London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics

Last updated

Bids for the
2012 (2012) Summer Olympics and Paralympics
Overview
Games of the XXX Olympiad
XIV Paralympic Games
London 2012 Olympic bid logo.svg
Winner: London
Runner-up: Paris
Shortlist: Madrid · Moscow · New York City
Details
City London, United Kingdom
NOC British Olympic Association (BOA)
Evaluation
IOC score7.6
Previous Games hosted
1908 Summer Olympics
1948 Summer Olympics
Decision
Result Defeated Paris in Round 4, 54–50

London 2012 was the successful bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, held in London with most events taking place in Stratford in the borough of Newham. The British Olympic Association had been working on the bid since 1997, and presented its report to government ministers in December 2000.

Contents

Following three consecutive unsuccessful UK bids to host summer Olympic Games (Birmingham for 1992 and Manchester for 1996 and 2000), the decision was made to bid with London, given the clear indication that it was the only UK city that had a chance of being selected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) when put up against other world cities in a competitive bidding process. [1] On 6 July 2005 at its 117th Session in Singapore, the IOC awarded London the right to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad. The city beat the favourite Paris 54 to 50 on the fourth and final ballot. London is the first city to host the Games three times. [2]

At the time of the bid, the budget projection was around £2 billion, but it was later estimated that the true cost would be around £9 billion. [3] The project involved a major regeneration of the Stratford area of London, as well as improvements to surrounding services and associated venues. [1] Public transport, an aspect of the proposal which scored poorly for the bid, saw numerous improvements, including to the London Underground and the new "Olympic Javelin" service. [4]

The celebrations of the bid's success were partly silenced the day after the announcement when the 7 July 2005 London bombings killed 52 people and injured hundreds more. There was no confirmed link between the IOC decision and the attack, [5] which also coincided with the G8 Summit in Scotland.

Following the success of the bid, the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was established to oversee the ongoing development of the games. Some alterations were made after the bid was accepted, including the decision by the IOC to eliminate some sporting events, [6] and a new layout for the Olympic Zone, both resulting in some relatively minor changes to the Olympic venues.

London 2012 banner at The Monument 15-11-05 101 Monument.jpg
London 2012 banner at The Monument

Sporting venues

The 2012 Olympics were planned to use a mixture of newly built venues, existing facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome, the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games. Some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form, while others would be reduced in size and several would be relocated elsewhere in the UK. The plans would contribute to the regeneration of Stratford in east London, which would be the site of the Olympic Park, and of the neighbouring Lower Lea Valley. [7]

However, this required the compulsory purchase of some businesses and this caused controversy, with some of the business owners claiming that the compensation offered was inadequate. The purchased buildings were demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements.

The majority of venues were divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. Also some venues (such as those for sailing) were outside the boundaries of Greater London. [1]

The IOC noted that future negotiations were necessary to ensure the use of the Old Trafford and Villa Park football stadiums. The need for compulsory purchase orders was also highlighted as a possible problem for the Olympic Park, but IOC did not expect this to cause any "undue delay to construction schedules". [8]

At the time of the bid, 60% of the venues and facilities were in place. The remaining venues were proposed to be completed between 2007 and the start of the games. At time of the bid the following were the tentative completion dates for some of the remaining venues: Channel Tunnel/Stratford rail link (2007); Aquatics Centre and London Velopark (2008); East London line extension (2010); Olympic Stadium and Heathrow Terminal 5 final completion (2011).

Olympic Zone

The Olympic Zone encompasses all of the facilities within the 500-acre (2 km2) Olympic Park in Stratford. This park was developed on existing waste and industrial land, at grid reference TQ379849 , just seven minutes by Olympic Javelin train from central London. The park contains: [9]

River Zone

ExCel Exhibition Centre ExCel Exhibition Centre.jpg
ExCel Exhibition Centre

The River Zone featured five main venues in the Thames Gateway area straddling the River Thames:

Central Zone

The Central Zone was formed out of all the remaining venues within Greater London. They are quite widely spread across central and west London:

Outside Greater London

Three of the venues were just outside Greater London: [20]

The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy, in Portland Harbour, Dorset, on the south coast of England, would be used for the sailing events. It is around 120 miles (192 km) from central London.

