinct pointed umbo. The caps are supported by velvety stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long and 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick. The mushroom oozes a whitish latex when it is cut, and injured tissue eventually turns a dull reddish color. The eastern North American and European species Lactarius lignyotus is closely similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its differing range.

<i>Lactarius argillaceifolius</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius argillaceifolius is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The mushrooms produced by the fungus have convex to flattened drab lilac-colored caps that are up to 18 cm (7.1 in) wide. The cream-colored gills are closely spaced together and extend slightly down the length of the stem, which is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3.5 cm (1.4 in) thick. The mushroom produces an off-white latex when injured that stains the mushroom tissue brownish.

<i>Cortinarius infractus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius infractus, commonly known as the sooty-olive Cortinarius or the bitter webcap, is an inedible basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Cortinarius. The fungus produces sooty-olive fruit bodies with sticky caps measuring up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter. The fruit bodies contains alkaloids that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

<i>Cortinarius delibutus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius delibutus, also known as the bluegill webcap or the yellow webcap, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius. The fruit bodies are medium-sized, with shiny yellow caps on a sticky, yellow-banded club-shaped stem. The mushroom is found in Europe and North America, usually near birch or beech trees.

<i>Cortinarius anomalus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius anomalus, also known as the variable webcap, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius. It produces a medium-sized mushroom with a grayish-brown cap up to 5 cm (2 in) wide, gray-violet gills and a whitish stem with pale yellow belts below. The mushroom grows solitarily or in scattered groups on the ground in deciduous and coniferous forests. It is found throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.

<i>Lactarius vinaceorufescens</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius vinaceorufescens, commonly known as the yellow-staining milkcap or the yellow-latex milky, is a poisonous species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It produces mushrooms with pinkish-cinnamon caps up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide held by pinkish-white stems up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long. The closely spaced whitish to pinkish buff gills develop wine-red spots in age. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white latex that rapidly turns bright sulfur-yellow. The species, common and widely distributed in North America, grows in the ground in association with conifer trees. There are several other Lactarius species that bear resemblance to L. vinaceorufescens, but most can be distinguished by differences in staining reactions, macroscopic characteristics, or habitat.

<i>Lactarius scoticus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius scoticus is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. It is found in Europe, where it grows in peat bogs in a mycorrhizal association with birch.

Lactarius torminosulus is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius, in the order Russulales. A European species, it was officially described in 1996 from collections made in Norway. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are small to medium-sized, yellowish orange in colour. Young specimens have a hairy cap margin; these hairs slough off in maturity—a field characteristic that can be used to help distinguish this species from the similar Lactarius torminosus. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with dwarf birch species.

<i>Lactarius fennoscandicus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius fennoscandicus is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. It is found in Scandinavia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with spruce trees.

<i>Cortinarius camphoratus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius camphoratus, commonly known as the goatcheese webcap, is an agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, where its fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with spruce and firs in coniferous forests. Mushrooms are characterized by pale blue lilac colors when young, and a strong distinctive odor. Sources disagree as to the edibility of the mushroom, but they are generally not recommended for eating.

<i>Lactarius porninsis</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius porninsis, the larch milkcap, is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. It is found in Europe and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with larch.

<i>Cortinarius cyanites</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius cyanites is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native to Europe.

References

  1. ↑ "Lactarius fuliginosus (Krapf) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 348, 1838". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  2. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typographica Academica. p. 348.
  3. ↑ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 127.
  4. ↑ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio generum plantarum (in German). Vol. 2. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 856.
  5. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 242.
  6. ↑ Lange JE. (1928). "Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part VII. Volvaria, Flammula, Lactarius". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 5 (5): 1–49 (see p. 33).
  7. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 234.
  8. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 226.
  9. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 27.
  10. 1 2 3 Stubbe D, Verbeken A (2012). "Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus: the European taxa and American varieties of L. lignyotus re-evaluated". Mycologia. 104 (6): 1490–501. doi:10.3852/12-039. PMID   22684287. S2CID   5097766.
  11. ↑ Rea C. (1968). British Basidiomycetae. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 492.
  12. ↑ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK-Revised". Scottish Fungi. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  13. 1 2 Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), pp. 244–5.
  14. ↑ Ettore B. (2012). Funghi. Conoscere, riconoscere e ricercare tutte le specie di funghi più diffuse. De Agostini. p. 121. ISBN   978-88-418-7695-4.
  15. ↑ Chapuis JR. (1980). "Jahresbericht 1979 des Verbandstoxikologen" [Annual report 1979 by the toxicologist]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 58 (6): 84–90.
  16. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2000), p. 239.
  17. ↑ Abraham SP, Kaul TN (1985). "Larger fungi from Kashmir India III". Kavaka. 13 (2): 77–86. ISSN   0379-5179.
  18. ↑ Dowd PF, Miller OK (1990). "Insecticidal properties of Lactarius fuliginosus and Lactarius fumosus". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 57 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01412.x. S2CID   85369383.
  19. ↑ Conca E, De Bernardi M, Fronza G, Girometta MA, Mellerio G, Vidari G, Vita-Finzi P (1981). "Fungal metabolites 10. New chromenes from Lactarius fuliginosus Fries and Lactarius picinus Fries". Tetrahedron Letters. 22 (43): 4327–30. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)82947-6.
  20. ↑ Debernardi M, Vidari G, Finzi PV, Fronza G (1992). "The chemistry of Lactarius fuliginosus and Lactarius picinus". Tetrahedron. 48 (35): 7331–44. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88270-3.
  21. ↑ Spiteller P. (2008). "Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi". Chemistry: A European Journal. 14 (30): 9100–10. doi:10.1002/chem.200800292. PMID   18601235.

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