List of cat body-type mutations

Last updated August 16, 2024

Cats, like all living organisms, occasionally have mutations that affect their body type. Sometimes, these mutations are striking enough that humans select for and perpetuate them. However, in relatively small or isolated feral cat populations the mutations can also spread without human intervention, for example on islands. Cat breeders exploit the naturally occurring mutations by selectively breeding them in a small gene pool, resulting in the creation of new cat breeds with unusual physical characteristics.^[1] The term designer cat is often used to refer to these cat breeds.^[1] This is not always in the best interests of the cat, as many of these mutations are harmful; some are even lethal in their homozygous form. To protect the animal’s welfare it is illegal in several countries or states to breed with parent cats that bear certain of these hypertype mutations.

Tail types

A Manx cat Manx cat by Karen Weaver.jpg — A Manx cat

Jb: Japanese Bobtail gene (autosomal dominant). Cats homozygous and heterozygous for this gene display shortened and kinked tails. Cats homozygous for the gene tend to have shorter, more kinked tails.^[2] This can be distinguished phenotypically from the Manx cat mutation by the presence of kinking in the tail, often forming what looks like a knot at the distal end of the tail. Unlike the Manx tailless gene, there are no associated skeletal disorders and the gene is not associated with lethality.^[2]
M: Manx tailless gene (autosomal dominant with high penetrance). Cats with the homozygous genotype (MM) die before birth, and stillborn kittens show gross abnormalities of the central nervous system.^[3] Cats with the heterozygous genotype (Mm) show severely shortened tail length, ranging from taillessness to a partial, stumpy tail.^[3] Some Manx cats die before 12 months old and exhibit skeletal and organ defects. Because it was discovered in naturally occurring populations of cats, the Manx gene could confer some kind of selective advantage to the cats, or it may simply be an example of the founder effect. The trait also occurred and died out in Cornwall (peninsular England),^{[ citation needed ]} but persisted in the Isle of Man population where inbreeding was very common due to isolation.^[3] Shortened tails, most of which are indistinguishable from the Japanese Bobtail or the variably expressed Manx mutation, may occur sporadically in any cat breed or mixed-breed population. However, some may be novel mutations that have not been investigated. There are multiple types of curly-tailed cats whose tails loop over the back or form tight corkscrews. One such mutation has been developed into the American Ringtail, but others have been regarded as curiosities and not perpetuated. The gene(s) responsible have not been fully investigated. However, a research study is under way at UC Davis under the guidance of Leslie A. Lyons, currently at the University of Missouri.^[4]^[5]

Dwarfism

Mk: Munchkin or dwarf cat gene (dominant). Cats heterozygous for this gene (Mkmk) have shortened and thickened legs, because this gene causes dwarfism in cats. Cats with this mutation have lived naturally in feral populations worldwide. However, cats with this gene are also the basis for several intentionally selected breeds of dwarf cat. The Munchkin is the first created dwarf cat breed, which was used as a foundation stock for other “spin-off” breeds, such as the Minskin, Minuet or Napoleon,^[1] Bambino,^[1] Lambkin Dwarf,^[1] Kinkalow,^[1] Skookum,^[1] Genetta, and Scottish Kilt. The homozygous form (MkMk) may be lethal as litter sizes are smaller than average. Unlike undersized cats of normal proportions (such as Toy and Teacup Persians),^[6] dwarf cats suffer from a genetic mutation called pseudoachondroplasia (dwarfism without enlarged heads), a type of osteochondrodysplasia (bone and cartilage disorder). These genetic disorders of bone and cartilage are typically manifested as abnormal bone shape, poor growth or lack of growth, bowing of the limbs to the side – front legs are more likely to be affected, and spinal malformations. The disorder leaves the cat with a full-size body, but disproportionately short and thick legs. Dwarf cats often suffer from spinal disorders, such as lordosis (excessive curvature of the spine) and pectus excavatum (hollowed chest).^[7] As with human dwarfism, there are still a lot of unknown mysteries in the science behind feline dwarfism. It is found that achondroplasia in humans is the result of the FGFR3 gene.