The earlier stages of the football competition were played at football stadia around the country including:

Olympic Village

The Olympic Village was located in Lower Lea Valley in east London. The area was then underdeveloped, and thus a well-suited place to construct the village. [21] Because the Olympic Village is located within the Olympic Park, about 75 percent of athletes would be within 15 minutes of their venues; this compact design, according to double Olympic decathlon gold medallist Daley Thompson, would "make [the experience] so much more inspirating [sic] and real". When the games are over, the Village will be converted into new homes and facilities for the local community. [22]

Australian construction company Lend Lease Corp Ltd was chosen to build the Olympic Village. The project cost £5.3 billion (A$13.2 billion) [23] and was constructed in two phases. The first phase, which involves the development of 4,200 residential buildings and other accommodations for the village, began in 2008. When the 2012 Olympics are over, the second phase will involve the refurbishment of the Olympic village and construction on another 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft) of space to complete the regeneration of Stratford City. [24]

The Olympic Village's accommodations are the most spacious in Olympic history. Each athlete and official is guaranteed their own bed – over 17,000 beds in total. Each apartment was billed to include Internet access and wireless networking and other state-of-the-art technology. [25]

Transport and infrastructure

A London Underground train decorated to promote London's olympic bid - this coincided with plans for investment the city's public transport network London 2012 train.jpg
A London Underground train decorated to promote London's olympic bid – this coincided with plans for investment the city's public transport network

Public transport, an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation, [26] was planned to see numerous improvements, including the expansion of the London Underground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the temporary "Olympic Javelin" service. [4] The games were won without a commitment to deliver Crossrail by 2012. This was the largest transport project proposed for London, and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games.

The bid envisaged that 80% of athletes would be within 20 minutes of their events and 97% would be within 30 minutes of their events. It was estimated that 80% of spectators would arrive by rail. [27] Together, all the planned heavy rail, light rail, and underground services (excluding Crossrail) were expected to deliver around 240 trains every hour. [28]

Additionally, there were to be two major park and ride sites off the M25 within 25 minutes of the Olympic Park capable of holding 12,000 cars. For the most part, predictions showed that on event days, 78% of spectators were likely to travel from within London and only 22% from the rest of the UK and Europe. Organisers hoped to use low- or no-emission vehicles to transport Olympic athletes and officials. [27]

Budget

As of the time of the bid, projections for the cost of the 2012 Olympics were low. The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than £100 million. The organising committee laid out the following figures:

The revenue for the games was also projected:

While this projection seemed reasonable, many were adamant about the actual costs. In early 2007, it was suggested that the actual cost of the games could exceed £9.35 billion (US$18.03 billion), well over the bid projection. For comparison, the 2004 games in Athens cost around £7 billion (US$13.5 billion) and estimates for the 2008 games in Beijing run between £10 billion and £20 billion (US$19 billion and US$39 billion). [29]

Ticketing

Approximately 8.0 million tickets were proposed to be available for the Olympics, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympics. [30] [31] and the London Organising Committee planned on selling a total of 6.5 million (an 81% sellout) Olympic tickets, and a 63% sellout for Paralympic tickets. [32] Olympic tickets go on sale on 15 March 2011 [33] and should remain on sale until the start of the event, depending on availability. With the purchase of a ticket, each person is entitled to free transportation on London's public transport system for that day. [30] Paralympic tickets go on sale on 9 September 2011. [34]

Marketing Director David Magliano said that 1.5 million tickets would be sold for £15 (US$29). The average ticket price was set to be £40 (US$77) [32] and 75% of all tickets would cost less than £50 (US$97), [35] prices that Magliano says are reasonably accessible to almost everyone in Britain. In addition to stadium seats, there would be 20,000 £10 (US$19) tickets for the Olympic Park to watch events on big screens. [35]

Political commitment

To facilitate the Olympics at a governmental level, Cabinet-level Minister for the Olympics Tessa Jowell was set to be responsible for the games. Also in the Cabinet would be an Olympic Security Committee to co-ordinate security planning. In addition, the government proposed to create the Olympic Delivery Authority, which would oversee the construction of venues and see that the games are lived out past 2012. [27]

Other details

Planned legacy of the Games

The organising committee paid special attention to the after effects of the games on London, and what they could do to make sure the games left a lasting impression on London and the world. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games planned out the uses of important stadiums and transportation systems after the games, as well as the social factors of the 2012 legacy.

