Magnolia tripetala

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Magnolia tripetala
Magnolia tripetala 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Magnoliaceae
Genus: Magnolia
Subgenus: Magnolia subg. Magnolia
Section: Magnolia sect. Rhytidospermum
Subsection: Magnolia subsect. Rhytidospermum
Species:
M. tripetala
Binomial name
Magnolia tripetala
(L.) L. [2]
Magnolia tripetala range map 4.png
Generalized natural range of Magnolia tripetala
Synonyms [2] [3] [4]

Magnolia tripetala, commonly called umbrella magnolia or simply umbrella-tree, is a deciduous tree native to the eastern United States in the Appalachian Mountains, the Ozarks, and the Ouachita Mountains. The name "umbrella tree" derives from the fact that the large leaves are clustered at the tips of the branches forming an umbrella-shaped structure.

Contents

Description

Umbrella magnolias have large shiny leaves 30–50 cm long, spreading from stout stems. In a natural setting the umbrella magnolia can grow 15 m tall. The flowers are large, appear in the spring, malodorous, [5] 15–25 cm diameter, with six to nine creamy-white tepals and a large red style, which later develops into a red fruit (an aril) 10 cm long, containing several red seeds. These trees are attractive and easy to grow. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. The leaves are clustered at the tip of the stem with very short internodes. The tree has reddish cone-shaped fruit, is shade tolerant, has shallow spreading roots, and is pollinated by beetles.

Leaves on M. tripetala trees are alternate, simple, and oblong. They are a dark green on top and pale green underneath the leaves. These leaves are clustered at the ends of branches, giving them the appearance of an umbrella. The leaves and arrangement resemble their relative M. macrophylla . [6] These trees are naturally in rich and moist woods, along slopes, streams and ravines. The bark is thin and gray, mostly smooth and can have raised lenticels. [7] Trees typically grow from single stems, though multiple stems are not uncommon. [8] The flowers on M. tripetala have been described to have unpleasant smells but are not toxic to organisms. These trees grow at a moderate rate during the spring season. [9]

Taxonomy

The name M. tripetala was originally described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1759. [10] It is most commonly known as the umbrella magnolia or the umbrella tree. [11] Tripetala comes from Latin and means "three petals". This naming convention was used for the three petal-like sepals of the tree's flowers. [6] Magnolia tripetala is the accepted name of the species but has gone through multiple authors naming the species differently. [12] Synonyms for M. tripetala include Kobus tripetala, Magnolia frondosa, Magnolia umbrella, Magnolia virginiana var. tripetala, and Magnolia umbrella var. tripetala. [13]

Distribution and habitat

Umbrella magnolias have a native range from New York state to southern Florida. This range also expands as far west as Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma. [14] It is located in deciduous forests of the Appalachian Mountains. [15] Research has shown the species to be non-native to northern states such as Pennsylvania, and only being a recent arrival. [14] This species has been cultivated in locations outsides its natural range, and has spread from these locations to nearby woodlands. [16] Magnolia tripetala has been observed in forests outside its native range in multiple instances. Single individuals and small populations have been observed near areas where M. tripetala is in cultivation. [17] Magnolia tripetala has been given the FACU wetland status, tending to prefer average to dry soil. [9] The trees have low tolerance to drought and fire.

Reproduction

Magnolia tripetala in cultivation can produce low viability pollen (9.4-31.7%). Actual seed productivity of the M. tripetala is less than their potential productivity. However, M. tripetala are characterized by a high seed germination rates, up to 94%. Optimal seed germination conditions for M. tripetala are protected ground or a greenhouse and stratification at 4 °C for 30 days. [18]

Notable trees

The largest known Magnolia tripetala is 15.2 m in height with a trunk diameter of 87 cm in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. [5]

Uses

Magnolia tripetala contains a substance called ethyl acetate in its branches, and this substance displays nematicidal activity. [19] This activity allows it to specifically resist Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Panagrellus redivivus, and Caenorhabditis elegans. [19]

