Liberation Day (Guam)

Last updated
Liberation Day
Guam Liberation Day 2019 (190721-F-XT896-1013) (cropped).jpg
A joint color guard in the 75th Liberation Day Parade in 2019
Observed by Guamanians
TypeLocal
SignificanceCommemorates American landings during the Battle of Guam, which ended the Japanese occupation of Guam (1941-1944)
CelebrationsLiberation Day Queen contest
Liberation Day Parade
Liberation Day Carnival
Date July 21
Next time21 July 2023 (2023-07-21)
FrequencyAnnual

Liberation Day on the U.S. territory of Guam is an annual commemoration of the invasion by U.S. military forces on July 21, 1944, which ended the Japanese occupation that had begun in 1941. Begun in 1945, it is Guam's largest celebration. Festivities include a queen contest, summer carnival, fireworks display, and mile-long parade on Marine Corps Drive in Hagåtña from Adelup to Paseo de Susana, as well as solemn memorials and visits to massacre sites. It is organized by the Guam Island Fair Committee.

Contents

Background

Two U.S. officers plant the American flag on a Guam beach on July 21, 1944 First flag on Guam - 1944.jpg
Two U.S. officers plant the American flag on a Guam beach on July 21, 1944

Before the Japanese capture of Guam on December 10, 1941, the Guam Island Fair was celebrated annually, first in the Plaza de España in Hagåtña and later in Bradley Park in Anigua. [1] With tensions rising after the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria starting the Second Sino-Japanese War, a committee formed in 1938 by U.S. Rear Admiral Arthur Japy Hepburn recommended a massive buildup of Guam as an air and submarine base. However, the U.S. balked at the estimated cost. [2] American military dependents and contractors were evacuated weeks before the invasion. [3] While Guamanians were nationals of the United States, they would not become citizens until the passage of the Guam Organic Act of 1950.[ citation needed ] Practically defenseless, U.S. and territorial forces made token resistance before surrendering to the overwhelming Japanese invasion force, [2] becoming one of three parts of the U.S. captured by the Japanese in World War II, along with the Aleutian Islands of Kiska and Attu. [4]

Renamed Omiya Jima, Japanese for "Great Shrine Island," the island was administered as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere [4] by the Imperial Japanese Navy, [5] with the ultimate intent to make it part of the Saipan Branch of the South Seas Bureau. [6] In the early part of the occupation, Japanese forces harassed and tortured CHamoru residents who they suspected of aiding the few American military personnel hiding on Guam, but largely focused on administration aimed at incorporating the island, such as teaching Japanese language in schools. This changed as the Pacific War drew closer and the threat of American attack increased. In early 1944, between 10,000 and 15,000 CHamorus were forced to march with only the belongings they could carry to internment camps in the middle of the island. [7] Most of the male population was forced to build infrastructure and defenses, including the two airfields that became Orote Field and Naval Air Station Agana, which is now Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport. In 1944, the Japanese response to American aircraft's preparatory bombing from June 11 to 13, followed by naval bombardment starting on June 27, was brutal. Japanese massacred dozens of CHamoru civilians in Fena, Merizo, and Yigo. As the invasion neared, Japanese soldiers indiscriminately killed any CHamorus they encountered around the island. The Japanese also raped numerous women around the island. Meanwhile, an unknown number were killed by the American aerial and naval bombardment. [5]

On July 21, 1944 the 3rd Marine Division landed at Asan and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landed at Agat to the south, on either side of the strategically important Apra Harbor and Orote Peninsula. Together with the U.S. Army's 77th Infantry Division, and the support of U.S. Navy Seabees, American forces captured the Orote Peninsula by July 29 and pushed north. On August 10, organized Japanese resistance ended, though the last Japanese holdout, Shoichi Yokoi, was not captured until 1972.

