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Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opercula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran period 538.8 Ma to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 Ma.
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 Ma to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Ma.
The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by a few million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out.
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates, including humans. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes have true teeth, paired appendages, the elastomeric protein of elastin, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheaths of neurons, and an adaptive immune system that has the discrete lymphoid organs of spleen and thymus, and uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
The Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME), sometimes known as the end-Ordovician mass extinction or the Ordovician-Silurian extinction, is the first of the "big five" major mass extinction events in Earth's history, occurring roughly 445 million years ago (Ma). It is often considered to be the second-largest known extinction event just behind the end-Permian mass extinction, in terms of the percentage of genera that became extinct. Extinction was global during this interval, eliminating 49–60% of marine genera and nearly 85% of marine species. Under most tabulations, only the Permian-Triassic mass extinction exceeds the Late Ordovician mass extinction in biodiversity loss. The extinction event abruptly affected all major taxonomic groups and caused the disappearance of one third of all brachiopod and bryozoan families, as well as numerous groups of conodonts, trilobites, echinoderms, corals, bivalves, and graptolites. Despite its taxonomic severity, the Late Ordovician mass extinction did not produce major changes to ecosystem structures compared to other mass extinctions, nor did it lead to any particular morphological innovations. Diversity gradually recovered to pre-extinction levels over the first 5 million years of the Silurian period.
Acanthodii or acanthodians is an extinct class of gnathostomes. They are currently considered to represent a paraphyletic grade of various fish lineages basal to extant Chondrichthyes, which includes living sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Acanthodians possess a mosaic of features shared with both osteichthyans and chondrichthyans. In general body shape, they were similar to modern sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteians.
Thelodonti is a class of extinct Palaeozoic jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armor.
In the geological timescale, the Llandovery Epoch occurred at the beginning of the Silurian Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large decrease in biodiversity and an opening up of ecosystems.
The Xitun Formation is a palaeontological formation which is named after Xitun village in Qujing, a location in South China. This formation includes many remains of fossilized fish and plants of the Early Devonian period. It was originally referred to as the Xitun Member of the Cuifengshan Formation.
Cladoselachidae is an extinct family of cartilaginous fishes closely related to, and possibly nested within, Symmoriiformes. They are characterized by having an elongated body with a spine in each of the two dorsal fins. In 2023, a paper describing a new cladoselachian, Maghriboselache found that it, and Cladoselache, were the only members of the family, greatly limiting the temporal range for this group to the Late Devonian.
The Xiushan Formation is a palaeontological formation located in China. It dates to the Lower Silurian period. Studies of conodonts found in the formation suggests the lower member and main part of the upper member correspond to the Pterospathodus eopennatus Superbiozone, whereas the top of the upper member likely correlates with the Pterospathodus celloni Superbiozone.
The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans.
This list of fossil fishes described in 2013 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have been described during the year 2013. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.
Elegestolepis is a primitive shark from the Mongolepidida that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods in Russia with only one species, E. grossi, known to date. It was closely related to Mongolepis and Polymerolepis. It is only known from fragmentary placoid scales discovered in Russia before 1973. The oldest of these scales have been dated back to the Ludlow epoch, making Elegestolepis the oldest known shark. Elegestolepis dates back to about 420 years ago, but some scales that may yet represent another shark ancestor are known from 450 million years ago.
This list of fossil fishes described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2016. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.
Valentina Karatajūtė-Talimaa was a Lithuanian geologist and paleontologist. Best known for her contributions to the world of vertebrate fossils and vertebrate paleontology, She discovered over 100 new species during her career.
Qianodus is a jawed vertebrate genus that is based on disarticulated teeth from the lower Silurian of China. The type and only species of Qianodus, Q. duplicis, is known from compound dental elements called tooth whorls, each consisting of multiple tooth generations carried by a spiral-shaped base. The tooth whorls of Qianodus represent the oldest unequivocal remains of a toothed vertebrate, predating previously recorded occurrences by about 14 million years. The specimens attributed to the genus come from limestone conglomerate beds of the Rongxi Formation exposed near the village of Leijiatun, Guizhou Province, China. These horizons have been interpreted as tidal deposits1 that form part of the shallow marine sequences of the Rongxi Formation.
Fanjingshania is an extinct genus of "acanthodian" stem-chondrichthyans from the lower Silurian of China around 439 million years old, making it currently the oldest known acanthodian. It comprises a single species, Fanjingshania renovata which is known from over 1,000 isolated elements, including fin spines, branchiostegal plates, sclerotic plates, trunk scales, and tectal and postorbital tesserae. No teeth were ascribed to the taxon, but in the same horizon the tooth taxon Qianodus was found, and these taxa may be synonymous. In a phylogenetic analysis accompanying the description, it was placed in a clade with Climatius, Parexus, and Ptomacanthus.
References
- 1 2 Andreev, Plamen; Coates, Michael I.; Karatajūtė-Talimaa, Valentina; Shelton, Richard M.; Cooper, Paul R.; Wang, Nian-Zhong; Sansom, Ivan J. (2016). "The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade". PeerJ. 4: e1850. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1850 . PMC 4918221 . PMID 27350896.
- ↑ "Elestegolepis". www.planetsharkdivers.com.
- ↑ "Mongolepis". www.planetsharkdivers.com.
- ↑ "Polymerolepis". www.planetsharkdivers.com.
- ↑ Karatajùtè-Talimaa, Valentina (1995-01-01). "The Mongolepidida: Scale structure and systematic position". Geobios. Premiers Vertandébrandés et Vertandébrandés Infandérieurs. 28: 35–37. Bibcode:1995Geobi..28...35K. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80083-2 . Retrieved 2020-08-14.
- ↑ Andreev, Plamen; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Nian-Zhong; Meredith Smith, Moya; Li, Qiang; Cui, Xindong; Zhu, Min; Sansom, Ivan (2020-02-13). "Early Silurian chondrichthyans from the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang, China)". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0228589. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1528589A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228589 . PMC 7018067 . PMID 32053606.
- ↑ "The Paleobiology Database". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ↑ "Prehistoric Sharks | Sharkopedia". Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
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