This is a list of tone rows and series. For a list of unordered collections, see set (music), Forte number, list of set classes, and trope (music).
Row form | Integers | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Hexa- | Hexa- | Derivation/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P: | 0 1 2 e t 9 5 4 3 6 7 8 | 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 | Anton Webern: Op. 32, later row [1] | un- finished | 6-1 | 6-1 | — | |
I: | 0 e t 1 2 3 7 8 9 6 5 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 3 5 6 2 4 8 7 9 e t | 1 2 2 1 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Abraham & Isaac [2] [3] | 1963 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 e 9 7 6 t 8 4 5 3 1 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 3 6 7 9 8 t e 2 4 5 | 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 | Arnold Schoenberg: Serenade, op. 24, mov. 5 [4] | 1920–23 | 6-30 | 6-30 | derived: 3-3 | |
I: | 0 e 9 6 5 3 4 2 1 t 8 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 3 8 4 9 t 7 6 5 e 2 | 1 2 5 4 5 1 3 1 1 6 3 | Alban Berg: Kammerkonzert [5] | 1923–25 | 6-Z19 | 6-Z44 | cryptogram: | |
I: | 0 e 9 4 8 3 2 5 6 7 1 t | |||||||
P: | 0 1 3 9 2 e 4 t 7 8 5 6 | 1 2 6 5 3 5 6 3 1 3 1 | Arnold Schoenberg: Suite for Piano, op. 25 [6] [7] [8] [9] | 1921–23 | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 e 9 3 t 1 8 2 5 4 7 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 2 9 5 e 3 8 t 7 6 | 1 3 2 5 4 6 4 5 2 3 1 | Pohlman Mallalieu [10] [11] Robert Morris: | n.a. 1973 | 6-14 | 6-14 | all-interval, RT6-invariant | |
I: | 0 e 8 t 3 7 1 9 4 2 5 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 3 2 5 6 9 8 7 t e | 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 | Anton Webern: Variations for Orchestra, Op. 30 [12] [3] [13] | 1940 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 8 9 t 7 6 3 4 5 2 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 3 2 5 6 9 8 e t 7 | 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Pas de deux", "Four trios" [2] [14] | 1957 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 8 9 t 7 6 3 4 1 2 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 3 7 6 e 2 t 9 5 8 | 1 3 1 4 1 5 3 4 1 4 3 | Arnold Schoenberg: Die Jakobsleiter [15] | un- finished | 6-Z13 | 6-Z42 | — | |
I: | 0 e 8 9 5 6 1 t 2 3 7 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 5 8 7 6 3 2 7 e t | 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 5 4 1 | Walter Piston: Symphony No. 8 (first movement) [16] | 1965 | 6-Z19 | 6-Z44 | — | |
I: | 0 e 8 7 4 5 6 9 t 5 1 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 5 7 6 8 9 t e 2 3 | 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 | Roger Reynolds: Ambages [17] | 1965 | 6-5 | 6-5 | — | |
I: | 0 1 4 5 7 6 8 9 t e 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 6 8 t 5 7 9 e 2 3 | 1 3 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 3 1 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 3 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 e 8 6 4 2 7 5 3 1 t 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 4 9 5 8 3 t 2 e 6 7 | 1 3 5 4 3 5 5 4 3 5 1 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Twelve Instruments [3] [19] | 1948 | 6-20 | 6-20 | dyadic, tri-, tetra-, and hexa- chordal combina- toriality | |
I: | 0 e 8 3 7 4 9 2 t 1 6 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 5 2 6 t 3 8 9 4 7 e | 1 4 3 4 4 5 5 1 5 3 4 | Edison Denisov: Fünf Geschichten von Herrn Keuner [20] | 1966 | 6-Z43 | 6-Z17 | all-trichord | |
I: | 0 e 7 t 6 2 9 4 3 8 5 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 5 8 t 4 3 7 9 2 e 6 | 1 4 3 2 6 1 4 2 5 3 5 | Luigi Dallapiccola: Quaderno musicale di Annalibera [21] Variazioni per orchestra Canti di Liberazione [22] | 1952 1954 1951–55 | 6-31 | 6-31 | — | |
I: | 0 e 7 4 2 8 9 5 3 t 1 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 6 2 7 9 3 4 t e 5 8 | 1 5 4 5 2 6 1 6 1 6 3 | Arnold Schoenberg: Violin Concerto, op. 36 [23] | 1936 | 6-Z50 | 6-Z29 | — | |
I: | 0 e 6 t 5 3 9 8 2 1 7 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 6 2 t 9 4 7 3 8 e 5 | 1 5 4 4 1 5 3 4 5 3 6 | Arnold Schoenberg: A Survivor from Warsaw [24] [25] | 1947 | 6-15 | 6-15 | — | |
I: | 0 e 6 t 2 3 8 5 9 4 1 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 6 5 7 e 2 t 3 9 8 4 | 1 5 1 2 4 3 4 5 6 1 4 | Milton Babbitt: All Set [26] | 1957 | 6-7 | 6-7 | second-order combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 6 7 5 1 t 2 9 3 4 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 2 3 9 t 8 6 5 e 4 | 1 6 5 1 6 1 2 2 1 6 5 | Edison Denisov: Viola concerto [27] | 1986 | 6-Z41 | 6-Z12 | — | |
I: | 0 e 5 t 9 3 2 4 6 7 1 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 5 6 4 t 8 9 e 2 3 | 1 6 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 3 1 | Arnold Schoenberg: Moses und Aron [24] | un- finished | 6-5 | 6-5 | inversional | |
I: | 0 e 5 7 6 8 2 4 3 1 t 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 5 6 e 9 8 t 3 4 2 | 1 6 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 1 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Movements [2] | 1958–59 | 6-7 | 6-7 | — | |
I: | 0 e 5 7 6 1 3 4 2 9 8 t | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 6 8 9 3 2 4 5 e t | 1 6 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 6 1 | Alberto Ginastera: Don Rodrigo, Act I, op. 31 [28] | 1963–64 | 6-5 | 6-5 | — | |
I: | 0 e 5 6 4 3 9 t 8 7 1 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 9 8 6 3 t 2 5 e 4 | 1 6 2 1 2 3 5 4 3 6 5 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Plus-Minus [29] | 1963 (rev. 1974) | 6-5 | 6-5 | — | |
I: | 0 e 5 3 4 6 9 2 t 7 1 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 7 e 8 2 6 5 t 9 3 4 | 1 6 4 3 6 4 1 5 1 6 1 | Schoenberg: "Tot" ["Lifeless"], Drei Lieder , Op. 48 [30] | 1933 | 6-5 | 6-5 | — | |
I: | 0 e 5 1 4 t 6 7 2 3 9 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 8 e 7 3 2 5 4 t 9 6 | 1 5 3 4 4 1 3 1 6 1 3 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Zeitmaße [31] [32] | 1955–56 | 6-16 | 6-16 | — | |