Paws

Sh: Split Foot gene (Syndactyly). A dominant gene that reduces the number of toes resulting in a "lobster-claw" appearance. This is considered an undesirable mutation.
Polydactyly: There are probably many genes, both dominant and recessive, that cause polydactyly in cats. Most cases of polydactyly in cats are perfectly harmless.
Pd: Thumb-cat polydactyly gene. The Pd gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance) causes the benign, pre-axial form of polydactyly where one or more extra toes occur near the dew claw. Often, the dew claw is converted into a thumb. There are occasional problems, such as fused claws or claws facing in the wrong direction, but, generally, this form of polydactyly is harmless. On the other hand, the "hamburger-feet" polydactyly gene is associated with the gene for radial hypoplasia (RH).^[8] The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals discourages deliberate breeding of these cats for two reasons, first that it falls under hypertyping (intentional breeding of extreme characteristics), and secondly that the position of the legs is abnormal.^[9] In a scandal in the late 1990s, an experimental breeder in Texas tried to perpetuate this deformity as the "Twisty Cat" breed.^[8] Mild RH can cause the post-axial form of polydactyly – enlarged paws, extra three-jointed toes on the outer, little-toe side of the paws, and no thumb.^[8] X-rays can determine the structure of the extra toes and whether the cat has the gene for RH. Cats with the gene for RH should never be bred.^{[ citation needed ]} Cats with severe RH have unusually short front legs.^[8] They move like a ferret and they tend to sit like a squirrel or kangaroo and are colloquially known as squittens.^[8] In some RH cats, the forelegs are twisted with the long bones either severely shortened or absent.^[8] All polydactyl cats are banned from German cat shows, possibly because of confusion with the impairing form of polydactyly associated with RH.^{[ citation needed ]} Polydactyl cats are relatively common in southwest Britain, Norway, Sweden, and the eastern coast of the United States and Canada, and some parts of Asia.^{[ citation needed ]} Sailors thought they were lucky.^{[ citation needed ]} Various folktales and dubious assumptions about polydactyl cats include that they are superior rodent hunters, that they have better balance on ships in stormy weather, that their paws are natural snowshoes, and that the opposable thumbs (in the thumb-cat form of polydactyly) give them a survival advantage.^{[ citation needed ]} Ernest Hemingway collected polydactyl cats, and the descendants of his pets may still be found at the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West.^{[ citation needed ]}

Ear types

Cu: American Curl gene (dominant). Cats with this gene have ears that start out normal, but gradually curl backwards. So far, no major harmful defects have been associated with this gene, however, due to the more exposed inner ear regular cleaning is required to prevent infection. Curled ears have also been observed in free-roaming cats in the Greek islands and in a cat in Australia.
Australian Curl: a curl-eared mutation occurred in a female stray cat in Australia, but was not inherited by her offspring. When the original cat became ill, necessitating spaying, it was impossible to test-mate her sons back to her to identify a possibly recessive curled-ear mutation. ^{[ citation needed ]}
Fd: Scottish Fold gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance). Cats with this gene have ears that curl forward. There are different degrees of folding, and more genes may be involved in the expression of the Fd gene. This gene is associated with bone and cartilage defects such as thickened tail and swollen feet. The homozygous form (FdFd) causes severe osteochondrodysplasia. Because of this, many breeders only breed folds to non-folds (straights) to avoid homozygous folds. However, heterozygous folds may also develop osteochondrodysplasia of lesser severity.
Sumxu or Chinese Lop-Eared Cat: extinct Chinese Lop-eared cat breed reported between 1700 and 1938 around Peking, most descriptions are based on a specimen in a German museum. The mode of inheritance of its pendulous ears is not known (the name Sumxu results from mistranslations and actually refers to a variety of marten).
Four ears: a recessive mutation that produced four pinnae or ear flaps (the additional pinnae did not lead to additional ear canals and organs of hearing). In a group of four-eared cats studied in 1957, in addition to duplicated ears, the eyes were reduced in size, the jaw was slightly undershot and the cats were relatively inactive and lethargic. Researchers believed that the functioning of the brain was affected. Breeding data indicated it was most often lethal with kittens dying in utero. The majority of recently reported four-eared cats have been healthy with various ear configurations suggesting other genes were involved or developmental abnormalities rather than hereditary factors.^[10]
Rounded ears: a rounded ears mutation occurred in a cat in Italy and is being assessed for breed potential. A similar mutation occurred among free-roaming cats in Texas, but died out. The ears have a rounded, rather than pointed, shape. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Hairlessness

