Leiognathidae

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Leiognathidae
Temporal range: 56–0  Ma
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Eocene to Present [1]
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Eubleekeria splendens
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acanthuriformes
Family: Leiognathidae
T. N. Gill, 1893 [2]
Type species
Leiognathus argenteus
Lacépède, 1802 [3]
Genera

see text

Leiognathidae, the ponyfishes, slipmouths or slimys / slimies, are a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes. [4] They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. They can be used in the preparation of bagoong .

Contents

Characteristics

Ponyfishes are small and laterally compressed in shape, with a bland, silvery colouration. They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in the dorsal and anal fins. They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside. [5] [6] [7] Typically, the harbored bacterium is only Photobacterium leiognathi, but in the two ponyfish species Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus, Photobacterium mandapamensis is also present. [8] Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination [9] [10] and species-specific sexual dimorphism. [6] [7] [11] [12] The light organ systems of ponyfishes are highly variable across species and often between sexes. [11] [12]

Taxonomy

Leiognathidae is classified within the suborder Percoidei by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World , but they are placed in an unnamed clade which sits outside the superfamily Percoidea. This clade contains 7 families which appear to have some relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae. [13] Other authorities have placed the family in the order Chaetodontiformes alongside the family Chaetodontidae. [14]

Timeline of genera

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLeiognathusGazza (fish)QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.Plio.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLeiognathidae

Genera

The following genera are classified within the Leiognathidae: [4] [3]

References

  1. ↑ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
  2. ↑ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 . PMID   25543675.
  3. 1 2 Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Leiognathidae". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  4. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Leiognathidae". FishBase . February 2015 version.
  5. ↑ Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN   978-0-12-547665-2.
  6. 1 2 Haneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes". Journal of Morphology. 150 (2): 539–552. doi:10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539. S2CID   91711575.
  7. 1 2 McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling". Journal of Morphology. 182 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051820105. ISSN   1097-4687. PMID   6492170. S2CID   23956409.
  8. ↑ Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis"". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (10): 3173–3182. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.3173K. doi:10.1128/AEM.02212-06. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   1907103 . PMID   17369329.
  9. ↑ Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette". Science. 173 (4001): 1016–1017. Bibcode:1971Sci...173.1016W. doi:10.1126/science.173.4001.1016. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17796582. S2CID   5680392.
  10. ↑ McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991). "Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 156 (1): 119–137. doi:10.1242/jeb.156.1.119. ISSN   0022-0949.
  11. 1 2 Sparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005). "Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera" (PDF). Cladistics. 21 (4): 305–327. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x. hdl: 2027.42/72092 . ISSN   1096-0031. PMID   34892969. S2CID   53063530.
  12. 1 2 Chakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)". Journal of Morphology. 272 (6): 704–721. doi:10.1002/jmor.10941. ISSN   1097-4687. PMID   21433053. S2CID   9331522.
  13. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  14. ↑ R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 . PMC   5501477 . PMID   28683774.
  15. ↑ Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family". Zootaxa. 3947 (2): 181–190. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2. PMID   25947728.
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