I: | 0 e 4 1 5 9 t 7 8 2 3 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 9 e 3 2 6 7 t 8 4 5 | 1 4 2 4 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 | Anton Webern: Op. 32, row 1 [33] | un- finished | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 e 3 1 9 t 6 5 2 4 8 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 9 e 3 2 7 6 t 8 4 5 | 1 4 2 4 1 5 1 4 2 4 1 | Anton Webern: Op. 32, row 2 [33] | un- finished | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 3 1 9 t 5 6 2 4 8 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 9 e 8 t 4 5 6 2 3 7 | 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 1 4 1 4 | Anton Webern: Variations for piano, mov. II, op. 27 [34] [35] | 1936 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 3 1 4 2 8 7 6 t 9 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 9 e t 7 8 3 4 6 5 2 | 1 4 2 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 3 | Igor Stravinsky: A Sermon, a Narrative and a Prayer [2] | 1961 | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 e 3 1 2 5 4 9 8 6 7 t | |||||||
P: | 0 1 t 2 6 4 5 3 7 e 8 9 | 1 3 4 4 2 1 2 4 4 3 1 | Luigi Dallapiccola: Dialoghi [36] | 6-21 | 6-21 | RI-invariant: P0 = RI9 | ||
I: | 0 e 2 t 6 8 7 9 5 1 4 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 1 t 3 4 6 8 9 e 5 7 2 | 1 3 5 1 2 2 1 2 6 2 5 | Chen Yi: Near Distance [3] [37] | 1988 | 6-Z23 | 6-Z45 | — | |
I: | 0 e 2 9 8 6 4 3 1 7 5 t | |||||||
P: | 0 1 e 2 t 3 9 4 8 5 7 6 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 | Luigi Nono: Canti per tredeci Il canto sospeso [15] [38] [39] Composizione per orchestra n. 2: Diario polacco ’58 | 1955 1955–56 1959 | 6-1 | 6-1 | symmetrical all-interval row; all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 e 1 t 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 | Nicolas Slonimsky: Grandmother chord [40] | 1938 | |||||
P: | 0 2 1 3 8 7 5 6 4 e 9 t | 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 5 2 1 | Joonas Kokkonen: Symphonic Sketches, mov. 3, row A [41] | 1968 | 6-Z38 | 6-Z6 | — | |
I: | 0 t e 9 4 5 7 6 8 1 3 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 1 3 4 6 7 9 8 t 5 e | 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 6 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , second coda [42] [43] | 1957 | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 t e 9 8 6 5 3 4 2 7 1 | Igor Stravinsky: coda [44] | ||||||
P: | 0 2 1 3 4 6 7 9 8 t 5 e | 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 6 | Igor Stravinsky: The Flood [2] | 1962 | 6-Z12 | 6-Z41 | — | |
I: | 0 t e 5 2 4 3 1 9 8 6 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 1 3 4 6 7 9 8 t 5 e | 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 6 | Luigi Dallapiccola: Requiescant [36] | 6-5 | 6-5 | RI-invariant: P0 = RI5 | ||
I: | 0 t e 5 1 4 3 6 2 8 9 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 1 3 4 6 7 9 8 t 5 e | 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 6 | Alfred Schnittke: String Quartet No. 1 [3] | 1966 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 t e 2 9 1 7 3 8 5 4 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 e t | 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Schigolch [24] [45] | 1934 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial, | |
I: | 0 t 9 e 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 3 5 4 9 7 8 t e 1 6 | 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 2 1 2 5 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Bransles" [44] | 1957 | 6-Z40 | 6-Z11 | — | |
I: | 0 t 9 7 8 3 5 4 2 1 e 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 3 5 7 8 e 4 6 t 8 1 | 2 1 2 2 1 3 5 2 4 2 5 | Alban Berg: "Der Wein" [46] | 1929 | 6-16 | 6-16 | D harmonic minor | |
I: | 0 t 9 7 5 4 1 8 6 2 4 e | |||||||
P: | 0 2 3 6 8 t 5 7 9 e 1 4 | 2 1 3 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 3 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 2 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 t 9 6 4 2 7 5 3 1 e 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 4 5 8 t 6 7 9 e 1 3 | 2 2 1 3 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 1 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 t 8 7 4 2 6 5 3 1 e 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 4 6 7 t 5 8 9 e 1 3 | 2 2 2 1 3 5 3 1 2 2 2 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 6 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 t 8 6 5 2 7 4 3 1 e 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 4 6 8 9 5 7 t e 1 3 | 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 5 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 t 8 6 4 3 7 5 2 1 e 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 4 6 t 8 e 7 9 1 3 5 | 2 2 2 4 2 3 4 2 4 2 2 | Alban Berg: Lulu [24] | 1934 | 6-35 | 6-35 | — | |
I: | 0 t 8 6 2 4 1 5 3 e 9 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 5 3 t 4 6 1 e 7 8 9 | 2 3 2 5 6 2 5 2 4 1 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Variations [47] [2] [3] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] | 1963–64 | 6-9 | 6-9 | — | |
I: | 0 t 7 9 2 8 6 e 1 5 4 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 6 4 t 9 7 e 8 5 1 3 | 2 4 2 6 1 2 4 3 3 4 2 | Arnold Schoenberg: Piano Piece [Klavierstück], op. 33b [24] | 1931 | 6-34 | 6-34 | — | |
I: | 0 t 6 8 2 3 5 1 4 7 e 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 6 t 4 7 8 3 5 9 e 1 | 2 4 4 6 3 1 5 2 4 2 2 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Schoolboy [45] [53] [54] | 1934 | 6-34 | 6-34 | — | |
I: | 0 t 6 2 8 5 4 9 7 3 1 e | |||||||
P: | 0 2 9 e 8 6 5 7 t 1 4 3 | 2 5 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 | Igor Stravinsky: The Owl and the Pussy Cat [2] | 1966 | 6-Z23 | 6-Z45 | — | |
I: | 0 t 3 1 4 6 7 5 2 e 8 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 6 5 8 9 4 3 t e 2 1 | 5 1 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 | Karel Goeyvaerts: Nummer 2 [55] | 1951 | 6-Z36 | 6-Z3 | — | |
I: | 0 5 6 7 4 3 8 9 2 1 t e | |||||||
P: | 0 2 t e 1 8 6 7 9 4 3 5 | 2 4 1 2 5 2 1 2 5 1 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Requiem Canticles , 1st series [2] | 1966 | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 t 2 1 e 4 6 5 3 8 9 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 e 9 t 1 3 6 4 5 7 8 | 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 | Joonas Kokkonen: Woodwind Quintet, mov. 1 & 2, row A & B [41] | 1973 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 t 1 3 2 e 9 6 8 7 5 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 2 e 9 t 4 3 7 5 6 8 1 | 2 3 2 1 6 1 4 2 1 2 5 | Arnold Schoenberg: Dreimal Tausend Jahre, Op. 50a [3] | 1949 | 6-9 | 6-9 | — | |
