List of governors of Bengal Presidency

Last updated

Governor of Bengal
Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
Star of India
Sir Frederick John Burrows.jpg
Last holder
Sir Frederick Burrows
19 February 1946 – 15 August 1947
Government of Bengal
Status Head of government
Member of Legislative Council
Residence Fort William (1834–1854)
Government House (1912–1947)
Seat Calcutta, Bengal
Appointer Monarch of the United Kingdom (1834–1876)
Emperor of India (1876–1947)
Term length Five years
PrecursorGovernor-General of Bengal
Inaugural holder Lord William Bentick
Formation15 November 1834
Final holder Sir Frederick Burrows
Abolished1 May 1854
(later re-established in 1912)
15 August 1947
DeputyDeputy Governor (1836–1854)

The Governor of Bengal was the head of the executive government of the Bengal Presidency from 1834 to 1854 and again from 1912 to 1947. [1] [2] The office was initially established on 15 November 1834 as the "Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal" and was later abolished on 1 May 1854 and the responsibility of the government of the Presidency was vested in the two Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Bengal. [lower-alpha 1] On 1 April 1912 the office of Governor of Bengal was restored and lasted till the Partition of India in 1947 and was replaced by the office of the Governor of West Bengal in West Bengal.

Contents

The history of the office of the Governor of Bengal dates back to 1644, when Gabriel Boughton procured privileges for the East India Company which permitted them to build a factory at Hughli, without fortifications. Various chief agents, governors and presidents were appointed to look after company affairs in the Bay of Bengal. In 1773, Warren Hastings was appointed as the first Governor General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal following the enactment of the East India Company Act of 1772. [3]

In 1833, the first Government of India Act was passed enacting that the three presidencies of Fort William in Bengal, Bombay and Madras along with a new "Presidency of Agra", were to be a part of a new "India", and the new office of Governor-General of India along with the Government of India was established. The Governor of Bengal served as the Governor-General of India in addition to his own office. [4]

This setup lasted until the enactment of the Government of India Act 1853, following which, the office of the Governor of Bengal was abolished. From this point onwards the Presidency of Fort William existed only as a nominal administrative division without a government or a head of government. Rather it was made up of two separate lieutenant governorships with separate governments under the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. North-Western Provinces were later separated from the Presidency and united with the Oudh Province, leaving only the Bengal Division. This setup was abolished in 1912 after a proclamation by King-Emperor George V was made in 1911 re-establishing the office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. [5]

In 1947, India was partitioned and the new province of West Bengal was formed following the second partition of Bengal. C. Rajagopalachari was appointed as the first Governor of West Bengal. When the constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950, the office of Governor of West Bengal become a ceremonial position.

In 1932 the position came with an annual salary of approximately £114,000 (equivalent to £8,241,000in 2021), a sumptuary allowance of £25,000 (equivalent to £1,807,000in 2021) and a grant of £100,000 (equivalent to £7,229,000in 2021) to cover his staff's wages. [6] In addition to his personal staff he had 120 servants, a seventy-man mounted bodyguard, and a brass band. There were cars, two special trains, a yacht and a house boat. [7]

Precursors (1650–1773)

In 1644 Gabriel Boughton, procured privileges for the East India Company which permitted them to build a factory at Hughli, without fortifications. In 1650, the factories of Balasor and Hughli were united. On 14 December 1650, James Bridgman was appointed as the chief of the factories. However, in 1653, Bridgman left suddenly and Powle Waldegrave assumed his charge.

On 27 February 1657, the company resolved its holdings into four agencies: Fort St. George, Bantam, Persia, and Hughli. George Gawton was appointed as the Agent of Hughly. Additional three factories in Ballasore, Cassambazar and Pattana were put under the Hughly agency. In 1658, Johnathan Trevisa was appointed as the second to Gawton and was meant to succeed him after the latter's death. On 6 February 1661, the company reduced the Hughly agency under the Fort St. George, and then agent Trevisa was made the "Chief of Factories in the Bay of Bengal".

On 24 November 1681, William Hedges was appointed as the "Agent and Governor for the affairs of the East India Company in the Bay of Bengal". On 21 December 1684, William Gyfford who was the President and Governor of Fort St. George was given the additional charge of Bengal due to increasing mismanagement. John Beard was appointed as the "Agent and Chief in the Bay of Bengal" and become the subordinate to Gifford.

On 20 December 1699, the Court of Directors (London East India Company) appointed then Agent Charles Eyre was made the " President and Governor of Fort William, in Bengal". The President or Chief in the Bay of Bengal for the English East India Company was Sir Edward Littleton in whose commission and instructions, dated 12 January 1698, it was also stated that power had been obtained from his Majesty to constitute him the "Minister or Consul for the English Nation" with all powers requisite thereunto. Littleton was later deposed by the Court of Directors in 1703.