Sphynx cat: a breed of cat known for its lack of fur. Hairlessness in cats is a naturally occurring genetic mutation and the Sphynx was developed through selective breeding starting in the 1960s.^[11] This characteristic hairlessness is caused by a recessive mutation in the keratin 71 gene. Recently crossed experimental hairless cat breeds related to the Sphynx are the Bambino, Dwelf and Elf, which all bear the same hairless genetic mutation.
Donskoy: or Don Sphynx, is another hairless cat but is not related to the Sphynx, and its hairlessness is caused by a dominant instead of recessive mutation.^[12] The Peterbald is related to the Donskoy and bears the same dominant hairless mutation.

Miniature-sized

A germ-cell mutation occurred in a male Persian cat called Treker in 1995, resulting in diminutive, but healthy and normally-proportioned, offspring. Treker and the females with which he was mated were normally sized, but 75% of the kittens sired by Treker inherited diminutive stature, but of normal proportions. The gene was found to be dominant and the diminutive offspring were sold as teacup or toy Persians. Toy and Teacup Persians are a separate breed and not all cats advertised under those names result from Treker's dominant mutation. Most teacup and toy size Persian kittens raised now are descendants from Silver and Golden color division to reduce cat size and are in no way related to Treker.^[13]

Breeding ethics and ban of designer cats

Many of the major cat registries do not allow the registry and breeding of cat breeds which bear certain of these genetic mutations, nor recognise them, due to concerns about the animal’s welfare.

Breeding with parent animals that bear hypertype mutations is effectively banned in Europe under the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals:^[14]

Any person who selects a pet animal for breeding shall be responsible for having regard to the anatomical, physiological and behavioural characteristics which are likely to put at risk the health and welfare of either the offspring or the female parent.
— Chapter II Article 5

Since 2014, it is illegal in the Netherlands to breed with parent cats which bear genetic mutations or other physical abnormalities that cause health or welfare issues in their offspring.^[15]^[16] Examples of these genetic mutations and physical abnormalities are dwarfism, the lack of protecting fur in hairless cats, and fold-eared cats.

Furthermore, several countries or states have prohibited breeding with certain of the genetic mutations in cats, including Scotland,^[17]^[18] Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (Australia),^[19]^[20] Austria,^[21]^[22] and Flanders (Belgium).^[23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selkirk Rex</span> Breed of cat

The Selkirk Rex is a breed of cat with highly curled hair.

The Sphynx cat also known as the Canadian Sphynx, is a breed of cat known for its lack of fur. Hairlessness in cats is a naturally occurring genetic mutation, and the Sphynx was developed through selective breeding of these animals, starting in the 1960s.

The Maine Coon is a large domesticated cat breed. One of the oldest natural breeds in North America, the breed originated in the U.S. state of Maine, where it is the official state cat.

The American Curl is a cat characterised by its unusual ears, which curl back from the face toward the center of the back of the skull. The breed originated in Lakewood, California, due to a spontaneous mutation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manx cat</span> Breed of cat

The Manx cat is a breed of domestic cat originating on the Isle of Man, with a mutation that shortens the tail. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the Cymric.