I: | 0 t 1 3 2 8 9 5 7 6 4 e | |||||||
P: | 0 3 1 2 4 7 5 6 8 e 9 t | 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 | Arvo Pärt: Symphony No. 2 [56] | 1966 | 6-Z36 | 6-Z3 | derived: 4–1 | |
I: | 0 9 e t 8 5 7 6 4 1 3 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 1 2 e t 8 9 5 7 6 4 | 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 1 2 | Milton Babbitt: Woodwind Quartet [57] | 1953 | 6-1 | 6-1 | — | |
I: | 0 9 e t 1 2 4 3 7 5 6 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 1 6 2 4 t 5 9 7 8 e | 3 2 5 4 2 6 5 4 2 1 3 | Ernst Krenek: Sechs Vermessene, Op. 168 [58] | 1958 | 6-2 | 6-2 | — | |
I: | 0 9 e 6 t 8 2 7 3 5 4 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 1 6 2 t 9 8 e 7 5 4 | 3 2 5 4 4 1 1 3 4 2 1 | Ernst Krenek: Karl V [59] [60] | 1938 | 6-Z39 | 6-Z10 | — | |
I: | 0 9 e 6 t 2 3 4 1 5 7 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 1 t 2 8 e 5 6 9 7 4 | 3 2 3 4 6 3 6 1 3 2 3 | Donald Martino: Fantasy Variations [61] | 1962 | 6-9 | 6-9 | — | |
I: | 0 9 e 2 t 4 1 7 6 3 5 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 2 1 4 8 e 5 t 7 6 9 | 3 1 1 3 4 3 6 5 3 1 3 | Benjamin Frankel: The Curse of the Werewolf [62] | 1961 | 6-Z37 | 6-Z4 | — | |
I: | 0 9 t e 8 4 1 7 2 5 6 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 2 9 7 8 e 6 1 5 4 t | 3 1 5 2 1 3 5 5 4 1 6 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Aries", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6-18 | 6-18 | — | |
I: | 0 9 t 3 5 4 1 6 e 7 8 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 2 1 5 4 t e 7 8 9 6 | 3 1 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 1 3 | Anton Webern: Symphony, Op. 21 [4] [64] | 1928 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 9 t e 7 8 2 1 5 4 3 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 4 6 e 8 7 t 9 5 1 2 | 3 1 2 5 3 1 3 1 4 4 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Mystery" (sketches only) [65] | 1957 | 6-31 | 6-31 | — | |
I: | 0 9 8 6 1 4 5 2 3 7 e t | |||||||
P: | 0 3 5 1 2 6 4 e 7 8 e 9 | 3 2 4 1 4 2 5 4 1 3 2 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Klavierstück IV | 1952 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 9 7 e t 6 8 1 5 4 1 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 5 4 e t 9 8 7 6 2 1 | 3 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Aquarius", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6-Z6 | 6-Z38 | — | |
I: | 0 9 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 t e | |||||||
P: | 0 3 5 7 9 e 6 8 t 1 2 4 | 3 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 3 1 2 | Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 4 [18] | 1940–41 | 6-34 | 6-34 | RI- | |
I: | 0 9 7 5 3 1 6 4 2 e t 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 7 e 2 5 9 1 4 6 8 t | 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 | Alban Berg: Violin Concerto [4] [24] [67] | 1935 | 6-Z24 | 6-Z46 | — | |
I: | 0 9 5 1 t 7 3 e 8 6 4 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 e 2 t 1 9 5 8 4 7 6 | 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 1 | Anton Webern: "Erlösung" from Drei Lieder, Op. 18, No. 2 [68] | 1910–13 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 9 1 t 2 e 3 7 4 8 5 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 e 4 2 1 7 8 t 5 9 6 | 3 4 5 2 1 6 1 2 5 4 3 | Ernst Krenek: Quaestio temporis, Op. 170 [69] | 1959 | 6-1 | 6-1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 9 1 8 t e 5 4 2 7 3 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 3 e t 2 9 1 5 4 8 7 6 | 3 4 1 4 5 4 4 1 4 1 1 | Anton Webern: Op. 31 [12] | 1941–43 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 9 1 2 t 3 e 7 8 4 5 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 1 8 5 9 3 e 2 7 t 6 | 4 3 5 3 4 6 4 3 5 3 4 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments , row iv [26] | 1948 | 6–20 | 6–20 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 8 e 4 7 3 9 1 t 5 2 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 1 e 3 2 8 6 5 t 7 9 | 4 3 2 4 1 6 2 1 5 3 2 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments [70] | 1948 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 8 e 1 9 t 4 6 7 2 5 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 2 5 7 8 t 9 e 1 6 3 | 4 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 5 3 | Igor Stravinsky: Anthem [2] | 1962 | 6–33 | 6–33 | — | |
I: | 0 8 t 7 5 4 2 3 1 e 6 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 3 2 5 6 t e 9 1 7 8 | 4 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 4 6 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Licht , Eve formula [71] [72] | 1977– 2003 | 6–2 | 6–2 | — | |
I: | 0 8 9 t 7 6 2 1 3 e 5 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 3 7 e 8 9 6 5 1 2 t | 4 1 4 4 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 | Arnold Schoenberg: Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte Suite Op. 29 [73] Luigi Nono: | 1942 1926 1950 | 6–20 | 6–20 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 8 9 5 1 4 3 6 7 e t 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 3 8 7 e 5 1 2 9 t 6 | 4 1 5 1 4 6 4 1 5 1 4 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments , row iii [26] | 1948 | 6–20 | 6–20 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 8 9 4 5 1 7 e t 3 2 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 3 e 7 8 t 9 2 5 1 6 | 4 1 4 4 1 2 1 5 3 4 5 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Scorpio", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6–20 | 6–20 | — | |
I: | 0 8 9 1 5 4 2 3 t 7 e 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 3 e t 9 1 7 8 6 2 5 | 4 1 4 1 1 4 6 1 2 4 3 | Ernst Krenek: Suite, Op. 84 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | ||
I: | 0 8 9 1 2 3 e 5 4 6 t 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 e t 3 1 | 4 1 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 5 2 | Alban Berg: Lulu [24] | 1934 | 6–9 | 6–9 | — | |
I: | 0 8 7 t 6 5 4 3 1 2 9 e | |||||||
P: | 0 4 5 2 7 9 6 8 e t 3 1 | 4 1 3 5 2 3 2 3 1 5 2 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Basic [45] [53] [54] | 1934 | 6–32 | 6–32 | circle of fifths | |
I: | 0 8 7 t 5 3 6 4 1 2 9 e | |||||||
P: | 0 4 5 e 6 t 7 3 1 2 9 8 | 4 1 6 5 4 3 4 2 1 5 1 | Milton Babbitt: All Set [76] [77] | 1957 | 6–7 | 6–7 | second-order combinatorial | |
