| Mesacanthus Temporal range: Devonian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Life reconstrucion of M. pusillus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | † Acanthodii |
| Order: | † Acanthodiformes |
| Family: | † Mesacanthidae |
| Genus: | † Mesacanthus Traquair, 1888 |
| Species | |
| |
Mesacanthus ('middle spine') is an extinct genus of acanthodian fish from Devonian Scotland. [1] It is among the more primitive of the Devonian acanthodians.
Mesacanthus body fossils have pectoral, pelvic, anal and dorsal fin spines, as well as a pair of prepelvic spines, which are intermediate between the pectoral and pelvic fin spines. [1] They also have small, unornamented, diamond shaped scales. According to Agassiz, the genus also has a distinct tail in which the upper lobe extends to a sharp point and the lower lobe forms a small triangle. [1] Overall the genus is small (average length = 30mm) and fairly conservative, anatomically speaking, for acanthodians. [1] [2]
The genus was erected by Ramsay Traquair in 1888 to accommodate certain species that had been previously assigned to Acanthodes by Louis Agassiz. [3] These species included Mesacanthus mitchelli, Mesacanthus pusillus, Mesacanthus peachi and Mesacanthus coriaceus. [3] The genus is found in both Lower Old Red Sandstone and Middle Old Red Sandstone assemblages, with M. pusillus, M. peachi and M. coriaceus known from the Middle Devonian and M. mitchelli being the only known species from the Lower Devonian. [1] [3] Arthur Smith Woodward formally synonymized M. peachi and M. coriaceus in 1891. [4] In 2015 a study published in PeerJ reassessed the two remaining Middle Devonian species (M. pusillus and M. peachi) and found that they also could not be distinguished from one another. Hence, only two species from the Orcadian Basin and Midland Valley areas of Scotland are currently considered to be valid: M. mitchelli from the Lower Devonian and M. pusillus from the Middle Devonian. [1]
Acanthodii or acanthodians is an extinct class of gnathostomes. They are currently considered to represent a paraphyletic grade of various fish lineages basal to extant Chondrichthyes, which includes living sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Acanthodians possess a mosaic of features shared with both osteichthyans and chondrichthyans. In general body shape, they were similar to modern sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteians.
Panderichthys is a genus of extinct sarcopterygian from the late Devonian period, about 380 Mya. Panderichthys, which was recovered from Frasnian deposits in Latvia, is represented by two species. P. stolbovi is known only from some snout fragments and an incomplete lower jaw. P. rhombolepis is known from several more complete specimens. Although it probably belongs to a sister group of the earliest tetrapods, Panderichthys exhibits a range of features transitional between tristichopterid lobe-fin fishes and early tetrapods. It is named after the German-Baltic paleontologist Christian Heinrich Pander. Possible tetrapod tracks dating back to before the appearance of Panderichthys in the fossil record were reported in 2010, which suggests that Panderichthys is not a direct ancestor of tetrapods, but nonetheless shows the traits that evolved during the fish-tetrapod evolution
Stethacanthus is an extinct genus of shark-like cartilaginous fish which lived from the Late Devonian to Late Carboniferous epoch, dying out around 298.9 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Australia, Asia, Europe and North America.
Climatius is an extinct genus of spiny shark. This genus is known from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) of Europe, previously considered Silurian remains actually belong to Nostolepis instead.
Acanthodes is an extinct genus of acanthodian fish. Species have been found in Europe, North America, and Asia, spanning the Early Carboniferous to the Early Permian, making it one of the youngest known acanthodian genera.
The blurred lanternshark is a little-known species of dogfish shark in the family Etmopteridae, found around the world in benthic and pelagic habitats from a depth of 110 m (360 ft) to over 1 km (0.62 mi) down. This shark forms the E. pusillus species group with the smooth lanternshark, which are distinguished from other members of its family by having irregularly arranged, flat-topped dermal denticles that give them a "smooth" appearance. Both species are slender-bodied with long heads, two dorsal fins bearing spines, no anal fins, and light-emitting photophores. The blurred lanternshark is larger, reaching 67 cm (26 in) or more in length. This species feeds on small squid, fishes, and fish eggs, and is ovoviviparous. It has been assessed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, because of its wide distribution and lack of threat from fishing pressure.
The Palaeonisciformes, commonly known as "palaeoniscoids" are an extinct grouping of primitive ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), spanning from the Silurian/Devonian to the Cretaceous. They are generally considered paraphyletic, but their exact relationships to living ray-finned fish are uncertain. While some and perhaps most palaeoniscoids likely belong to the stem-group of Actinopteryii, it has been suggested that some may belong to the crown group, with some of these possibly related to Cladistia and/or Chondrostei. Many palaeoniscoids share a conservative body shape and a similar arrangement of skull bones.
Parexus is an extinct genus of acanthodian fish. Acanthodians are often referred to as ‘spiny sharks’, although acanthodians are not true sharks and evolved perhaps 50 million years earlier than sharks. Acanthodians share several features with bony fish and cartilaginous fish; they often have spines supporting their fins.
Ischnacanthus is an extinct genus of acanthodian jawed fish. It lived from the Pridoli to the Lochkovian. The type species I. gracilis is only known from Lochkovian.
Onychodus is a genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian Period. It is one of the best known of the group of onychodontiform fishes. Scattered fossil teeth of Onychodus were first described from Ohio in 1857 by John Strong Newberry. Other species were found in Australia, England, Norway and Germany showing that it had a widespread range.
Tristichopterus, with a maximum length of sixty centimetres, is the smallest genus in the family of prehistoric lobe-finned fish, Tristichopteridae that was believed to have originated in the north and dispersed throughout the course of the Upper Devonian into Gondwana. Tristichopterus currently has only one named species, first described by Egerton in 1861. The Tristichopterus node is thought to have originated during the Givetian part of the Devonian. Tristichopterus was thought by Egerton to be unique for its time period as a fish with ossified vertebral centers, breaking the persistent notochord rule of most Devonian fish but this was later reinspected and shown to be only partial ossification by Dr. R. H. Traquair. Tristichopterus alatus closely resembles Eusthenopteron and this sparked some debate after its discovery as to whether it was a separate taxon.
Guiyu oneiros is one of the earliest articulated bony fish discovered. Fossils of Guiyu have been found in what is now Qujing, Yunnan, China, in late Silurian marine strata, about 425 million years old.
Pentlandia is an extinct genus of prehistoric sarcopterygians or lobe-finned fish. Its first discovered species was initially named Dipterus macroptera by Ramsay Traquair in 1888, then renamed Pentlandia macroptera by D.M.S. Watson and H. Day in 1916.
Laccognathus embryi is an extinct species of porolepiform lobe-finned fish recovered from Ellesmere Island, Canada. It existed during the Frasnian age of the Late Devonian epoch.
Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the back bone and are supported only by muscles.
Brochoadmones is an extinct genus of acanthodian from the Devonian of what is now Canada. It is the only genus in the suborder Brochoadmonoidei, whose relationship to other acanthodian orders remains currently in flux.
Asterolepis is an extinct genus of antiarch placoderms from the Devonian of North and South America and Europe. They were heavily armored flat-headed benthic detritivores with distinctive jointed limb-like pectoral fins and hollow spine. The armor plate gives the Asterolepis a box-like shape. Its pectoral fins are also armored but the caudal and dorsal fin are not. The first fossils were named by M. Eichwald in 1840 after noticing star-like markings on the fossils.
Ptomacanthus is an extinct genus of spiny shark, an early relative of living cartilaginous fishes.
Diplacanthus is an extinct genus of Mid to Late Devonian fish in the class Acanthodii, known as spiny sharks.
