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Foraminifera are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell of diverse forms and materials. Tests of chitin are believed to be the most primitive type. Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the seafloor sediment, while a smaller number float in the water column at various depths, which belong to the suborder Globigerinina. Fewer are known from freshwater or brackish conditions, and some very few (nonaquatic) soil species have been identified through molecular analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA.
Parafusulina is a genus of foraminifera included in the fusulinacean family Schwagerinidae that were extant during the Permian.
The Miliolida are an order of foraminifera with calcareous, porcelacous tests that are imperforate and commonly have a pseudochitinous lining. Tests are composed of randomly oriented calcite needles that have a high proportion of magnesium along with organic material. Tests lack pores and generally have multiple chambers.
Quinqueloculina is a genus of foraminifera in the family Miliolidae.
Abadehella is a genus of large Upper Permian benthic forams in the order Fusulinida. It is the sole known genus of the family Abadahellidae, for which the diagnosis is the same. Abadahellidae was established by Loeblich and Tappan 1984; Abadahella by Okimura and Ishi, 1975.
Abathomphalus is a genus of foraminifera included in the Globotruncanid family.
Cibicides is a genus of cosmopolitan benthic foraminifera known from at least as far back as the Paleocene that extends down to the present.
Fabiania is a genus of large fossil benthic calcareous forams with a range extending from the Upper Paleocene to the Upper Eocene.
Clavulina is a genus of aggulinated benthic foraminiferans with an elongate test. The early stage is triserial and triangular in section, the later stage uniserial and rectilinear, with angular to rounded section. In some species agglutinated walls have considerable calcareous cement. Septa are secondarily doubled as a result of imperforate floors, which are added as new chambers are formed. Walls contain fine bifurcating canaliculi within, openings of which are sealed internally by an inner organic lining, and externally by the imperforate surface layer of the wall. The aperture is interiomarginal in the early triserial stage, terminal and rounded in the adult.
Kalosha is a genus of foraminifera included in the miliolid family Spiroloculinidae. Its test is small, ovate in outline, only up to 0.2 mm in the greatest dimension; begins with an oval proloculus followed by planispirally coiled elongate tubular chambers one-half coil in length, forming three to five whorls. The wall is calcareous, hyaline (glassy), and imperforate. The aperture is a narrow slit at the end of the final chamber.
The Globoroatioidea constitutes a superfamily of Cenozoic plantonic foraminifera. It is part of the suborder Globigerinina. Globoroatioidea have trochospiral tests with rounded to carinate peripheries, the walls of which are of finely lamellar, perforate, of optically radial calcite, with an inner organic lining. The surface of these tests is smooth, lacking spines, but may be covered with pustules or pitted, and may have one or more large pores at the center. There is a single primary aperture that may be bordered by an imperforate lip, as well as possible supplementary apertures.
Sigmoilina is a miliolid genus, referring to the foraminiferal order Miliolida, characterized by an assymmetricall biconvex test formed by strongly overlapping chambers, one-half coil in length, that form a sigmoid (S-shaped) curve in cross section. The strongly overlapping chambers obliterate earlier ones from view resulting in the compressed biloculine appearance, differing from the squat, depressed biloculine form of Pyrgo and Biloculina. The test, as for all Miliolida, is porcelaneous and imperphorate, the terminal aperture, with tooth, the only point of egress and ingress for the animal.
Sigmoilinita is a miliolid genus (Foraminifera) with an ovate to fusiform test that becomes flattened with growth. Chambers are tubular, one-half coil in length, at first added in a sigmoiline (S-shaped) series starting at slightly more than 180° apart. the angle gradually decreasing until the later whorls are planispiral. Chambers are numerous, the wall narrow. imperforate, porcelaneous. The aperture at the end of the final chamber may have a weakly developed tooth.
Sigmoilinopsis is a genus of miliolid Foraminifera, with an ovate test, chambers one-half coil in length, arranged in rapidly changing planes in the early stage resulting in two spiralling series that appear sigmoid in section, gradually becoming planispiral in the adult. Walls are thick, porcelaneous but enclosing a large quantity of agglutinated quartz particles, sponge spicules, and shell fragments; the aperture terminal, rounded, with a small tooth.
Triloculinella is a genus of Miliolacean forams with a fusiform to asymmetrically globular test. Inner chambers, one-half coil in length, are crypto-quinqueloculine to quinqueloculine in arrangement; The final three to five visible from the exterior. The aperture is an arch at the end of the final chamber, largely covered by a broad apertural flap, which distinguishes the genus from Triloculina, Quinqueloculina and such, characterized by a more narrow tooth. The wall, as for all miliolids, is calcareous, imperforate, porcelaneous.
Globigerinana are free living pelagic foraminiferan, included in the class Rotaliata that range from the Jurassic to recent. Test are commonly planospiral or trochospiral but may be uniserial to multiserial and are of secreted hyaline (glassy) calcite. Chambers are flattened in planospiral forms and spheroidal in trochospiral and serial forms. Some have long radial spines, or needles that may be solidly fixed or moveable in sockets. Gametes are biflagellate and are produced in greater number than by bottom dwelling benthic forms.
Miliolana is a subclass established by Saidova, 1981 that comprises porcelaneous members of the Miliolata from the Cornuspirida, Miliolida with agglutinated forms removed to the Miliamminana, and Soritida. Included are both free and attached forms, some coiled with two chambers per whorl arranged in different planes, others that are irregular or have serial chambers, and still others are fusiform with complex interiors, superficially resembling the Fusulinacea. The unifying character is their imperforate porcelaneous tests.
Haurania is a genus of elongated, finely agglutinated benthic foraminifera included in the Spirocyclinidae. The test is free, starting with a brief planispiral coil followed by a straight uncoiled stage. The exterior is imperforate, the interior divided by radial septula or beams, perpendicular to the septa and outer wall. The aperture is cribrate, a series of openings on the terminal face.
Chilostomelloidea is a superfamily of foraminifera in the order Rotaliida. They are found in sediments of Early Cretaceous (Barremian) to the present.
Foraminiferal tests are the tests of Foraminifera.
References
- 1 2 Tappan, Helen; Loeblich, Alfred R. (1988). "Foraminiferal Evolution, Diversification, and Extinction". Journal of Paleontology. 62 (5): 695–714. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305391.
- 1 2 3 Resig, J; Lowenstam, H; Echols, R; Weiner, S (1980). "An extant opaline foraminifer: test ultrastructure, mineralogy, and taxonomy". Special Publications of the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research. 19: 205–214.
- ↑ Burmistrova, I; Burmistrova (1978). "K stratigrafii glubokovodnykh osadkov vostochnoy chasti Indiyskogo Okeana po bentosnym foraminiferam [On the stratigraphy of deep sea deposits in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean, based on benthic foraminifera]". Morskaya Mikropaleontologiya. (in Russian). Moscow: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Okeanograficheskaya Komissiya: 163–170.
- Systematics of modern foraminifera, from Loeblich and Tappan (1992), in Barun K. Sen Gupta 2002 Modern Foraminifera
- Forminiferal Genera and their Classification by Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan, 1988. Foraminiferida-GSI
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