One of the most prominent of the proposed legacy is the conversion of the Olympic Village into 3,600 apartments, most of which will be affordable housing. Most of Stratford City will be regenerated with the construction of 500,000 more square metres of space. [22]

The committee outlined plans to donate the sports equipment used in the Games to sports clubs and charities in the United Kingdom. [38]

Sports venues

One of the priorities governing the contents of London's bid was to avoid leaving "white elephants" after the games. To be sure that important venues and stadiums do not go to waste, the organising committee has planned what to do with them after the games. All venues that will not have a planned use after the games are over will be built as temporary venues. [39]

The 80,000-seat Olympic Stadium will be converted into a 25,000-seat multi-purpose venue to be mainly used for athletics events. The Stadium should become the hub of east London activities when the games end. [39]

The Aquatics Centre after the games will include two 50-metre pools, a 25-metre diving pool and a fitness centre. They will be able to accommodate elite, development, local club and community users. The venue will allow for 3,500 spectators and would host local, national, and worldwide swimming events. [39]

To connect a variety of cycling and walking trails throughout the Lea Valley, the London Velopark will be transformed into a multi-discipline cycling centre. It will be extended further northwards, with the legacy road cycling circuit straddling the A12 and extending into the old Eton Manor site, where the mountain biking area will be located. [40] The transformed stadium will consist of a 3,000-seat velodrome, road track, competition and play BMX tracks, and a mountain biking course for use by all levels of cyclists. [39]

The Olympic Hockey Centre after the games will become a venue providing training and competition facilities for hockey at all levels. It will feature a 5,000 seat arena and a training pitch. [39]

In addition, several of the indoor arenas would be assembled elsewhere in the UK. The construction of the Aquatics Centre and the Velopark was confirmed before London won the Games, so it might be more accurate to call them legacies of the bid rather than of the Games. While the legacy venues would be tailored to London's ongoing needs, some of them would be expensive for that purpose. For example, London will have paid for an 80,000-seat athletics stadium, but will only possess a 25,000-seat stadium.

Social and economic benefits

At the time of the bid, those involved in British sport were hopeful that there would also be a 2012 legacy of increased commitment to sport in the UK, with the social and health benefits they believe that could bring, but it will be difficult to assess whether or not this really happens. Some commentators have argued that it would be better to invest directly in grass roots sport.

Disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK were confident that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would encourage people across the disability spectrum to take up sport.

Other legacy items would include the conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a lifelong learning centre for the east London community with a nursery and primary and secondary schools, and the conversion of the media and press centre into a creative industries centre for east London. The organisers claimed that 3,000 new permanent jobs would be created, but opponents of the games were concerned that some of the 11,000 existing jobs in the Olympic Zone may be lost. [41] It was also hoped that there will be a wider economic effect from the improvements which the games might make to London's image.

Transport

The planned transport legacy for the capital included new bus transit schemes, extensions to existing Underground lines, redevelopments of London Underground stations and upgrades to the trains used. There were also to be many upgrades to National Rail services with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a new high-speed rail link, several new stations and upgrades to stations such as King's Cross St Pancras. Please view the Legacy Map to see the upgrades to the London Transport network in context.

Opinions of the bid

Support

The Head of the IOC evaluation commission praised the passion behind the London 2012 bid when they visited Stratford and other places in the city. The IOC evaluation commission chair Nawal El Moutawakel speaking at a press conference in London observed: "We could feel it, hear it and see it." She added, "It was in every speech and every word." [42]

2012 was seen as a window of opportunity as observers saw Europe as the destination for the Games. Four of the five finalist cities were from Europe.

Support for the bid topped 70% of the people of the United Kingdom and 68% of the people in London, as shown by an opinion poll commissioned by the IOC. Some of the support can be attributed to the city's "Back the Bid" campaign, which included the slogan on posters that were hung around London in the months leading up to the decision to award the 2012 Games to London. Many disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK urged all people with disabilities to back the London 2012 bid.

On 17 June 2005, British Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the Government's total commitment to London's bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games. Mr Blair told BBC Five Live that he would be travelling to Singapore with the London delegation to stress the "complete 100% support" of politicians from all the major political parties in the country. "The most important thing is to show people that the Government is absolutely behind the bid", said Mr Blair, who travelled to the Far East before returning to chair the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire, Scotland. The leaders of the opposition parties also attended the meeting and expressed their support of the venture.

Criticism

Many Londoners challenged the high cost of the Olympics and the £20 per year council tax rise to fund it as well as the possibility of white elephant sites like the Millennium Dome being left. Additionally there were concerns that unions, including the RMT, would strike near or during the proceedings for bonuses and that construction deadlines would not be met.

Outside of London the success was not universally welcomed, with fears that the event would divert funding from the rest of the country and that the rest of the United Kingdom would be forced to help fund it, for no benefit. Local business – some extant in this area for over 100 years – were questioning the package of measures in place to allow them to find new sites when the new Olympic village displaced them.

Comparison had been drawn between the Manchester bid and this one, in terms of the amount of government support, and the overwhelmingly hostile attitude of the London-based press to Manchester's bid. Furthermore the cost of travelling and accommodation would rise across London which many thought would outprice tourists and leave many events under-attended.

IOC evaluation report

The International Olympic Committee's evaluation report was generally very positive. It scored poorly on the transportation and public/government support aspects of the evaluation, but received a 10 in accommodations.

London has proposed Games based on providing world-class facilities and services for the athletes, and a legacy for sport and the community. Whilst the Olympic Park would undoubtedly leave a strong sporting and environmental legacy for London, the magnitude of the project, including the planned upgrade and expansion of transport infrastructure, would require careful planning to ensure all facilities and rehabilitation projects were completed on time. Air quality in London at proposed Games-time is generally satisfactory. Increasing levels of ozone pollution are however a concern, but legislation and actions now in place are aimed at correcting that trend. With its rich history, the capacities of UK Paralympic Sport are among the best in the world. Athletes have been closely involved in the planning of the Olympic Village. The east side of the village would appear to be somewhat crowded.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Winter Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Vancouver, Canada

The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games and also known as Vancouver 2010, were an international winter multi-sport event held from February 12 to 28, 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond, West Vancouver and the University of British Columbia, and in the nearby resort town of Whistler. It was regarded by the Olympic Committee to be among the most successful Olympic games in history, in both attendance and coverage. Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines. Both the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC), headed by John Furlong. The 2010 Winter Games were the third Olympics to be hosted by Canada, and the first to be held within the province of British Columbia. Canada had hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Summer Paralympics</span> Multi-parasport event in London, England

The 2012 Summer Paralympics, branded as the London 2012 Paralympic Games, were an international multi-sport parasports event held from 29 August to 9 September 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. They were the 14th Summer Paralympic Games as organised by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and officially branded as Rio 2016, were an international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August. Rio de Janeiro was announced as the host city at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics</span> Failed bid to host Games of the XXX Olympiad

Paris 2012 was an unsuccessful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics to be held in Paris. The bidding race was eventually won by the London 2012 bid after a 54–50 vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 6 July 2005. The French capital's failure to win the 2012 games follows the attempts of the Paris 2008 and Paris 1992 bids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Summer Olympics</span> Multi-sport event in London, England

The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012, were an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the group stage in women's football, began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July. There were 10,518 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) who participated in the 2012 Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Stadium</span> Multi-purpose stadium in Stratford, London, England

The London Stadium is a multi-purpose outdoor stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in the Stratford district of London. It is located in the Lower Lea Valley, 6 miles (10 km) east of central London. The stadium was constructed specifically for the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics, serving as the athletics venue and as the site of their opening and closing ceremonies. Following the Games, it was rebuilt for multi-purpose use and now serves primarily as the home of Premier League club West Ham United, who played at the Boleyn Ground before moving to the stadium in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Aquatics Centre</span> Public aquatic sports facility in London, England

The London Aquatics Centre is an indoor facility with two 50-metre (164-foot) swimming pools and a 25-metre (82-foot) diving pool in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London. The centre, designed by architect Zaha Hadid as one of the main venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, was used for the swimming, diving and synchronised swimming events. After significant modification, the centre opened to the public in March 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Valley VeloPark</span> Velodrome in Stratford, London, England

Lee Valley VeloPark is a cycling centre in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London, England. It is owned and managed by Lee Valley Regional Park Authority, and it was opened to the public in March 2014. The facility was one of the permanent venues for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riverbank Arena</span> Olympic stadium in London, England

The Riverbank Arena was a stadium in the Olympic Park, in Hackney Wick, London, United Kingdom, containing a water-based astroturf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</span> Sporting complex in Greater London, England

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is a sporting complex and public park in Stratford, Hackney Wick, Leyton and Bow, in east London. It was purpose-built for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, situated adjacent to the Stratford City development. It contains the Olympic stadium, now known as the London Stadium, and the Olympic swimming pool together with the athletes' Olympic Village and several other Olympic sporting venues and the London Olympics Media Centre. The park is overlooked by the ArcelorMittal Orbit, an observation tower and Britain's largest piece of public art.

The 2012 Summer Olympic development process began in 2005, following the successful London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, and ran until the games in 2012. While many of the plans were included in the bid portfolio, which gained the favour of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) over the four other bids on 6 July 2005, there were more details released and decisions made afterwards. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was created to oversee many of these developments, though such a large-scale event requires the co-operation of many other agencies. These organizations are sometimes integral parts of the London 2012 plans, while others are unrelated but can still have a great effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games</span> 2012 Olympics local organising committee

The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was the organisation responsible for overseeing the planning and development of the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. It was jointly established by the UK Government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Mayor of London and the British Olympic Association and was structured as a private company limited by guarantee. LOCOG worked closely with the publicly funded Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), which is responsible for the planning and construction of new venues and infrastructure.