Magnolia tripetala has been used as a parent with Magnolia obovata (Japanese cucumber tree), resulting in the hybrid Magnolia x pruhoniciana, an ornamental plant. The species is named for the park for which it was first discovered, Prühonice Park in the Czech Republic. [20] The hybrid has resulted in multiple hybrid variants, including the named 'Silk Road' and 'Silver Parasol' cultivars. The variants are described to be deciduous, medium trees with elliptic to ovate leaves. The leaves are 20-45cm by 10-22cm and the flowers are white, 16-25cm across at the end of branches. The cultivars have fruits with features such as number of follicles or stamen scars that are intermediate between the parent species. [20]

Umbrella magnolia leaves are eaten by a variety of animals. They often grow under the canopy of larger trees and support biodiversity in forested areas. [9] These trees are notably used as specimen trees for their unique foliage. Magnolia tripetala is used ornamental in urban areas and used as fa ocal treesin garden settings. [21]

Diseases

Umbrella magnolias are victim to pests such as magnolia scales or yellow poplar weevils. Magnolia scales infest and slowly kill branches of many trees, including species of magnolias. Yellow poplar weevils infest the leaves of magnolias and can cause mortality. [22]

Conservation

Magnolia tripetala has a secure conservation status across multiple states in most of its native range. However there are multiple states where the tree is considered critically imperiled or exotic. Many states within the native range of M. tripetala have not assessed its endangerment status. States where there is no status ranking (SNR/SU/SNA) for M. tripetala include Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. States where the tree is considered secure (S5) include North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Magnolia tripetala is critically imperiled (S1) in Oklahoma, Mississippi, Florida, and Indiana. Global status for M. tripetala is secure (G5) as of 1991. Global status is in need of review. [14] Efforts to conserve M. tripetala have been taken by local and state-wide ecological groups and are still being recommended. As the tree grows on steep slopes, the trees and soil are subject to damage due to human traffic in its native range. Ailanthus altissima has been described as a competitor to M. tripetala and has been removed from its habitat to better support M. tripetala persistence. [23]

Ecology

Magnolia tripetala most commonly lives in slope forests on north-facing slopes. [21] The tree has been seen to grow along streambanks as well as in many ravines. [16] Beetles are the primary pollinators of M. tripetala and birds and squirrels disperse seeds. [24] Beetles enter buds of the flowers to feed on pollen and move this pollen from male parts of the flower to female parts. The male reproductive parts of the flower mature first. [21] These trees are slow to spread but seedlings are resilient. Flowers bloom in the spring while seeds mature and spread throughout the summer. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Magnolia</i> Genus of angiosperms

Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 to 340 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. The natural range of Magnolia species is disjunct, with a main center in east and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies, and some species in South America.

<i>Quercus muehlenbergii</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus muehlenbergii, the chinquapinoak, is a deciduous species of tree in the white oak group. The species was often called Quercus acuminata in older literature. Quercus muehlenbergii is native to eastern and central North America. It ranges from Vermont to Minnesota, south to the Florida panhandle, and west to New Mexico in the United States. In Canada it is only found in southern Ontario, and in Mexico it ranges from Coahuila south to Hidalgo.

<i>Juniperus virginiana</i> Species of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana, also known as eastern redcedar, red cedar, Virginian juniper, eastern juniper, red juniper, and other local names, is a species of juniper native to eastern North America from southeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and east of the Great Plains. Further west it is replaced by the related Juniperus scopulorum and to the southwest by Juniperus ashei. It is not to be confused with Thuja occidentalis.

<i>Magnolia acuminata</i> Species of tree

Magnolia acuminata, commonly called the cucumber tree, cucumber magnolia or blue magnolia, is one of the largest magnolias, and one of the cold-hardiest. It is a large forest tree of the Eastern United States and Southern Ontario in Canada. It is a tree that tends to occur singly as scattered specimens, rather than in groves.

<i>Magnolia virginiana</i> Species of tree in the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae

Magnolia virginiana, most commonly known as sweetbay magnolia, or merely sweetbay, is a member of the magnolia family, Magnoliaceae. It was the first magnolia to be scientifically described under modern rules of botanical nomenclature, and is the type species of the genus Magnolia; as Magnolia is also the type genus of all flowering plants (magnoliophytes), this species in a sense typifies all flowering plants.

