Related Research Articles
To counterfeit means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real product. Counterfeit products are fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. The word counterfeit frequently describes both the forgeries of currency and documents as well as the imitations of items such as clothing, handbags, shoes, pharmaceuticals, automobile parts, unapproved aircraft parts, watches, electronics and electronic parts, software, works of art, toys, and movies.
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is an agency of the United States federal government responsible for developing and promoting American trade policy. Part of the Executive Office of the President, it is headed by the U.S. Trade Representative, a Cabinet-level position that serves as the U.S. President's primary advisor, negotiator, and spokesperson on trade matters. USTR has more than two hundred employees, with offices in Geneva, Switzerland, and Brussels, Belgium.
Palika Bazaar is an underground market located between the inner and outer circle of Connaught Place, Delhi, India. It is named after Palika Bazaar of Mumbai. Palika Bazaar hosts 380 numbered shops selling a diverse range of items; however, the market is dominated by electronic items and clothing. Palika Bazaar was set up in 1979, but since the 1990s it has seen a decline in customers.
Nehru Place is a large commercial centre in Delhi, India. Although its importance as a financial centre has declined in recent years, Nehru Place is still a prominent commercial area in South Delhi and houses the headquarters of several Indian firms and rivals with other financial centres in the metropolis like Connaught Place, Bhikaji Cama Place and Rajendra Place.
Pacific Mall is an Asian shopping mall in Markham, Ontario, Canada. It is the largest indoor Asian shopping mall in North America and has been reported as the largest Asian shopping mall in the Western world. The mall is located on the northeast corner of Steeles Avenue and Kennedy Road, along the city limits with Toronto. Opened in the mid-1990s amid a period of significant Chinese immigration to Canada, the mall operates as a condominium corporation with 450 individual units. The mall also includes Heritage Town, a food court and market that functions as a notable tourist destination in the Greater Toronto Area.
Lamington Road, officially Dr. Dadasaheb Bhadkamkar Marg, named after Lord Lamington, the Governor of Bombay between 1903 and 1907, is a busy thoroughfare near Grant Road station in South Mumbai. The official name of the road is rarely used. It is often called the "IT shop of Mumbai".
The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is a multilateral treaty for the purpose of establishing international standards for intellectual property rights enforcement that did not enter into force. The agreement aims to establish an international legal framework for targeting counterfeit goods, generic medicines and copyright infringement on the Internet, and would create a new governing body outside existing forums, such as the World Trade Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, and the United Nations.
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to produce derivative works. The copyright holder is usually the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.
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Counterfeit consumer goods—or counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items (CFSI)—are goods, often of inferior quality, made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner's authorization. The colloquial terms knockoff or dupe (duplicate) are often used interchangeably with counterfeit, although their legal meanings are not identical.
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AliExpress is an online retail service based in China and owned by the Alibaba Group. Launched in 2010, it is made up of small businesses in China and other locations, such as Singapore, that offer products to international online buyers. It is the most visited e-commerce website in Russia and was the 10th most popular website in Brazil. It facilitates small businesses to sell to customers all over the world. AliExpress has drawn comparison to eBay, as sellers are independent and use the platform to offer products to buyers.
A notorious market is a website or physical market where, according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), large-scale intellectual property infringement takes place. Officially termed Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy, the USTR has generated a yearly list of such notorious markets since 2006 with input from various industry groups.
PT Tokopedia is an Indonesian e-commerce company. Tokopedia is a subsidiary of a new holding company called GoTo, following a merger with Gojek on 17 May 2021. It is one of the most visited e-commerce platforms in Indonesia.
1337x is an online website that provides a directory of torrent files and magnet links used for peer-to-peer file sharing through the BitTorrent protocol. According to the TorrentFreak news blog, 1337x is the second-most popular torrent website as of 2024. The U.S. Trade Representative flagged it as one of the most notorious pirate sites earlier in 2024. The site and its variants have been blocked in a variety of nations including Australia, and Portugal.
Pinduoduo Inc. is a Chinese online retailer with a focus on the traditional agriculture industry. The business is the largest product of PDD Holdings, which also owns the online marketplace Temu.
123Movies, GoMovies, GoStream, MeMovies or 123movieshub was a network of file streaming websites operating from Vietnam which allowed users to watch films for free. It was called the world's "most popular illegal site" by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in March 2018, before being shut down a few weeks later on foot of a criminal investigation by the Vietnamese authorities. As of August 2024, websites imitating the brand remain active.
Z-Library is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic texts and general-interest books. It began as a mirror of Library Genesis, but has expanded dramatically.
References
- ↑ Deahl, Dani (June 21, 2019). "Popular audio ripping site Convert2MP3 shuts down after lawsuit". The Verge . Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Reports
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 "2022 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. January 31, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 "2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. February 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 "2020 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. January 14, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 "2019 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. April 29, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 "2018 Out of Cycle Review of Notorious Markets" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. April 25, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 "2017 Out of Cycle Review of Notorious Markets" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. January 11, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 "2016 Out of Cycle Review of Notorious Markets" (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative. December 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
This article incorporates public domain material from 2022 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved March 28, 2023.- This article incorporates public domain material from 2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- This article incorporates public domain material from 2020 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- This article incorporates public domain material from 2019 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- This article incorporates public domain material from 2018 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- This article incorporates public domain material from 2017 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- This article incorporates public domain material from 2016 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy (PDF). Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 12, 2021.