The Scottish Fold is a distinctive breed of domestic cat characterised by a natural dominant gene mutation associated with osteochondrodysplasia. This genetic anomaly affects cartilage throughout the body, causing the ears to "fold", bending forward and down towards the front of the head. While this trait contributes to the breed's unique appearance, often described as "owl-like", it has negative effects on the cats' welfare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Munchkin cat</span> Breed of cat

The Munchkin is a breed of cat characterized by its very short legs, which are caused by genetic mutation. Compared to many other cat breeds, it is a relatively new breed, documented since 1940s and officially recognized in 1991. The Munchkin is considered to be the original breed of dwarf cat.

The Devon Rex is a tall-eared, short-haired breed of cat that emerged in England during the late 1950s. The breed is known for its atypical appearance, with an oddly shaped head, large eyes, and the short and wavy coat.

Cat coat genetics determine the coloration, pattern, length, and texture of feline fur. The variations among cat coats are physical properties and should not be confused with cat breeds. A cat may display the coat of a certain breed without actually being that breed. For example, a Neva Masquerade could wear point coloration, the stereotypical coat of a Siamese.

The Donskoy cat, also known as Don Sphynx or Russian Hairless, is a hairless cat breed of Russian origin. It is not related to the better-known Sphynx cat whose characteristic hairlessness is caused by a recessive mutation in the keratin 71 gene. The Donskoy's hairlessness, on the other hand, is caused by a dominant mutation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Squitten</span> Cat with a genetic deformity

A squitten is a cat with a genetic deformity which causes a partial formation or complete absence of the radius bone making it resemble a squirrel. These cats should be kept indoors and seen to by specialist veterinarians, as long term management of the condition is essential for quality of life in these cats. It is an example of a cat body type genetic mutation. The word is a portmanteau of squirrel and kitten.

The rex mutation is a genetic variation in mammals that results in soft curly fur. These effects are due to changes in the structure of groups of hairs and cross-section of individual hairs. The rexed coats are unusual but occur in cats, rats, rabbits, horses, and dogs. The mutations, infrequent and spontaneous, occur in a variety of genes and genetic regulatory structures. The diversity of genetic factors results in variable coat thickness/density and fur length. A similar mutation can affect the feathers of birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peterbald</span> Breed of cat

The Peterbald is a hairless cat breed of Russian origin. It was created in St. Petersburg in 1994 from an experimental cross of a Don Sphynx and an Oriental Shorthair. They have an Oriental build with a dominant hair-losing gene. The breed was accepted for Championship status in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydactyl cat</span> Cats with genetic anomaly that causes extra toes

A polydactyl cat is a cat with a congenital physical anomaly called polydactyly, which causes the cat to be born with more than the usual number of toes on one or more of its paws. Cats with this genetically inherited trait are most commonly found along the East Coast of North America and in South West England and Wales.

A dwarf cat is a domestic cat with dwarfism due to rare genetic mutations causing a disproportionate feline body and significant health problems. Unlike undersized cats of normal proportions, dwarf cats suffer from the genetic mutations osteochondrodysplasia and achondroplasia. These genetic disorders of bone and cartilage are typically manifested as abnormal bone shape, poor growth or lack of growth, bowing of the limbs to the side – front legs are more likely to be affected, and spinal malformations.

The Ukrainian Levkoy is a cat breed with inward-folding ears and little to no hair. The cats are of medium size with a longish body, appearing both muscular and slender. They have soft, elastic skin; an excess of which leads to a wrinkled appearance. The breed is not recognized by any major, international cat fancier and breeder organizations, only Ukrainian and Russian clubs.

The Minskin is a breed of cat derived from intentional cross-breeding between the Munchkin and Burmese cat breeds, with the addition of Sphynx and Devon Rex. It is a mostly-hairless breed of cat

The Lykoi is a breed of cat derived from a natural mutation causing a form of hypotrichia found in domestic short-haired cats. The mutation has occurred in domestic cats over the last 20 years. DNA testing has been done by UC Davis to confirm that the cats do not carry the Sphynx/Devon Rex gene. The breed was developed by Brittney Gobble in Vonore, Tennessee.

The Foldex cat, also known as the Exotic Fold, is a breed of cat developed in the Canadian province of Quebec. The breed is recognized by one cat registry, the Canadian Cat Association. The foundation stock of the breed is the Scottish Fold and the Exotic Shorthair. Foldexes are medium-sized cats with a rounded face, short legs, and folded ears. The latter are the defining feature of the breed. Their eyes are well-rounded and wide open, with pair of ears with small and smooth-edged tips. They are described as intelligent and sweet. They were first registered as New Breed by the Canadian Cat Association in 2006 and then finally granted the Championship status in 2010.

References

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1 2 Xu, Xiao; Sun, Xin; Hu, Xue-Song; Zhuang, Yan; Liu, Yue-Chen; Meng, Hao; Miao, Lin; Yu, He; Luo, Shu-Jin (2016-08-25). "Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies a Missense Mutation in HES7 Associated with Short Tails in Asian Domestic Cats". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 31583. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631583X. doi: 10.1038/srep31583 . ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4997960 . PMID 27560986.
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↑ "Feline Genome Project". felinegenetics.missouri.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
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↑ "DWARF, MIDGET AND MINIATURE CATS (TEACUP CATS)" . Retrieved 30 October 2014.
↑ Wedderburn, Pete (October 2008). "Cat breeds–Trophies with hidden problems". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 49 (10): i–xxviii. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00680.x – via BSAVA Companion.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Hartwell, Sarah. "TWISTY CATS - THE ETHICS OF BREEDING FOR DEFORMITY". Messy Beast. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
↑ "Resolution on the breeding of pet animals". Council of Europe. 10 March 1995. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
↑ Little, C. C. (March–April 1957). "Four-Ears, a Recessive Mutation in the Cat". Journal of Heredity. XLVIII (2): 57. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106682.
↑ "The Sphynx". The Cat Fanciers' Association. Retrieved 27 October 2020. In 1966 a domestic cat gave birth to a hairless kitten in Toronto Canada. It was discovered to be a natural genetic mutation and the Sphynx cat, as we know it today, came into existence.
- Kirstin Fawcett (15 May 2015). "11 Not-So-Fluffy Facts About Sphynx Cats". Mental Floss. Retrieved 27 October 2020. But the modern-day Canadian Sphynx—the hairless breed we know in North America—has been defying expectations since the mid-1960s, when an Ontario cat gave birth to a hairless kitten, the result of a natural genetic mutation. Then, in the mid-1970s, two separate sets of hairless kittens were born to owners in Toronto and Minnesota. Thanks to various breeding efforts, their lineages resulted in the affectionate animal we love today.
↑ "'World's scariest' feline steals the show at cat exhibition". Metro. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2019-04-24. Donskoys, whose baldness is caused as a result of a dominant mutant gene, were first discovered in Russia in 1987. They are often mistaken for the Canadian Don Sphynx breed whose characteristic hairlessness is caused by a recessive gene.
↑ Hartwell, Sarah. "DWARF, MIDGET AND MINIATURE CATS - PUREBREDS (INCLUDING "TEACUP CATS")". messybeast.com. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
↑ "European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals (ETS No. 125)". European Committee on Legal Co-operation. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
↑ Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) (2022-10-31). "Fokken met katten - Honden en katten". www.nvwa.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-04-01.
↑ Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) (2022-10-31). "Fokken met katten met schadelijke kenmerken of erfelijke ziektes - Nieuwsbericht - NVWA". www.nvwa.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-04-01.
↑ The Scottish Parliament (2018). "Question reference: S5W-15391". www.parliament.scot. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
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↑ Australian Capital Territory, Code of Practice for the Welfare of Cats in the ACT
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