<i>Magnolia grandiflora</i> Species of tree

Magnolia grandiflora, commonly known as the southern magnolia or bull bay, is a tree of the family Magnoliaceae native to the Southeastern United States, from Virginia to central Florida, and west to East Texas. Reaching 27.5 m (90 ft) in height, it is a large, striking evergreen tree, with large, dark-green leaves up to 20 cm long and 12 cm wide, and large, white, fragrant flowers up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.

<i>Prunus virginiana</i> Species of plant

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry, is a species of bird cherry native to North America.

<i>Diospyros virginiana</i> Species of tree

Diospyros virginiana is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon, common persimmon, eastern persimmon, simmon, possumwood, possum apples, or sugar plum. It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida, and west to Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans.

<i>Magnolia fraseri</i> Species of tree

Magnolia fraseri, commonly known as Fraser magnolia, mountain magnolia, earleaf cucumbertree, or mountain-oread, is a species of magnolia native to the south-eastern United States in the southern Appalachian Mountains and adjacent Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain from West Virginia south to northern Florida and west to eastern Texas. The Appalachian plants are classified as Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri, and the more coastal plants as M. fraseri var. pyramidata. These two kinds of magnolia are often recognized as distinct species, M. fraseri and M. pyramidata, respectively.

<i>Prunus serotina</i> Species of tree

Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a deciduous tree or shrub of the genus Prunus. Despite being called black cherry, it is not very closely related to the commonly cultivated cherries such as sweet cherry, sour cherry and Japanese flowering cherries which belong to Prunus subg. Cerasus. Instead, P. serotina belongs to Prunus subg. Padus, a subgenus also including Eurasian bird cherry and chokecherry. The species is widespread and common in North America and South America.

<i>Halesia</i> Genus of trees

Halesia, also known as silverbell or snowdrop tree, is a small genus of four or five species of deciduous large shrubs or small trees in the family Styracaceae.

<i>Clematis virginiana</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis virginiana is a vine of the Ranunculaceae native to North America from Newfoundland to southern Manitoba down to the Gulf of Mexico. The rationale for some of the common names is unclear, as they include examples normally applied to unrelated plants, including twining parasites. The name "Love Vine" also is applied to alleged aphrodisiacs, such as Caribbean species of Cassytha, which are unrelated to Clematis, not being in the family Ranunculaceae.

<i>Magnolia champaca</i> Species of tree

Magnolia champaca, known in English as champak, is a large evergreen tree in the family Magnoliaceae. It was previously classified as Michelia champaca. It is known for its fragrant flowers, and its timber used in woodworking.

<i>Magnolia kobus</i> Species of tree

Magnolia kobus, known as mokryeon, kobus magnolia, or kobushi magnolia, is a species of Magnolia native to Japan and Korea and occasionally cultivated in temperate areas. It is a deciduous, small to tall tree which has a slow rate of growth but can reach 8–15 m (25–50 ft) in height and up to 10 m (35 ft) in spread.

<i>Hamamelis virginiana</i> Species of plant

Hamamelis virginiana, known as witch-hazel, common witch-hazel, American witch-hazel and beadwood, is a species of flowering shrub native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, and south to central Florida to eastern Texas.

<i>Murraya paniculata</i> Species of plant

Murraya paniculata, commonly known as orange jasmine, orange jessamine, china box or mock orange, is a species of shrub or small tree in the family Rutaceae and is native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. It has smooth bark, pinnate leaves with up to seven egg-shaped to elliptical leaflets, fragrant white or cream-coloured flowers and oval, orange-red berries containing hairy seeds.

<i>Ximenia americana</i> Species of tree

Ximenia americana, commonly known as tallow wood, hog plum, yellow plum, sea lemon, or pi'ut (Chamorro), is bush-forming shrub/small tree; a species from the Ximenia genus in the Olacaceae family. It is mainly found in the tropics, ranging from Africa, India and southeast Asia, to Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, West Indies, Central, North and South America. It is especially common in Africa and South America. It is not domesticated so it is only found occurring in the wild.