The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics venues were mostly located in the host city of London, though some other events required facilities located elsewhere. Between the successful bid and the Olympics and Paralympics themselves, several details and venues changed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prague bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics</span>

Prague, the capital city of the Czech Republic, bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Prague's bid was considered a trial bid to warm up for future Olympic campaigns. Prague's bid came to an end on 4 June 2008, when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legacy of the 2012 Summer Olympics</span>

The London 2012 Olympic Legacy is the longer-term benefits and effects of the planning, funding, building and staging of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in summer 2012. It is variously described as:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Major sports event hosting in Britain during the 2010s</span>

The United Kingdom was awarded a number of major international sporting events during the 2010s leading to an idea of a 'Golden Decade' in British sport. The idea of the golden decade has been discussed in many newspapers and has been mentioned by former Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Lord Coe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchester bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics</span>

The Manchester bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics and Paralympics was an unsuccessful campaign, first presented to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 1 February 1993. Ultimately it lost, having made it to the third round of voting with Sydney, Australia, going on to win the right to host the 2000 Summer Olympics.

2012 Summer Olympics marketing was a long running campaign that began when London won its bid to host the games in 2005.

The 2032 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXXV Olympiad and also known as Brisbane 2032, is an upcoming international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 23 July to 8 August 2032, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They will be the third Olympics Games held in Australia, after the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales.

There have been concerns and controversies about the 2022 Commonwealth Games, which were held in Birmingham, England.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Rivals for 2012: London". BBC Sport. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  2. "London wins 2012 Olympics". CNN. 7 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  3. "Experts debate Games bid benefits". BBC News. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  4. 1 2 "Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games" (PDF). House of Commons Transport Committee. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  5. "IOC support after London attacks". BBC Sport. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  6. 1 2 "New Olympic Programme in 2012". IOC. 8 July 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  7. Hodgkinson, Mark (8 February 2007). "London 2012 must learn from the £1bn Sydney hangover". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  8. "Olympic Park land row rumbles on". BBC Sport. 4 November 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  9. "London 2012 venue: Olympic zone". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  10. "London 2012 venue: ExCeL Centre". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  11. "London 2012 venue: Millennium Dome". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  12. "London 2012 venue: Greenwich Park". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  13. "London 2012 venue: Royal Artillery Barracks". BBC Sport. 3 November 2004. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  14. "London 2012 venue: Wembley". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  15. "London 2012 venue: Wimbledon". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  16. "London 2012 venue: Archery". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  17. "London 2012 venue: Regent's Park". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  18. "London 2012 venue: Horse Guards Parade". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  19. "London 2012 venue: Hyde Park". BBC Sport. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  20. "London 2012 venue: Outside London". BBC Sport. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
  21. "The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment". London.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  22. 1 2 "London reveals dramatic vision for 2012". 4 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  23. "Lend Lease wins bid to build London's Olympic village". The Sydney Morning Herald . 5 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  24. "Aussie firm to build Olympic village". 6 March 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  25. "The most spacious accommodation in Games history". LOCOG. Archived from the original on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  26. "Coe: 'Time to Engage the London Public'". LondonNet Ltd. 19 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "London plan at-a-glance". BBC Sport. 5 July 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  28. "Stratford Olympic Park". 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  29. "Q&A: Olympics budget increase". BBC News. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  30. 1 2 "Just the ticket". London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  31. "Ticketing at London 2012". London 2012 website. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  32. 1 2 "Stunning image of a London Games". London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 18 February 2005. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  33. London 2012 Tickets To go on Sale March 15 Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine , worldnewsinsight.com
  34. Six weeks to apply for London 2012 tickets from March, moneycontrol.com, 16 January 2011
  35. 1 2 "London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games" (PDF). September 2006. Archived from the original (pfd) on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  36. "Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  37. "Olympism and culture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
  38. Louth, Nick (7 July 2005). "How Britain will benefit from the games". MSN. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "Legacy of the Games". 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 27 November 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  40. London 2012: Demolition work starts on Olympic Park site Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine 14 December 2006
  41. Samuel, Martin (13 July 2005). "Who needs an Olympic pool when there's no room for a kickabout?". The Times . London. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  42. Smit, Martina (21 February 2005). "Olympic inspectors praise Brit passion". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.

Publications and information

News

51°32′46″N0°00′46″W / 51.54615°N 0.01269°W / 51.54615; -0.01269