I: | 0 8 7 1 6 2 5 9 e t 3 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 5 t 7 6 1 8 e 2 9 3 | 4 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 6 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Gemini", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6-Z41 | 6-Z12 | — | |
I: | 0 8 7 2 5 6 e 4 1 t 3 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 4 8 9 3 2 t e 7 6 5 1 | 4 4 1 6 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 | Robert Moevs: Three Symphonic Pieces, mov. 2 [78] | 1954–55 | 6-Z17 | 6-Z43 | all-trichord | |
I: | 0 8 4 3 9 t 2 1 5 6 7 e | |||||||
P: | 0 4 t 6 3 8 7 2 5 9 1 e | 4 6 4 3 5 1 5 3 4 4 2 | Juan Carlos Paz: Canciones y Baladas, Balada II [79] | 1936 | 6–34 | 6–34 | — | |
I: | 0 8 2 6 9 4 5 t 7 3 e 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 1 2 3 9 8 t 4 e 6 7 | 5 4 1 1 6 1 2 6 5 5 1 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Chorale [45] | 1934 | 6-Z39 | 6-Z10 | — | |
I: | 0 7 e t 9 3 4 2 8 1 6 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 1 4 2 3 9 8 t 7 e 6 | 5 4 3 2 1 6 1 2 3 4 5 | Michael Gielen: Six Songs, for bass, violin, viola, clarinet, bass clarinet, and piano [80] | 1958 | 6–1 | 6–1 | retrograde-symmetrical all-interval row, all- combinatorial hexachords | |
I: | 0 7 e 8 t 9 3 4 2 5 1 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 1 4 t 8 e 9 3 6 2 7 | 5 4 3 6 2 3 2 6 3 4 5 | Alfred Schnittke: Concerto Grosso No. 3 [3] | 1985 | 6–31 | 6–31 | — | |
I: | 0 7 e 8 2 4 1 3 9 6 t 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 2 7 4 9 6 e 8 1 t 3 | 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 | Benjamin Britten: The Turn of the Screw [81] | 1954 | 6–32 | 6–32 | — | |
I: | 0 7 t 5 8 3 6 1 4 e 2 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 2 7 t 1 e 4 6 8 9 3 | 5 3 5 3 3 2 5 2 2 1 6 | Dmitri Shostakovich: Symphony No. 14, mov. III [82] | 1969 | 6-Z47 | 6-Z25 | — | |
I: | 0 7 t 5 2 e 1 8 6 4 3 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 2 t 1 7 8 6 e 4 9 3 | 5 3 4 3 6 1 2 5 5 5 6 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Countess Geschwitz [24] [45] [54] | 1934 | 6-Z47 | 6-Z25 | — | |
I: | 0 7 t 2 e 5 4 6 1 8 3 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 4 7 t 6 e 8 1 9 2 3 | 5 1 3 3 4 5 3 5 4 5 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Threni [2] | 1958 | 6-Z41 | 6-Z12 | — | |
I: | 0 7 8 5 2 6 1 4 e 3 t 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 7 4 2 3 9 1 8 e t 6 | 5 2 3 2 1 6 4 5 3 1 4 | Milton Babbitt: Three Compositions for Piano, no. I [83] | 1947 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 7 5 8 t 9 3 e 4 1 2 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 7 6 e 3 4 2 9 8 t 1 | 5 2 1 5 4 1 2 5 1 2 3 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Acrobat/Athlete [24] [45] [54] | 1934 | 6-Z17 | 6-Z43 | all-trichord | |
I: | 0 7 5 6 1 9 8 t 3 4 2 e | |||||||
P: | 0 5 9 t 4 7 6 e 1 2 8 3 | 5 4 1 6 3 1 5 2 1 6 5 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Dr. Schön [45] [53] [54] | 1934 | 6-Z25 | 6-Z47 | — | |
I: | 0 7 3 2 8 5 6 1 e t 4 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 5 e 6 3 2 8 7 9 t 4 1 | 5 6 5 3 1 6 1 2 1 6 3 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Leo", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6Z-13 | 6-Z42 | — | |
I: | 0 7 1 6 9 t 4 5 3 2 8 e | |||||||
P: | 0 6 4 2 8 9 3 1 e t 7 5 | 6 2 2 6 1 6 2 2 1 3 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Elegy for J.F.K. [2] | 1964 | 6–34 | 6–34 | — | |
I: | 0 6 8 t 4 3 9 e 1 2 5 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 4 3 2 9 t 5 7 8 e 1 | 6 2 1 1 5 1 5 2 1 3 2 | Karel Husa: Mosaïques [84] | 1960 | 6-Z45 | 6-Z23 | — | |
I: | 0 6 8 9 t 3 2 7 5 4 1 e | |||||||
P: | 0 6 5 1 e 7 4 8 9 3 2 t | 6 1 4 2 4 3 4 1 6 1 4 | Arnold Schoenberg: "De Profundis", Op. 50b [3] | 1950 | 6–7 | 6–7 | — | |
I: | 0 6 7 e 1 5 8 4 3 9 t 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 5 2 3 4 7 8 9 t e 1 | 6 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Sagittarius", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6–2 | 6–2 | — | |
I: | 0 6 7 t 9 8 5 4 3 2 1 e | |||||||
P: | 0 6 5 e t 4 3 9 8 2 1 7 | 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 | Witold Lutosławski: Musique funèbre (Funeral Music) [85] | 1954–58 | 6–7 | 6–7 | — | |
I: | 0 6 7 1 2 8 9 3 4 t e 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 7 8 9 1 2 5 e 4 t 3 | 6 1 1 1 4 1 3 6 5 6 5 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: String Quartet in E♭ major, K. 428 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | ||
I: | 0 6 5 4 3 e t 7 1 8 2 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 8 5 7 e 4 3 9 t 1 2 | 6 2 3 2 4 5 1 6 1 3 1 | Arnold Schoenberg: Variations, Op. 31 [79] [87] [88] | 1926–28 | 6–5 | 6–5 | Bach motif | |
I: | 0 6 4 7 5 1 8 9 3 2 e t | |||||||
P: | 0 6 8 t 2 4 9 5 3 e 7 1 | 6 2 2 4 2 5 4 2 4 4 6 | Arnold Schoenberg: Three Songs, Op. 48 [64] | 1933 | 6–35 | 6–35 | — | |
I: | 0 6 4 2 t 8 3 7 9 1 5 e | |||||||
P: | 0 6 9 2 8 t 4 7 1 e 3 5 | 6 3 5 6 2 6 3 6 2 4 2 | Josef Matthias Hauer: Salambo, op. 60 [89] | 1929 | 6-21 | 6-21 | — | |
I: | 0 6 3 t 4 2 8 5 e 1 9 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 t 7 9 8 3 2 4 1 5 e | 6 4 3 2 1 5 1 2 3 4 6 | Michel Fano: Sonata for Two Pianos [90] | 1951 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | retrograde- | |
I: | 0 6 2 5 3 4 9 t 8 e 7 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 6 t 8 4 7 2 5 1 e 3 9 | 6 4 2 4 3 5 3 4 2 4 6 | Ben Johnston: String Quartet No. 7, mov. 2 [91] | 1984 | 6–21 | 6–21 | just intonation: | |
I: | 0 6 2 4 8 5 t 7 e 1 9 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 1 t e 9 5 8 4 3 2 6 | 5 6 3 1 2 4 3 4 1 1 4 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Klavierstück IV | 1952 | 6–2 | 6–2 | — | |
I: | 0 5 e 2 1 3 7 4 8 9 t 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 2 1 e 8 3 5 9 t 4 6 | 5 5 1 2 3 5 2 4 1 6 2 | Arnold Schoenberg: Piano Piece, op. 33a [24] [92] | 1928 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 5 t e 1 4 9 7 3 2 8 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 3 t 2 6 9 1 4 8 e 5 | 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 6 | Alberto Ginastera: Quintet, op. 29 [28] | 1963 | 6–31 | 6–31 | — | |