The union of the two East India Companies took place on 23 July 1702. For united trade in Bengal, a Council was appointed, of which Nathaniel Halsey and Robert Hedges were to take chair each in their week alternatively as per the dispatch from United Company on 26 February 1702. In a dispatch of 12 February 1704, it was ordered that if Beard shall die, no one will be appointed as President to succeed him. After the departure of John Beard to Madras, Ralph Sheldon assumed the position of Chief of Council, and his appointment was confirmed in a dispatch of 7 February 1706.

On 30 December 1709, Anthony Weldon was appointed as the "President in the Bay, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Fort William, in Bengal" for the United East India Company. His appointment was later revoked and was supposed to be succeeded by Sheldon. Since Sheldon had died by the time dispatch arrived in Bengal, John Russell was ordered to succeed as the Governor. By a letter of 8 May 1771, the Court appointed Warren Hastings to be Governor of Bengal.

NamePortraitTook officeLeft officeRemarksAppointer
Chief of the factories of Balasore and Hughli East India
Company

Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg
James Bridgman14 December 16501653
Powle Waldegrave16531657
Agent of Hughly Agency
George Gawton27 February 165711 September 1658
John Trevisa11 September 16586 February 1661
Chief of Factories in the Bay of Bengal
John Trevisa6 February 166131 January 1662
William Blake31 January 166224 January 1668
Shem Bridges24 January 16687 December 1669
Henry Powell7 December 1669?
Walter Clavell ~June 16727 August 1677Died in office
Mathias Vincent 7 September 1677~July 1682

(position superseded)

Deposed in July 1682
Agent and Governor

for the affairs of the East India Company

in the Bay of Bengal

Sir William Hedges 24 November 1681~ August 1684Deposed in August 1864
Agent and Chief in the Bay of Bengal
John Beard 21 December 168328 August 1685Died in office
Job Charnock ~ April 168610 January 1693Died in office
Francis Ellis 10 January 1693January 1694
Charles Eyre 25 January 16941 February 1699Left for England in 1699
John Beard1 February 169920 December 1699

(position superseded)

Second to Eyre
President and Governor of Fort William, in Bengal
Sir Charles Eyre 20 December 16997 January 1701Left on account of health issues
John Beard7 January 17017 July 1705Died in Office
President in the Bay, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief for Fort William, in Bengal
Anthony Weldon30 December 17094 March 1711Appointment revoked by the Court of Directors

Resigned in March 1711

John Rusell 4 March 17113 December 1713Dismissed by the Court
Robert Hedges 3 December 171328 December 1717died in office
Samuel Feake 12 January 171817 January 1723Left for England due to illness
John Deane 17 January 172330 January 1726Returned to England
Henry Frankland 30 January 172625 February 1732Returned to Europe
John Stackhouse 25 February 173229 January 1739Resigned
Thomas Broddyll 29 January 17394 Feb 1746Left for England
John Forster 4 Feb 1746March 1748Died in office
William Barewell 18 April 17481749Dismissed by the Court
Adam Dawson 17 July 17491752Dismissed by the Court
William Fycthe Thomas Hudson (attributed) - Portrait of William Fytche of Bengal 1752.jpg 5 July 17528 August 1752Died in Office
Roger Drake 8 August 175220 June 1758Deposed by the Court
Col. Robert Clive Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg 27 June 175823 January 1760Resigned
John Zephaniah Holwell John Zephaniah Holwell.jpg 28 January 176027 July 1760Handed over to Vansittart who was appointed on

23 November 1759 to the office

Henry Vansittart Henry Vansittart.jpg 27 July 176026 November 1764Returned to England
John Spencer3 December 17643 May 1765
The Lord Clive Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive by Nathaniel Dance, (later Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, Bt).jpg 3 May 176520 January 1767Returned to England
Harry Verelst 29 January 176724 December 1769Retired from the service
John Cartier 26 December 176913 April 1772
Warren Hastings Warren Hastings by Joshua Reynolds.jpg 13 April 177220 October 1773

(office superseded)

Appointed as the Governor-General of Fort William

in Bengal in 1774

List of Governor-Generals

Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1773–1833)

The Regulating Act of 1773 replaced the office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal with Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal was restored in 1833.