<i>Sapindus saponaria</i> Species of tree

Sapindus saponaria is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree native to the Americas. Common names include wingleaf soapberry, western soapberry, jaboncillo, sulluku and manele and a'e (Hawaiian). Its genus name, "Sapindus", comes from the Latin, meaning Indian soap, and its specific epithet means "soapy."

<i>Chrysophyllum oliviforme</i> Species of flowering plant

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, commonly known as the satinleaf, is a medium-sized tree native to Florida, the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and Belize. It is also known as damson plum, wild star-apple and saffron-tree. It gets the name "satinleaf" from the distinctive colors of the leaves. The top of the leaf is dark green while the bottom is light brown or copper. This distinctive look makes it a very aesthetically pleasing tree that is commonly used as an ornamental in yards and public spaces.

<i>Magnolia × thompsoniana</i> Hybrid species of tree

Magnolia × thompsoniana is a hybrid plant in the genus Magnolia and family Magnoliaceae. It is a semideciduous tree with large white fragrant flowers.

References

  1. ↑ Khela, S.; Wheeler, L.; Rivers, M.C. (2014). "Magnolia tripetala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T194013A2294339. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194013A2294339.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2  Magnolia tripetala was published in Systema Naturae Editio Decima 2: 1082. 1759. The binomial was derived from its basionym, Magnolia virginiana var. tripetala "Name - Magnolia tripetala (L.) L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Magnolia tripetala (L.) L." The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ↑  Magnolia virginiana var. tripetala, the basionym to M. tripetala was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753. "Name - Magnolia virginiana var. tripetala L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Magnolia tripetala". Flora of North America. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  6. 1 2 "umbrella magnolia". Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
  7. ↑ "Umbrella Magnolia (Magnolia tripetala)". fwf.ag.utk.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  8. ↑ "Magnolia Tripetala (Umbrella Magnolia)". Gardenia. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Magnolia tripetala (L.) L." USDA Plants Database. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  10. ↑ "Magnolia tripetala | International Plant Names Index". ipni.org. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  11. ↑ Linnaeus (1759). Systema Naturae (10th ed.).
  12. ↑ "Magnolia tripetala (L.) L." WFO Plant List. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  13. ↑ "Magnolia tripetala". floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  14. 1 2 3 "Magnolia tripetala Umbrella Magnolia". NatureServe Explorer 2.0. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  15. ↑ Rhoads, Ann F. (1994). "Magnolia tripetala in Pennsylvania". Bartonia. 58 (58): 75–77. JSTOR   41610024.
  16. 1 2 "Magnolia Tripetala". Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program.
  17. ↑ Bellemare, Jesse (1 July 2015). "Horticultural Escape and Naturalization of Magnolia tripetala in Western Massachusetts: Biogeographic Context and Possible Relationship to Recent Climate Change". Rhodora: Journal of the New England Botanical Club. 117 (971): 371–383.
  18. ↑ Kameneva, L. A.; Koksheeva, I. M. (2013). "Reproductive biology of seven taxa of Magnolia L. in the south of Russian Far East". Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 20 (2): 163–170. doi: 10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17390 .
  19. 1 2 Ntalli, N. G.; Caboni, P. (2012). "Botanical nematicides: a review". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (40): 9929–9940. doi:10.1021/jf303107j. PMID   22973877.
  20. 1 2 "Magnolia × pruhoniciana". Trees and Shrubs Online. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  21. 1 2 3 "Magnolia tripetala". Florida Native Plant Society (FNPS). Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  22. ↑ "Magnolia tripetala (Umbrella Magnolia, Umbrella-tree) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  23. ↑ Badger, Kemuel; Jackson, Marion T. (1983). "A Study of the Natural History of Naturally Occurring Populations of Magnolia tripetala L. in Indiana". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 93: 309–312.
  24. ↑ "Umbrella magnolia". The Morton Arboretum. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
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