History

The Liberation Day Queen and Princess at an wreath-laying ceremony commemorating the Anniversary of the Liberation of Guam and the Battle for the Northern Mariana Islands at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery, 2017 Army Full Honors Wreath Ceremony commemorating the 73rd Anniversary of the Liberation of Guam and the Battle for the Northern Mariana Islands (35532925730) (cropped).jpg
The Liberation Day Queen and Princess at an wreath-laying ceremony commemorating the Anniversary of the Liberation of Guam and the Battle for the Northern Mariana Islands at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery, 2017

In the immediate aftermath of the war, prominent CHamoru educator Agueda Iglesias Johnston was instrumental in convincing the island's leadership to support a commemorative celebration of the island's liberation. [8] Johnston had influence with the Army and Navy commands, but had a harder time convincing civilian leaders that a celebration was needed. The military supplied a 100-pound cake, a band, and transportation but Johnston was responsible for a venue. She found an old school with walls and floors made of bamboo and recalled, "When the young people began the jitterbug, I feared some of them would be hurled through the walls. No one was hurt." [9]

The first Liberation Queen was named in 1948. [10] As with the pre-war Guam Island Fair, the Queen is named based on ticket sales, with the runner-up named Liberation Princess. [1] [11]

The Liberation Queen contest, parade, carnival, and religious and memorial services have been constant features of an often multi-day event. However, other kinds of celebrations have been done over the years. [1] In 1950, the Liberation Day program called for a morning Mass, the decoration of graves and war markers, and then an informal dance. In 1952, three days of festivities, with fireworks nightly, included a motorboat parade, horse racing, carabao racing, athletic competitions, and a boxing tournament. [12] Liberation Day festivities have including wrestling matches, agricultural fairs, bicycle races, and pig wrestling, with instances of a Battle of the Bands in 1971 and a circus. The parade route begins at Adelup and typically runs to Paseo de Susana, but in 1976 it went to Camp Asan and in 1983 it went to Hagåtña Pool. While the carnival is typically at Paseo, it has been held at the former Yigo Amusement Park, the Harmon Cliff line, and Tiyan in the past. In 1995, PBS Guam began a yearly tradition of live broadcasts of the parade. [1]

For the milestone 25th anniversary in 1969, a special six-day celebration was held. A Marine Corps band from Honolulu was flown in and a 30-piece Army band performed. [12] The grand marshal was Marine Corps Brig. Gen. Louis H. Wilson Jr., who had been awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Guam and would later become the Commandant of the Marine Corps. [13]

50th anniversary (1994)

Retired Marine Corps Colonel Fraser West, who commanded a company during the 1944 battle, cuts a ribbon in a ceremony to rename Guam Highway 1 to "Marine Corps Drive" at the 2004 Liberation Day US Navy 040721-N-6346B-072 Retired WWII veteran, U.S. Marine Corps Colonel Fraser West, left, prepares to cut the ribbon officially renaming Guam's Route 1, Marine Corps Drive (cropped).jpg
Retired Marine Corps Colonel Fraser West, who commanded a company during the 1944 battle, cuts a ribbon in a ceremony to rename Guam Highway 1 to "Marine Corps Drive" at the 2004 Liberation Day

For the 50th anniversary Liberation Day in 1994, over a thousand veterans of the battle were flown to Guam on special tours, taken out to ceremonies on visiting Naval vessels, and honored at special gatherings. [12] Grand marshal duties were shared by four WWII veterans from Guam who had served in the Army, Marine Corps, Army Air Force, and Navy. [14] Marine Corps Brig. Gen. Edwin H. Simmons, a veteran of the 1944 battle and the former director of the United States Marine Corps History Division, described the scene:

On both sides of Marine Drive there was an unbroken line of Guamanian families camping out on the curbside for the holiday. The families had staked out their places from which to view the goings and comings of the celebration and, most particularly, for the big parade which was to come on the 21st of July. This camping-out is not new; it is a custom that has grown big over the years. Most families had rigged some sort of bright-colored tent, fly or canopy. The unmistakable odor of barbecue was in the air. [...] Military marching units included the Marines, the Navy, the Army, and the Guam National Guard, dressed out as jungle fighters. Early on there was an overflight by a string of Marine Harriers and helicopters. The Filipino and Chinese communities had costumed groups in the parade. There were also fearsome aborigine warriors from Fiji and the Southern Philippines, dragon dancers from Taiwan and Hong Kong, and a contingent of Native Americans. Marchers from the other Mariana islands, including Saipan, were present. The parade, scheduled for three hours, went on for six. [12]

The 2004 Liberation Day marking the 60th anniversary included a rededication ceremony in which Guam Highway 1, the main north–south route, was renamed from "Marine Drive" to "Marine Corps Drive." [15]