PortraitNameTermAppointer
Warren Hastings greyscale.jpg Warren Hastings [nb 1] 20 October
1773
8 February
1785
East India Company
Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg
(1773–1858)
Captain John Macpherson (1726 - 1792) by anonymous (circa 1772-1792).jpg John Macpherson
(acting)
8 February
1785
12 September
1786
Lord Cornwallis.jpg The Marquess Cornwallis [nb 2] 12 September
1786
28 October
1793
JohnShore.jpg John Shore 28 October
1793
18 March
1798
Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg Alured Clarke
(acting)
18 March
1798
18 May
1798
Richard Wellesley 2.JPG The Earl of Mornington [nb 3] 18 May
1798
30 July
1805
Lord Cornwallis.jpg The Marquess Cornwallis 30 July
1805
5 October
1805
Sir George Barlow, 1st Bt from NPG crop.jpg Sir George Barlow, Bt
(acting)
10 October
1805
31 July
1807
Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg The Lord Minto 31 July
1807
4 October
1813
Francis, 1st Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira).jpg The Marquess of Hastings [nb 4] 4 October
1813
9 January
1823
John Adam governor general of India.jpg John Adam
(acting)
9 January
1823
1 August
1823
Sir Thomas Lawrence - Lord Amherst - Google Art Project.jpg The Lord Amherst [nb 5] 1 August
1823
13 March
1828
William Butterworth Bayley, governor general of India.png William Butterworth Bayley
(acting)
13 March
1828
4 July
1828

List of Governors

1834–1854 – Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal

By an Act of 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. lxxxv. Section lvi), it was enacted " that the Executive Government of each of the several Presidencies of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St. George, Bombay, and Agra shall be administered by a Governor and three Councilors, to be styled the Governor-in-Council of the said Presidencies of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St. George, Bombay, and Agra respectively, and that the Governor General of India for the time being shall be Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. From this time the Governors General of India held also the separate office of Governor of Bengal, until the year 1854. [4] Under the Charter Act 1853 the Governor General of India was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of Bengal and empowered to appoint a lieutenant-governor from 1854.

Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal

(ex-officio Governor-General of India, 1834-1854)

No.Name

(birth–death)

PortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointer
1 The Lord William Bentick

(1774–1839)

Bentinck william.png 15 November 1834

(1833)

20 March 1835 East India
Company

Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg
Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt, ICS [8]

(acting)

(1785–1846)

Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg 20 March 18354 March 1836
2 The Lord Auckland (1784–1849) George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.png 4 March 183628 February 1842
3 The Lord Ellenborough (1790–1871) 1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg 28 February 1842June 1844
William Wilberforce Bird, ICS [8]

(acting)

(1784–1857)

William Wilberforce Bird.jpg June 184423 July 1844
4 Sir Henry Hardinge (1785–1856) Henryhardinge.jpg 23 July 184412 January 1848
5 The Earl of Dalhousie (1812–1860) Dalhousie.jpg 12 January 18481 May 1854

(28 February 1856)

1912–1935 – Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal

On 12 December 1911 at the Delhi Durbar, Emperor George V announced the transfer of the seat of the Government of India from Calcutta to Delhi and the reunification of the five predominantly Bengali-speaking divisions into a Presidency (or province) of Bengal under a Governor. On 1 April 1912 Thomas Gibson-Carmichael was appointed the Governor of Bengal. [9] Sir Frederick Burrows became the last Governor of Bengal followed by the Partition of India.

NamePortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointer
The Lord Carimichael Thomas Gibson-Carmichael.jpg 1 April 191226 March 1917 The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst
The Earl of Ronaldshay Lord Zetland.jpg 26 March 191728 March 1922 The Lord Chelmsford
The Earl of Lytton Lord Lytton 2nd.jpg 28 March 192228 March 1927 The Earl of Reading
Sir Francis Stanley Jackson Stanley Jackson MP.jpg 28 March 192728 March 1932 The Lord Irwin
Sir John Anderson John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley 1947.jpg 29 March 193230 May 1937 The Earl of Willingdon

1935–1947 – Governors of the Province of Bengal

NamePortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointer
The Lord Brabourne Study portrait of Lieutenant The Honourable Michael Knatchbull-Hugessen.jpg 30 May 193723 February 1939 The Marquess of Linlithgow
Sir John Arthur Herbert 1 July 19391 December 1943
The Lord Casey Richard Casey 1965.jpg 14 January 194419 February 1946 The Viscount Wavell
Sir Frederick John Burrows 19 February 194615 August 1947

Lieutenant-Governors

Lieutenant-Governors of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1854–1912)

Under the Government of India Act 1853 the Governor-General of India was relieved of his concurrent duties as Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal and a separate Governor was decided to be appointed. Until then a Lieutenant Governor was to be appointed. F. J. Halliday became the first Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. William Duke served as the last lieutenant governor after which the office was superseded by the restored office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal in 1912.