I: | 0 5 9 2 t 6 3 e 8 4 1 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 4 e 6 t 3 9 1 8 5 2 | 5 3 5 5 4 5 6 4 5 3 3 | Elliott Carter: Piano Concerto, Orchestra [93] | 1964–65 | 6-Z43 | 6-Z17 | all-trichord | |
I: | 0 5 8 1 6 2 9 3 e 4 7 t | |||||||
P: | 0 7 6 4 5 9 8 t 3 1 e 2 | 5 1 2 1 4 1 2 5 2 2 3 | Igor Stravinsky: Requiem Canticles , 2nd series [2] | 1966 | 6-Z40 | 6-Z11 | — | |
I: | 0 5 6 8 7 3 4 2 9 e 1 t | |||||||
P: | 0 7 6 e 9 1 4 t 8 5 2 3 | 5 1 5 2 4 3 6 2 3 3 1 | Ernst Krenek: String Quartet No. 7, op. 96 [59] | 1943–44 | 6-Z12 | 6-Z41 | — | |
I: | 0 5 6 1 3 e 8 2 4 7 t 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 e 2 1 9 3 5 t 6 8 4 | 5 4 3 1 4 6 2 5 4 2 4 | Arnold Schoenberg: Piano Concerto, Op. 42 [94] [95] | 1942 | 6–9 | 6–9 | inversional | |
I: | 0 5 1 t e 3 9 7 2 6 4 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 e 8 2 t 6 9 5 4 1 3 | 5 4 3 6 4 4 3 4 1 3 2 | Anton Webern: Op. 23 [96] | 1933 | 6-Z10 | 6-Z39 | — | |
I: | 0 5 1 4 t 2 6 3 7 8 e 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 e t 2 9 6 1 5 4 8 3 | 5 4 1 4 5 3 5 4 1 4 5 | Ross Lee Finney: Edge of Shadow [21] | 1959 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 5 1 2 t 3 6 e 7 8 4 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 7 e t 9 8 3 6 4 1 5 2 | 5 4 1 1 1 5 3 2 3 4 3 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Cancer", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 5 1 2 3 4 9 6 8 e 7 t | |||||||
P: | 0 8 1 7 2 e 9 6 4 5 3 t | 4 5 6 5 3 2 3 2 1 2 5 | Arnold Schoenberg: String Trio, Op. 45 [97] | 1946 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 4 e 5 t 1 3 6 8 7 9 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 1 t 9 e 5 3 4 7 2 6 [98] [99] | 4 5 3 1 2 6 2 1 3 5 4 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Klavierstück VII Klavierstück IX Klavierstück X | 1955 1955–57 1961 1961 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial hexachord, retrograde-symmetrical | |
I: | 0 4 e 2 3 1 7 9 8 5 t 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 1 e t 7 5 9 4 6 3 2 | 4 5 2 1 3 2 4 5 2 3 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Klavierstück V (row of original 1954 version) [100] Klavierstück VIII [101] | 1954–55 1954 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 4 e 1 2 5 7 3 8 6 9 t | |||||||
P: | 0 8 4 9 t 3 1 6 e 2 7 5 | 4 4 5 1 5 2 5 5 3 5 2 | Elliott Carter: Piano Concerto, Solo[ist] [93] | 1964–65 | 6-Z17 | 6-Z43 | all-interval | |
I: | 0 4 8 3 2 9 e 6 1 t 5 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 5 t 7 1 6 4 e 2 3 9 | 4 3 5 3 6 5 2 5 3 1 6 | Alban Berg: Lulu , Alwa [45] [53] [54] | 1934 | 6-Z25 | 6-Z47 | — | |
I: | 0 4 7 2 5 e 6 8 1 t 9 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 7 t 4 5 2 9 e 3 1 6 | 4 1 3 6 1 3 5 2 4 2 5 | Elliott Carter: A Symphony of Three Orchestras [93] | 1976 | 6-Z24 | 6-Z46 | ordered in | |
I: | 0 4 5 2 8 7 t 3 1 9 e 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 7 e t 9 3 1 4 2 6 5 | 4 1 4 1 1 6 2 3 2 4 1 | Anton Webern: Variations for piano, mov. III, op. 27 [102] [103] | 1936 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 4 5 1 2 3 9 e 8 t 6 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 e t 2 1 4 3 7 6 9 5 | 4 3 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3 4 | Anton Webern: Op. 29 [104] [36] | 1938 | 6–2 | 6–2 | semi- P0 = RI5 | |
I: | 0 4 1 2 t e 8 9 5 6 3 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 8 e t 4 6 7 1 5 3 9 2 | 4 3 1 6 2 1 6 4 2 6 5 | Ernst Krenek: Sestina, op. 161 [59] | 1957 | 6–22 | 6–22 | — | |
I: | 0 4 1 2 8 6 5 e 7 9 3 t | |||||||
P: | 0 9 1 3 4 e 2 8 7 5 t 6 | 3 4 2 1 5 3 6 1 2 5 4 | Luigi Dallapiccola: Piccola musica notturna [105] | 1954 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 3 e 9 8 1 t 4 5 7 2 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 1 8 4 5 7 2 3 6 t e | 3 4 5 4 1 2 5 1 3 4 1 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Synthesizer [106] | 1961 | 6–20 | 6–20 | — | |
I: | 0 3 e 4 8 7 5 t 9 6 2 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 1 e t 2 8 7 5 4 6 3 | 3 4 2 1 4 6 1 2 1 2 3 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments [107] [108] | 1948 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 3 e 1 2 t 4 5 7 8 6 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 2 3 e t 5 4 1 6 7 8 | 3 5 1 4 1 5 1 3 5 1 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Epitaphium [2] | 1959 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 3 t 9 1 2 7 8 e 6 5 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 2 8 7 5 6 1 3 4 t e | 3 5 6 1 2 1 5 2 1 6 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Capricorn", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | 6-Z47 | 6-Z25 | — | |
I: | 0 3 t 4 5 7 6 e 9 8 2 1 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 8 4 7 6 1 t 3 5 e 2 | 3 1 4 3 1 5 3 5 2 6 3 | David Dzubay: Di/Con[ver(gence/sions)] [3] | 1988 | 6-Z39 | 6-Z10 | — | |
I: | 0 3 4 8 5 6 e 2 9 7 1 t | |||||||
P: | 0 9 8 e t 2 3 4 5 7 1 6 | 3 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 6 5 | Anton Webern: Op. 22 [109] | 1929–30 | 6–2 | 6–2 | semi- | |
I: | 0 3 4 1 2 t 9 8 7 5 e 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 9 e 2 4 1 7 t 8 5 3 6 | 3 2 3 2 3 6 3 2 3 2 3 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments , row ii [26] | 1948 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 3 1 t 8 e 5 2 4 7 9 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 t 1 2 5 4 6 3 7 e 8 9 | 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 | Pierre Boulez: Le marteau sans maître [3] [110] | 1953–55 | 6-Z10 | 6-Z39 | — | |
I: | 0 2 e t 7 8 6 9 5 1 4 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 t 3 4 2 7 6 9 8 e 1 5 | 2 5 1 2 5 1 3 1 3 2 4 | Charles Ives: Tone Roads No. 1 [111] | 1911 | 6-Z46 | 6-Z24 | — | |
I: | 0 2 9 8 t 5 6 3 4 1 e 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 t 3 e 8 7 1 2 5 9 4 6 | 2 5 4 3 1 6 1 3 4 5 2 | Elliott Carter: Night Fantasies [112] | 1982 | 6–14 | 6–14 | — | |
I: | 0 2 9 1 4 5 e t 7 3 8 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 t 9 8 7 5 e 1 2 3 4 6 | 2 1 1 1 2 6 2 1 1 1 2 | Milton Babbitt: Composition for Four Instruments , row i [26] | 1948 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 2 3 4 5 7 1 e t 9 8 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 t 9 e 7 2 8 1 4 6 5 3 | 2 1 2 4 5 6 5 3 2 1 2 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Kreuzspiel [113] | 1951 | 6-Z50 | 6-Z29 | — | |