2019 Liberation Day Parade flyover by a B-52 Stratofortress and two F-15 Eagles Guam Liberation Day 2019 (190721-F-UZ569-041).jpg
2019 Liberation Day Parade flyover by a B-52 Stratofortress and two F-15 Eagles

In 2008, tragedy struck when a B-52 from Andersen Air Force Base that was preparing for a flyover of the parade crashed into the ocean, with the loss of all six crewmembers. [16] A memorial monument was unveiled at the Governor's Complex on Adelup Point on July 20, 2009. [17]

As the years have gone on, fewer and fewer veterans of the battle have been able to attend Liberation Day festivities. The 75th anniversary Liberation Day in 2019 was attended by only two veterans of the battle and one veteran who assisted with the island's reconstruction, who were named as three of the six grand marshals. [12] Three Chamoru survivors of the occupation were named co-grand marshals. [18] The parade included 91 entries, including from 16 of the 19 villages. Related events included a march to the Manengon Valley Concentration Camp and many memorial services and musical performances, including by local pop star Pia Mia, the Navy's Pacific Fleet Band, the III Marine Expeditionary Force Band, and traditional CHamoru musicians. [19] Lt. Gov. Joshua Tenorio, who headed the liberation committee, stated, "Many of the wartime survivors have passed away; it's up to us to carry on their legacy." [20]

In 2020, no in-person celebration was held due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic in Guam. Mayors' Council of Guam Executive Director Angel Sablan commented, "We already lost a lot of people during our real liberation. It doesn't make sense to lose more lives just to celebrate it." [21] This meant that, for the first time ever, the Liberation Queen retained her title for second year. [10] [22] PBS Guam, in lieu of its normal live parade coverage, broadcast a one-hour Liberation special and re-broadcast the 75th Guam Liberation Day Parade. [23] In January 2021, the Guam National Guard announced that their support to COVID-19 vaccination efforts was named Operation Liberate Guam. It aims to achieve 80% herd immunity by Liberation Day 2021. [24]

Events

A Sailor and a Marine escort the Royal Princess of Piti on her village's float, 2010 US Navy 100721-N-1722W-192 The village of Piti's Royal Princess RayAna Lujan Rojas, escorted by a Sailor and a Marine, waves as they ride the float during the 66th annual Liberation Day celebration parade.jpg
A Sailor and a Marine escort the Royal Princess of Piti on her village's float, 2010

The centerpiece of Liberation Day celebrations is the parade, which includes both civic and commercial floats that are typically related to a declared theme for the year. There are also marches by various groups, particularly military units. The most anticipated floats are by the villages of Guam, which are subject to an islandwide competition. [1] However, some villages have refrained from participating, stating that they would rather spend limited funds on more long-lasting projects. Village floats rely heavily on charitable donations and volunteer labor. [25] The grand marshal, the symbolic leader of the parade, has most often been a occupation survivor or military or political leader. [14] The lack of space along the parade route for all the spectators necessitates a sign-up sheet for parade watching spots that is filled on a first-come basis; some families and businesses camp overnight to ensure that they can reserve a parade-watching spot. [1]

The Guam Carnival, formally the Guam Island Fair, typically opens at Paseo de Susana in late May and runs until early August. It has rides, games, and food stands. In the early 1980s, the carnival was engulfed in controversy over who gets the lucrative concessions. In 1982, the Attorney General of Guam upheld a 1980 law stating that concession must go to nonprofit groups. However, in 1983, when the carnival was held at Yigo Amusement Park, then-Speaker Carl Gutierrez got a second carnival approved at the traditional location of Paseo. This led parade organizers to reroute to the Agana Pool and Agana Shopping Center so it did not attract visitors to the unsanctioned carnival at Paseo. [9] The role of gambling at the carnival is a perennial source of disagreement. Guam banned most forms of gambling in 1977, with the sole exception being at the Liberation Carnival, with the proceeds funding Liberation Day activities. In 2017, lawmakers closed this loophole, corresponding to a drop in Carnival attendees and revenue. [26] In 2019, the ban was lifted and gambling was once again allowed. [9] However, the Guam Department of Revenue and Taxation proposed using chips, rather than allowing cash, to allow easier accounting. [27]

The mayor of Asan gives a thumbs up from his village's 2017 float 2017 Guam Liberation Day parade (170721-N-YJ133-268).jpg
The mayor of Asan gives a thumbs up from his village's 2017 float

Memorials and ceremonies have changed greatly over the years. They may include events held a week before or after actual Liberation Day. In the 2010s, they have included:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guam</span> Territory of the United States

Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States ; its capital Hagåtña (144°45'00"E) lies further west than Melbourne, Australia (144°57'47"E). In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Guam</span>

Guam is a U.S. territory in the western Pacific Ocean, at the boundary of the Philippine Sea. It is the southernmost and largest member of the Mariana Islands archipelago, which is itself the northernmost group of islands in Micronesia. The closest political entity is the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), another U.S. territory. Guam shares maritime boundaries with CNMI to the north and the Federated States of Micronesia to the south. It is located approximately one quarter of the way from the Philippines to Hawaii. Its location and size make it strategically important. It is the only island with both a protected harbor and land for multiple airports between Asia and Hawaii, on an east–west axis, and between Papua New Guinea and Japan, on a north–south axis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hagåtña, Guam</span> Capital city of Guam

Hagåtña is the capital village of the United States territory of Guam. From the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center, but today it is the second smallest of the island's 19 villages in both area and population. However, it remains one of the island's major commercial districts in addition to being the seat of government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asan-Maina, Guam</span> Village in Guam, United States

Asan-Maina is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The municipality combines the names of the coastal community of Asan with Maina, a community along the slopes of the Fonte River valley to the east. Asan was the northern landing site for United States Marines during Guam's liberation from the Japanese during World War II. Asan Beach Park is part of the War in the Pacific National Historic Park. The third community comprising Asan-Maina is Nimitz Hill Annex in the hills above Asan and Maina, which is the location of the Joint Region Marianas headquarters. Asan-Maina is located in the Luchan (Western) District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piti, Guam</span> Village in Guam, United States

Piti is a village located on the central west coast of the United States territory of Guam. It contains northern and eastern coastlines of Apra Harbor, including Cabras Island, which has the commercial Port of Guam and the island's largest power plants. Piti was a pre-Spanish CHamoru village and, after Spanish colonization, became the primary port town on Guam. The town was largely destroyed during the 1944 liberation of Guam and the population relocated during the wartime construction of Apra Harbor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War in the Pacific National Historical Park</span> National Historical Park of the United States

The War in the Pacific National Historical Park is a multi-unit protected area in the United States territory of Guam, which was established in 1978 in honor of those who participated in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Uniquely among the National Park System, it honors the bravery and sacrifices of all those who participated in the Pacific Theater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luther Skaggs Jr.</span> USMC Medal of Honor recipient (1923–1976)

Luther Skaggs Jr. was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on the beachhead on Guam during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guam Highway 1</span> Highway in Guam

Guam Highway 1 (GH-1), also known as Marine Corps Drive, is one of the primary automobile routes in the United States territory of Guam. It runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction, from the main gate of Naval Base Guam in the southwestern village of Santa Rita in a northeasterly direction to the main gate of Andersen Air Force Base in the village of Yigo. It passes through Guam's capital, Hagåtña, as well as intersecting other territorial highways. The highway runs through tropical forest, urbanized commercial areas, and residential neighborhoods. The US military upgraded and extended the road starting in 1941. Construction ceased with the Japanese invasion in December 1941 and resumed after the Second Battle of Guam in 1944. The highway was formally dedicated to the U.S. Marine Corps by the governor in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Region Marianas</span> Military unit

Joint Region Marianas' mission is to provide installation management support to all Department of Defense components and tenants through assigned regional installations on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in support of training in the Marianas; to act as the interface between the Department of Defense and the civilian community; to ensure compliance with all environmental laws and regulations, safety procedures, and equal opportunity policy; and perform other functions and tasks as may be assigned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yigo, Guam</span> Village in Guam, United States

Yigo, Guam is the northernmost village of the United States territory of Guam, and is the location of Andersen Air Force Base. The municipality of Yigo is the largest village on the island in terms of area. It contains a number of populated places, including Asatdas and Agafo Gumas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sumay, Guam</span> Village in Guam, United States

Sumay, also Sumai, was a village on the United States territory of Guam. It was located on the north coast of the Orote Peninsula along Apra Harbor. It was inhabited by Chamorro people before contact with Europeans. Sumay became a prosperous port town serving whalers and other sailors in the 1800s and the second most populous settlement on Guam after Hagåtña, the capital of the Spanish Mariana Islands. Following the Capture of Guam by the United States in 1898, the village was the site of Marine Barracks Guam. In the early 1900s, it was a link for two firsts connecting the United States and Asia: the first submarine communications cable for telegraph and the China Clipper, the first air service. After the Japanese invasion of Guam in 1941, the residents were evicted and the village turned into a Japanese military garrison. Sumay was leveled during the U.S. liberation of the island in 1944. The U.S. military prohibited the residents from returning, relocating them to the hills of nearby Sånta Rita-Sumai. In 1948, the U.S. military exercised eminent domain and took all private and commercial property at Sumay. Its former location is now on Naval Base Guam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Hospital Guam</span> U.S. Navy medical facility in Guam

United States Naval Hospital Guam is a U.S. Navy medical facility on the U.S. territory of Guam. It provides a broad range of medical services to active-duty U.S. military personnel under Joint Region Marianas. Besides the main hospital, the hospital runs a medical clinic and a dental clinic on Naval Base Guam. Established in 1899 in the capitol of Hagåtña, it offered general care to the population up until Japanese invasion in 1941. Local CHamoru staff continued to offer medical care during the Japanese occupation until the hospital was destroyed in the U.S. liberation. The hospital was re-established in its current location in Agana Heights in 1954 and treated many casualties from the Vietnam War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underwater diving on Guam</span> Recreational diving tourism destination

Underwater diving encompasses a variety of economically and culturally significant forms of diving on the U.S. island territory of Guam. Scuba diving tourism is a significant component of the island's tourist activity, in particular for visitors from Japan and South Korea. Recreational diving by Guam residents has a lesser but still substantial economic impact. Marine biologists have raised concerns about the effect of diving upon the health of some of Guam's reefs. Recreational dive sites on Guam include submerged shipwrecks, such as the double wrecks of SMS Cormoran and Tokai Maru, and natural features, such as Blue Hole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adelup Point</span>

Adelup Point is limestone promontory in Hagåtña, Guam that extends into the Philippine Sea and separates Asan Bay from Hagåtña Bay. It has been the site of the Ricardo J. Bordallo Governor's Complex since 1990. Adelup is therefore a metonym for the Office of the Governor of Guam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve</span>

Piti Bomb Holes Marine Preserve is a marine protected area comprising all of Piti Bay on the western coast of Guam, located off of the village of Piti in the Philippine Sea. The defining "bomb hole" features, named because they look like bomb craters in the reef flat, are actually natural percolation pits where fresh water filters into the shallow lagoon at a depth of 25 to 30 feet. The largest pit houses the commercial Fish Eye Marine Park tourist attraction, which includes a wooden pier to a underwater observatory and a Seawalker tour of the lagoon bottom. It is visited by more than 200,000 people annually. The Piti preserve is the most ecologically diverse of Guam's five marine preserves. The pit around Fish Eye is a popular snorkeling and recreational diving site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asan, Guam</span> Census-designated place in Guam, United States

Asan is a community and census-designated place (CDP) along the western coast of the U.S. territory of Guam. Asan, along with Maina and Nimitz Hill Annex, are the three communities in the village of Asan-Maina. It is known for being the location of northern invasion beach used by the United States during the retaking of Guam in 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pago Bay</span> Body of water

Pago Bay is the largest bay on the U.S. territory of Guam, located at the mouth of Pago River on the island's eastern coast. There is extensive evidence of CHamoru settlement before Spanish colonization during the late seventeenth century. During the Spanish-Chamorro Wars, the Spanish transferred the populations of Tinian and Aguigan to the village of Pago. However, a smallpox epidemic in 1856 killed much of the village's population and the Spanish moved survivors to other villages, leaving the bay shoreline largely uninhabited. The bay is popular with fishermen and recreationalists, and was the site of new housing development in the 2000s.

An epidemic of smallpox in 1856 on the west Pacific island of Guam, then under the control of Spain, resulted in the death of over half of the population, or about 4,500 people. The population collapse led Spanish authorities to transfer the population of Pago to Hagåtña, ending a settlement dating back before colonization. It also led the Governor of the Spanish Mariana Islands to encourage immigration to Guam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Mariana Islands</span> Latter-day Saints in the Mariana Islands

The Mariana Islands consist of two jurisdictions of the United States: the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and, at the southern end of the chain, the territory of Guam. As of December 31, 2021, the LDS Church reported 2,534 members in one stake, five congregations, one mission, and one temple in Guam. There are 897 members in a ward in the Northern Mariana Islands. There are two family history centers, one in Guam and one at the Saipan Ward building in the Northern Mariana Islands.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ada, Shannon (September 18, 2020). "Guam Liberation Day". Guampedia. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 Clement, Michael R. Jr.; Auyong, Marie Ada (February 18, 2020). "Apra Harbor". Guampedia. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  3. ↑ Williams, Dana M. (December 12, 2016). "'American Shame' describes Guam's wartime occupation". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  4. 1 2 Palomo, Tony. "Rising Sun dawns on Guam". War in the Pacific NHP. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  5. 1 2 "A Guide to the War in the Pacific: The First Year". National Park Service. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  6. ↑ Higuchi, Wakako (October 15, 2019). "Japanese Occupation of Guam". Guampedia. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  7. ↑ "Explore Guam: Guam's Liberation Day". Pacific Daily News. July 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  8. ↑ Diego, Patricia Long; Leon-Guerrero, Jillette (March 5, 2021). "Agueda Iglesias Johnston". Guampedia. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Williams, Dana; Weiss, Jasmine Stole (July 24, 2019). "For generations, Liberation carnival has been filled with controversy and happy memories". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Liberation Day Queen Contest". Guampedia. September 16, 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Sablan, Jerick (July 13, 2020). "Liberation queens a long tradition for Liberation Day celebrations". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams, Dana (July 13, 2020). "'Gigantic parade' has long been the centerpiece of Liberation celebration". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  13. ↑ Williams, Dana (July 15, 2020). "Liberation Parade marshals: War heroes, political figures, honored survivors". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  14. 1 2 Williams, Dana (July 15, 2020). "Liberation Parade marshals: War heroes, political figures, honored survivors". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  15. ↑ "Governor signs executive order rededicating Marine Corps Drive". The Office of Senator Robert Klitzkie, The 28th Guam Legislature. April 13, 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "US B-52 bomber crashes off Guam, 6 crew missing". Reuters. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  17. ↑ Bahret, Brian (July 21, 2009). "Guam Airmen honor fallen aircrew with memorial". U.S. Air Force. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  18. ↑ Walker, Lannie (July 18, 2019). "Grand marshals for Liberation Day parade announced". The Guam Daily Post. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  19. ↑ Gilbert, Haidee Eugenio (July 18, 2019). "This year's Liberation Day Parade will be bigger than ever with nearly 80 parade entries". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  20. ↑ "75th Guam Liberation Day commemorations, celebrations lined up". The Guam Daily Post. April 18, 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Sablan, Jerick (May 19, 2020). "Liberation events canceled, possible virtual celebrations instead". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  22. ↑ Williams, Dana (July 19, 2020). "From battlefields to memorials: Take your own tour through history on Liberation Day". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "PBS GUAM's 76th Liberation Day Coverage". PBS Guam. July 15, 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  24. ↑ Aguon, Isaiah (27 January 2021). "Guam Guard sets up COVID-19 vaccination clinic at UOG". PNC News First. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  25. ↑ Tano, Kevin (July 14, 2018). "Many villages won't have Liberation Day Parade floats". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  26. ↑ Oldroyd, Kevin (February 12, 2019). "Guam's Liberation Day Carnival Sparks Debate over Gambling Laws". GamblingSites.ORG. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  27. ↑ Gilbert, Haidee Eugenio (April 3, 2019). "No-cash games at Liberation carnival proposed, 3 new memorials added". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Updated schedule of Guam Liberation memorials, ceremonies". Pacific Daily News. July 13, 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  29. ↑ "RAIDR 21 Memorial". Pacific Daily News. July 21, 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
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