No.NamePortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointer
1 Frederick James Halliday Sir Frederick James Halliday.png 18541859 The Marquess of Dalhousie
2 John Peter Grant Sir John Peter Grant.png 18591862 The Earl Canning
3 Cecil Beadon Cecil Beadon.jpg 18621866
4 William Grey William Grey - Grant.jpg 18671870 Sir John Lawrence, Bt
5 George Campbell George Campbell.jpg 18701874 The Earl of Mayo
6 Sir Richard Temple Hart Richard Temple 1826-1902.jpg 18741877 The Lord Northbrook
7 Sir Ashley Eden Sir Ashley Eden.png 18771882
8 Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson.png 18821887 The Marquess of Ripon
9 Sir Steuart Colvin Bayley Sir Steuart Colvin Bayley.png 18871890 The Earl of Dufferin
10 Sir Charles Alfred Elliott 18901893 The Marquess of Lansdowne
11 Sir Anthony Patrick MacDonnell Antony MacDonnell.jpg 18931895
12 Sir Alexander Mackenzie Alexander Mackenzie Bengal.jpg 18951897 The Earl of Elgin
13 Sir Charles Cecil Stevens 18971898
14 Sir John Woodburn 18981902
15 James Dewar Bourdillon 19021903 The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
16 Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser Sir Andrew Fraser LCCN2014683484.jpg 19031906
17 Francis Slacke 19061908 The Earl of Minto
18 Sir Edward Norman Baker Edward Norman Baker.jpg 19081911
19 Frederick William Duke 19111912 The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst

Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1835–1878)

The Government of India Act of 1833 had intended that there be four presidencies comprising India – that of Fort William in Bengal, Bombay, Madras and Agra. The new Presidency of Agra was to be created from the Ceded and Conquered Provinces of the Bengal Presidency. However the presidency was never fully created. Instead a new Act of Parliament in 1835, dissolved the new presidency and established the lieutenant-governorship of North-Western Provinces within the Bengal Presidency. The lieutenant governorship was finally separated from the Bengal Presidency in 1878 and merged with the Oudh Province which had been a Chief Commissioner's Province under the direct supervision of the Indian Government till then and the office of the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal was abolished.

No.NamePortraitTook officeLeft officeAppointer
(Governor-General of India)
1 Sir C. T. Metcalfe Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg 1 June 18361 June 1838 The Earl of Auckland
2 T. C. Robertson Sin foto q.png 4 February 184031 December 1842
3 Sir G. R. Clerk Sin foto q.png 30 June 184322 December 1843 The Lord Ellenborough
4 James Thomason James Thomason.png 22 December 184310 October 1853
5 J. R. Colvin Hon. John Russell Colvin (1807-1857) - 697.jpg 7 November 18539 September 1857 The Earl of Dalhousie
6 Colonel H. Fraser Sin foto q.png 30 September 18579 February 1858 The Viscount Canning
7 Sir G. F. Edmonstone Sin foto q.png 19 January 185927 February 1863
8 The Hon. Edmund Drummond Sin foto q.png 7 March 186310 March 1868 The Earl of Elgin
9 Sir William Muir Sir William Muir by Charles McBride.jpg 10 March 18687 April 1874 Sir John Lawrence
10 Sir John Strachey John Strachey (civil servant) (cropped).jpg 7 April 187426 July 1876 The Lord Northbrook
11 Sir G. E. W. Couper G E W Couper.jpg 26 July 187615 February 1877 The Lord Lytton

Post-independence

In 1947, the British rule over India came to an end, and India was partitioned into two independent dominions of the Indian Union and Pakistan. Bengal Province was partitioned into the province of West Bengal in India, and province of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) in Pakistan. East Pakistan later become independent in 1971 as Bangladesh.

See also

Notes

  1. Originally joined on 28 April 1772
  2. Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.
  3. Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.
  4. Earl of Moira prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816
  5. Created Earl Amherst in 1826.
  1. (in full, the Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal and the Lieutenant Governor of the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal)

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References

  1. Danvers, F.C. (22 June 2016). Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors. Forgotten Books. pp. –6. ISBN   978-1332869954.
  2. "Government of India Act 1833". Act No. 38 of 28 August 1833. Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
  3. Danvers, F.C. (22 June 2016). Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors. Forgotten Books. pp. –6. ISBN   978-1332869954.
  4. 1 2 Danvers, F.C. (22 June 2016). Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors. Forgotten Books. p. 21. ISBN   978-1332869954.
  5. Danvers, F.C. (22 June 2016). Bengal: Its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors. Forgotten Books. pp. 21–22. ISBN   978-1332869954.
  6. Wheeler-Bennett 1962, pp. 178–179.
  7. Wheeler-Bennett 1962, pp. 148–149.
  8. 1 2 "Raj Bhavan Kolkata" (PDF).
  9. Appendix to the Journal of the House of the Representatives. p. 51. [25th June, 1912] WHEREAS His Majesty has been pleased to appoint a Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal as delimited by a Proclamation made by the Governor - General in Council, and dated the twenty second day of ...

Sources