I: | 0 2 3 1 5 t 4 e 8 6 7 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 1 2 9 8 t 7 5 6 4 3 | 1 2 1 5 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Double Pas de Quatre" [2] [114] | 1957 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 1 e t 3 4 2 5 7 6 8 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 1 3 4 2 5 7 6 8 t 9 | 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Fanfare [2] | 1964 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 1 e 9 8 t 7 5 6 4 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 1 3 4 2 7 6 9 5 8 t | 1 2 2 1 2 5 1 3 4 3 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Canticum Sacrum , II & IV [2] | 1955 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 1 e 9 8 t 5 6 3 7 4 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 1 7 9 8 t 4 6 5 2 3 | 1 2 6 2 1 2 6 2 1 3 1 | Chen Yi: Woodwind Quintet [3] [37] | 1987 | 6-Z4 | 6-Z37 | — | |
I: | 0 1 e 5 3 4 2 8 6 7 t 9 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 2 1 3 4 9 t 7 8 6 5 | 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 | Arvo Pärt: Diagrams [56] | 1964 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 1 t e 9 8 3 2 5 4 6 7 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 2 1 5 6 3 4 8 7 t 9 | 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 | Anton Webern: String Quartet, Op. 28: [104] [67] [102] | 1936 | 6–5 | 6–5 | derived: 4–1 (BACH motif), semi- | |
I: | 0 1 t e 7 6 9 8 4 5 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 2 3 4 1 6 5 8 9 t 7 | 1 3 1 1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3 | Alberto Ginastera: Violin Concerto, op. 30 [28] | 1963 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- combinatorial | |
I: | 0 1 t 9 8 e 6 7 4 3 2 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 2 9 5 3 4 8 t 7 1 6 | 1 3 5 4 2 1 4 2 3 6 5 | Elliott Carter: String Quartet No. 3 [115] | 1973 | 6-Z23 | 6-Z45 | — | |
I: | 0 1 t 3 7 9 8 4 2 5 e 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 3 1 7 9 6 2 t 5 8 4 | 1 4 2 6 2 3 4 4 5 3 4 | Arnold Schoenberg: Violin Phantasy, Op. 47 [116] [117] | 1949 | 6–21 | 6–21 | — | |
I: | 0 1 9 e 5 3 6 t 2 7 4 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 3 2 1 8 6 9 t 7 5 4 | 1 4 1 1 5 2 3 1 3 2 1 | Igor Stravinsky: Double Canon [2] | 1959 | 6-Z36 | 6-Z3 | — | |
I: | 0 1 9 t e 4 6 3 2 5 7 8 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 3 4 8 7 9 5 6 1 2 t | 1 4 1 4 1 2 4 1 5 1 4 | Anton Webern: Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24 [24] [68] [87] [92] [118] | 1934 | 6–20 | 6–20 | all- combinatorial, derived: 3–3 | |
I: | 0 1 9 8 4 5 3 7 6 e t 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 4 5 7 3 2 6 8 1 t 9 | 1 5 1 2 4 1 4 2 5 3 1 | David Lewin: Just a Minute, Roger [119] | 1978 | 6–16 | 6–16 | — | |
I: | 0 1 8 7 5 9 t 6 4 e 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 5 2 1 6 3 8 7 4 t 9 | 1 6 3 1 5 3 5 1 3 6 1 | Alfred Schnittke: Viola Concerto [3] | 1985 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 1 7 t e 6 9 4 5 8 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 5 9 6 2 7 3 1 4 t 9 | 1 6 4 3 4 5 4 2 3 6 1 | Luigi Dallapiccola: Cinque Canti [36] | 6-Z50 | 6-Z29 | RI-invariant: P0 = RI9 | ||
I: | 0 1 7 3 6 t 5 9 e 8 2 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 6 5 4 3 1 t 9 7 2 8 | 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 5 6 | Pierre Boulez: Structures Ia [3] [67] | 1952 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 1 6 7 8 9 e 2 3 5 t 4 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 6 5 7 1 8 2 t 3 4 9 | 1 5 1 2 6 5 6 4 5 1 5 | George Perle: Three Inventions for Piano, no. 3 [120] | 6–7 | 6–7 | all- combinatorial | ||
I: | 0 1 6 7 5 e 4 t 2 9 8 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 7 1 2 9 3 8 t 4 5 6 | 1 4 6 1 5 6 5 2 6 1 1 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite , mov. III [121] | 1925–26 | 6–9 | 6–9 | — | |
I: | 0 1 5 e t 3 9 4 2 8 7 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 7 1 4 8 3 9 t 2 5 6 | 1 4 6 3 4 5 6 1 4 3 1 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite , mov. VI, row 1 [122] | 1925–26 | 6-Z44 | 6-Z19 | — | |
I: | 0 1 5 e 8 4 9 3 2 t 7 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 7 4 2 9 3 8 t 1 5 6 | 1 4 3 2 5 6 5 2 3 4 1 | Fritz Heinrich Klein [123] Alban Berg: Alberto Ginastera: | 1920– 1925–26 1976 | 6–32 | 6–32 | Mother chord (all-interval) Trichordally combinatorial: 0369 [126] | |
I: | 0 1 5 8 t 3 9 4 2 e 7 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 7 8 3 1 2 t 6 5 4 9 | 1 4 1 5 2 1 4 4 1 1 5 | Arnold Schoenberg: String quartet No. 4 [64] [116] | 1936 | 6–16 | 6–16 | — | |
I: | 0 1 5 4 9 e t 2 6 7 8 3 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 8 4 7 3 1 5 2 6 9 t | 1 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 1 | Arnold Schoenberg: Modern Psalm, Op. 50c [3] | 1950 | 6–20 | 6–20 | — | |
I: | 0 1 4 8 5 9 e 7 t 6 3 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 8 9 7 6 1 5 4 3 2 t | 1 3 1 2 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite , row 2 [122] | 1925–26 | 6-Z3 | 6-Z36 | — | |
I: | 0 1 4 3 5 6 e 7 8 9 t 2 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 9 2 t 7 1 4 8 3 5 6 | 1 2 5 4 3 6 3 4 5 2 1 | Milton Babbitt: "The Widow's Lament in Springtime" [127] | 1951 | 6–8 | 6–8 | — | |
I: | 0 1 3 t 2 5 e 8 4 9 7 6 | |||||||
P: | 0 e 9 4 3 t 8 7 5 6 1 2 | 1 2 5 1 5 2 1 2 1 5 1 | Dmitri Shostakovich: Symphony No. 14, mov. I [82] | 1969 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 1 3 8 9 2 4 5 7 6 e t | |||||||
P: | 0 e 9 6 t 8 7 5 2 4 3 1 | 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Canticum Sacrum , II [2] | 1955 | 6–2 | 6–2 | — | |
I: | 0 1 3 6 2 4 5 7 t 8 9 e | |||||||
P: | 0 e t 1 3 2 4 9 8 6 5 7 | 1 1 3 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 | Alfred Schnittke: String Quartet No. 4, Mov. I [3] | 1989 | 6–1 | 6–1 | all- | |
I: | 0 1 2 e 9 t 8 3 4 6 7 5 | |||||||
P: | 0 e t 5 6 9 7 1 2 8 3 4 | 1 1 5 1 3 2 6 1 6 5 1 | Arvo Pärt: Symphony No. 1 Perpetuum Mobile [56] | 1963 1963 | 6–5 | 6–5 | — | |
I: | 0 1 2 7 6 3 5 e t 4 9 8 |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 e 8 9 t | 1 3 1 1 | Igor Stravinsky: In memoriam Dylan Thomas [128] | 1954 | 5–1 | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 6 9 8 1 e [129] [130] [131] [132] | 6 3 1 5 2 | Pierre Boulez: Messagesquisse Dérive 1 sur Incises | 1976 1984 1984 1994 1996 | 6-Z11, (6-Z40) | Musical cryptogram: Paul Sacher | |
Conrad Beck: Für Paul Sacher: Drei Epigramme für Violoncello solo | 1976 | |||||
Luciano Berio: Les Mots sont allés | ||||||
Benjamin Britten: Tema "Sacher" | ||||||
Henri Dutilleux: Trois Strophes sur le nom de Sacher | ||||||
Wolfgang Fortner: Zum Spielen für den 70. Geburtstag: Thema und Variationen für Violoncello Solo | ||||||
Alberto Ginastera :Puneña n° 2, op. 45 | ||||||
Cristóbal Halffter: Variationen über das Thema eSACHERe | ||||||
Hans Werner Henze: Capriccio per Paul Sacher | ||||||
Heinz Holliger: Chaconne, für Violoncello Solo | ||||||
Klaus Huber: Transpositio ad infinitum | ||||||
Witold Lutosławski: Sacher-Variationen | ||||||
0 9 8 7 1 4 | 3 1 1 6 3 | Arnold Schoenberg: Die glückliche Hand , Op. 18 [133] | 1910–13 1913–16 | 6-Z44 (6-Z19) | Schoenberg hexachord |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 2 8 9 t 4 3 e | 2 6 1 1 6 1 4 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite [45] | 1925–26 | 8–5 | — | |
0 2 9 7 t 8 e 1 | 2 5 2 3 2 3 2 | Joonas Kokkonen: Symphonic Sketches, mov. 3, row B [41] | 1968 | 8–1 | — | |
0 7 1 6 8 2 3 4 | 5 6 5 2 6 1 1 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite [45] | 1925–26 | 8–5 | — | |
0 8 2 3 t 4 9 e | 4 6 1 5 6 5 2 | Alban Berg: Lyric Suite [45] | 1925–26 | 8–5 | — | |
0 t 2 4 5 7 3 1 | 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Pas-de-Deux" refrain (b. 463–472) [134] | 1957 | 8–10 | — | |
0 t 3 5 2 4 1 e | 2 5 2 3 2 3 2 | Joonas Kokkonen: Symphonic Sketches, mov. 3, row C [41] | 1968 | 8–1 | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 2 e 4 9 7 8 6 1 | 2 3 5 5 2 1 2 5 | Joonas Kokkonen: Symphonic Sketches, mov. 3, row D [41] | 1968 | 9–8 | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 e 2 1 5 6 4 9 7 8 | 1 3 1 4 1 2 5 2 1 | Arvo Pärt: Collage sur B-A-C-H [56] | 1964 | — | BACH motif |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 1 e 5 6 8 7 9 2 3 4 | 1 2 6 1 2 1 2 5 1 1 | Karel Husa: Music for Prague 1968 [3] | 1968 | — | — | |
0 4 3 e 2 7 6 8 t 5 1 | 4 1 4 3 5 1 2 2 5 4 | Aaron Copland: Inscape row 1 [135] | 1967 | — | — | |
0 7 3 9 2 4 6 t 7 e 1 | 5 4 6 5 2 2 4 3 4 2 | Aaron Copland: Inscape row 2 [135] | 1967 | — | — | |
0 e t 4 6 2 1 9 8 5 3 | 1 1 6 2 4 1 4 1 3 2 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Licht , Lucifer formula [71] [136] | 1977– 2003 | — | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 1 4 5 t 8 7 t e 6 3 2 9 | 1 3 1 5 2 1 3 1 5 3 1 7 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Taurus", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | — | — | |
0 1 t 6 8 3 5 2 4 e 9 7 0 | 1 3 4 2 5 2 3 2 5 2 1 5 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Choral [137] | 1950 | — | — | |
0 3 e 8 5 4 9 2 1 t 7 3 6 | 3 4 3 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 4 3 | Luciano Berio: Nones [138] [139] | 1953–54 | — | — | |
0 4 1 5 7 t 2 8 e 9 3 6 9 | 4 3 4 2 3 4 6 3 2 6 3 3 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Pisces", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | — | — | |
0 7 8 6 e t 2 5 1 3 9 4 0 | 5 1 2 5 1 4 3 4 2 6 5 4 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Licht , Michael formula [71] | 1977– 2003 | — | — | |
0 e 2 4 t 9 7 3 7 1 8 5 6 | 1 3 2 6 1 2 4 4 6 7 3 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Virgo", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | — | — | |
0 e 4 t 9 5 8 6 2 1 6 7 3 | 1 5 6 1 4 3 2 4 1 5 1 4 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Klavierstück IV (first row of 48) [66] | 1952 | 6-Z38, 6-Z6 | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 1 t 3 9 4 6 7 4 5 7 3 8 e | 1 3 5 6 5 2 1 3 1 2 4 5 3 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: "Libra", from Tierkreis [63] | 1974–75 | — | — | |
0 1 t 9 2 8 e 7 3 5 6 4 0 2 | 1 3 1 5 6 3 4 4 2 1 2 4 2 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Inori [140] | 1973–74 | — | — | |
0 e 2 4 1 8 t e 9 4 7 5 3 6 | 1 3 2 3 5 2 1 2 5 3 2 3 | Joonas Kokkonen: Cello Concerto, mov. 3, row A [41] | 1969 | — | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 2 1 e t 8 9 e t 0 1 e t 0 e 9 0 | 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , b. 104 [141] | 1957 | — | — | |
0 2 3 5 4 9 7 8 e 1 6 e t 0 e 9 0 | 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 3 2 5 5 1 2 1 2 3 | Igor Stravinsky: Agon , "Bransles" [141] | 1957 | 6-Z40, 6-Z11 | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 e 6 8 7 2 1 3 t 9 4 6 9 7 8 3 1 2 4 e t 0 | 1 5 2 1 5 1 2 5 1 5 2 3 2 1 5 2 1 2 5 1 2 | Joonas Kokkonen: Cello Concerto, mov. 3, row B [41] | 1969 | — | — |
Prime form | Interval classes | Notation | Composer: Composition | Year | Set(s) | Features |
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0 1 12 14 23 22 19 18 20 21 3 4 16 13 6 15 8 7 17 10 9 11 2 5 | 0.5 5.5 1 4.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1 0.5 9 0.5 6 1.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 .5 5 3.5 0.5 5 3.5 0.5 1 4.5 1.5 | Pierre Boulez: Polyphonie X , quarter-tone series [142] | 1950–51 | — | — | |
0 20 1 10 9 11 17 15 16 7 2 6 23 21 22 13 8 12 18 14 19 4 3 5 | 10 9.5 4.5 0.5 1 3 1 0.5 4.5 2.5 2 8.5 1 0.5 4.5 2.5 2 3 2 2.5 7.5 0.5 1 | Karlheinz Stockhausen: Himmelfahrt , mod24 (no octave equivalency) [143] | 2004– 2005 | — | — |
In music, a tone row or note row, also series or set, is a non-repetitive ordering of a set of pitch-classes, typically of the twelve notes in musical set theory of the chromatic scale, though both larger and smaller sets are sometimes found.
Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Atonality, in this sense, usually describes compositions written from about the early 20th-century to the present day, where a hierarchy of harmonies focusing on a single, central triad is not used, and the notes of the chromatic scale function independently of one another. More narrowly, the term atonality describes music that does not conform to the system of tonal hierarchies that characterized European classical music between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. "The repertory of atonal music is characterized by the occurrence of pitches in novel combinations, as well as by the occurrence of familiar pitch combinations in unfamiliar environments".
The Second Viennese School was the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and close associates in early 20th-century Vienna. Their music was initially characterized by late-Romantic expanded tonality and later, a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre, often referred to as atonality; and later still, Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. Adorno said that the twelve-tone method, when it had evolved into maturity, was a "veritable message in a bottle", addressed to an unknown and uncertain future. Though this common development took place, it neither followed a common time-line nor a cooperative path. Likewise, it was not a direct result of Schoenberg's teaching—which, as his various published textbooks demonstrate, was highly traditional and conservative. Schoenberg's textbooks also reveal that the Second Viennese School spawned not from the development of his serial method, but rather from the influence of his creative example.
In music, serialism is a method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres or other musical elements. Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, though some of his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as a form of post-tonal thinking. Twelve-tone technique orders the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, forming a row or series and providing a unifying basis for a composition's melody, harmony, structural progressions, and variations. Other types of serialism also work with sets, collections of objects, but not necessarily with fixed-order series, and extend the technique to other musical dimensions, such as duration, dynamics, and timbre.
The twelve-tone technique—also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition first devised by Austrian composer Josef Matthias Hauer, who published his "law of the twelve tones" in 1919. In 1923, Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) developed his own, better-known version of 12-tone technique, which became associated with the "Second Viennese School" composers, who were the primary users of the technique in the first decades of its existence. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of tone rows, orderings of the 12 pitch classes. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a key. Over time, the technique increased greatly in popularity and eventually became widely influential on 20th-century composers. Many important composers who had originally not subscribed to or actively opposed the technique, such as Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky, eventually adopted it in their music.
20th-century classical music is art music that was written between the years 1901 and 2000, inclusive. Musical style diverged during the 20th century as it never had previously, so this century was without a dominant style. Modernism, impressionism, and post-romanticism can all be traced to the decades before the turn of the 20th century, but can be included because they evolved beyond the musical boundaries of the 19th-century styles that were part of the earlier common practice period. Neoclassicism and expressionism came mostly after 1900. Minimalism started much later in the century and can be seen as a change from the modern to postmodern era, although some date postmodernism from as early as about 1930. Aleatory, atonality, serialism, musique concrète, electronic music, and concept music were all developed during the century. Jazz and ethnic folk music became important influences on many composers during this century.
Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 modern forms of post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial music, electronic music, experimental music, and minimalist music. Newer forms of music include spectral music, and post-minimalism.
In music using the twelve tone technique, combinatoriality is a quality shared by twelve-tone tone rows whereby each section of a row and a proportionate number of its transformations combine to form aggregates. Much as the pitches of an aggregate created by a tone row do not need to occur simultaneously, the pitches of a combinatorially created aggregate need not occur simultaneously. Arnold Schoenberg, creator of the twelve-tone technique, often combined P-0/I-5 to create "two aggregates, between the first hexachords of each, and the second hexachords of each, respectively."
George Perle was an American composer and music theorist. As a composer, his music was largely atonal, using methods similar to the twelve-tone technique of the Second Viennese School. This serialist style, and atonality in general, was the subject of much of his theoretical writings. His 1962 book, Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern remains a standard text for 20th-century classical music theory. Among Perle's awards was the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Wind Quintet No. 4.
In music, modernism is an aesthetic stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of modernism in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation". Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no one music genre ever assumed a dominant position.
Inherent within musical modernism is the conviction that music is not a static phenomenon defined by timeless truths and classical principles, but rather something which is intrinsically historical and developmental. While belief in musical progress or in the principle of innovation is not new or unique to modernism, such values are particularly important within modernist aesthetic stances.
In music a time point or timepoint is "an instant, analogous to a geometrical point in space". Because it has no duration, it literally cannot be heard, but it may be used to represent "the point of initiation of a single pitch, the repetition of a pitch, or a pitch simultaneity", therefore the beginning of a sound, rather than its duration. It may also designate the release of a note or the point within a note at which something changes. Other terms often used in music theory and analysis are attack point and starting point. Milton Babbitt calls the distance from one time point, attack, or starting point to the next a time-point interval, independent of the durations of the sounding notes which may be either shorter than the time-point interval, or longer. Charles Wuorinen shortens this expression to just time interval. Other writers use the terms attack interval, or, interval of entry, interval of entrance, or starting interval.
Kreuzspiel (Crossplay) is a composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen written for oboe, bass clarinet, piano and four percussionists in 1951. It is assigned the number 1/7 in the composer's catalogue of works.
Gruppen for three orchestras (1955–57) is amongst the best-known compositions of German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, and is Work Number 6 in the composer's catalog of works. Gruppen is "a landmark in 20th-century music ... probably the first work of the post-war generation of composers in which technique and imagination combine on the highest level to produce an undisputable masterpiece".
Die Reihe was a German-language music academic journal, edited by Herbert Eimert and Karlheinz Stockhausen and published by Universal Edition (Vienna) between 1955 and 1962. An English edition was published, under the original German title, between 1957 and 1968 by the Theodore Presser Company in association with Universal Edition (London). A related book series titled "Bücher der Reihe" was begun, but only one title ever appeared in it, Herbert Eimert's Grundlagen der musikalischen Reihentechnik.
Composition for Four Instruments (1948) is an early serial music composition written by American composer Milton Babbitt. It is Babbitt's first published ensemble work, following shortly after his Three Compositions for Piano (1947). In both these pieces, Babbitt expands upon the methods of twelve-tone composition developed by Arnold Schoenberg. He is notably innovative for his application of serial techniques to rhythm. Composition for Four Instruments is considered one of the early examples of “totally serialized” music. It is remarkable for a strong sense of integration and concentration on its particular premises—qualities that caused Elliott Carter, upon first hearing it in 1951, to persuade New Music Edition to publish it.
Punctualism is a style of musical composition prevalent in Europe between 1949 and 1955 "whose structures are predominantly effected from tone to tone, without superordinate formal conceptions coming to bear". In simpler terms: "music that consists of separately formed particles—however complexly these may be composed—[is called] punctual music, as opposed to linear, or group-formed, or mass-formed music", bolding in the source). This was accomplished by assigning to each note in a composition values drawn from scales of pitch, duration, dynamics, and attack characteristics, resulting in a "stronger individualizing of separate tones". Another important factor was maintaining discrete values in all parameters of the music. Punctual dynamics, for example
mean that all dynamic degrees are fixed; one point will be linked directly to another on the chosen scale, without any intervening transition or gesture. Line-dynamics, on the other hand, involve the transitions from one given amplitude to another: crescendo, decrescendo and their combinations. This second category can be defined as a dynamic glissando, comparable to glissandi of pitch and of tempi.
Anton Webern's Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24, written in 1934, is a twelve-tone concerto for nine instruments: flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, trumpet, trombone, violin, viola, and piano. It consists of three movements:
A duration row or duration series is an ordering of a set of durations, in analogy with the tone row or twelve-tone set.
Leonard David Stein was a musicologist, pianist, conductor, university teacher, and influential in promoting contemporary music on the American West Coast. He was for years Arnold Schoenberg's assistant, music director of the Schoenberg Institute at USC, and among the foremost authorities on Schoenberg's music. He was also an influential teacher in the lives of many younger composers, such as the influential minimalist La Monte Young.
In music theory, the chromatic hexachord is the hexachord consisting of a consecutive six-note segment of the chromatic scale. It is the first hexachord as ordered by Forte number, and its complement is the chromatic hexachord at the tritone. For example, zero through five and six through eleven. On C: