History
Background
In 1993 the administrative director of the Service national d'identification et de protection (SNIP) was Admiral Mavua Mudima, who became defense minister in the 1996-1997 Kengo wa Dondo government. [6] In November 1993 Admiral Mavua was replaced by his assistant, Goga wa Dondo, a half-brother of prime minister Kengo wa Dondo. Goga wa Dondo was replaced in November 1995 by his assistant, Atundu. [7]
On February 13, 1996, Zaire handed to the Rwandan government rusting artillery pieces, troop carriers, arms and ammunition seized from fleeing Hutu former Rwandan government troops at the end of Rwanda's 1994 genocide. [8] Zairean Defence Minister Admiral Mavua Mudima handed over the weapons in a ceremony near the northwestern Rwandan border with Zaire. The weapons included two 105mm howitzers, one without its barrel, four anti-aircraft guns and six dusty French-made armoured personnel carriers with flat tyres and smashed windows.
Historically, the intelligence organisation in the DRCongo or Zaire from 1960 to 1997 was named:
- Surêté Nationale (SN) (National security)-1960-1970
- Centre National de Documentation (CND) (National Documentation Center) - 1970-November 1985
- Agence Nationale de Documentation (AND) (National Documentation Agency) - November 1985-August 1990
- Service National d'Intelligence et de Protection (SNIP) (National Service for Intelligence and Protection) - August 1990 - 1996
- Direction Générale de la Surêté Nationale (DGSN)- 1996 - May 1997
The ANR was created in the beginning of 1997 as an intelligence service of the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL). In May 1997, the agency integrated the premises of the former Service national d'intelligence et de protection (SNIP), which had been renamed Direction générale de la sûreté nationale (DGSN) in 1996. On 16 April 1997 Mudima accompanied by General Baramoto Kpama fled the collapsing Mobutu regime, flying to South Africa aboard Baramoto's private jet. [9]
On 13 December 1997, three former senior Mobutu officers (Admiral Mavua Mudima accompanied by Baramoto Kpama, and Nzimbi Nzale) were briefly detained in South Africa after returning from Kahemba, an area still controlled by UNITA forces and awash with ex-FAZ and Hutu militiamen. [10] Their arrest may have pre-empted a coup attempt.
In October 2002, Georges Leta Mangasa, the chairman of ANR, was sentenced to death with other persons in the course of Laurent-Désiré Kabila's assassination. Before this, in 2001, the interim president, Joseph Kabila, appointed Kazadi Nyembwe for the chair of the ANR.
Human Rights Violations Accusations
The agency has come under criticism under the tenure of Kalev Mutond (Mutondo). Human Rights Watch has accused it of being "instrument of political repression against opposition leaders and human rights and pro-democracy activists during the country’s protracted political crisis." [2] Specifically they accuse Mutondo of using the organization to repress political dissent in 2016 around the time that then president Joseph Kabila was remaining in office beyond his constitutional limit. Accusations include those of harassment and torture. [2] [4] [3]
Management
The National Intelligence Agency is headed by a General Manager (Administrateur Général), who directly depends on the president. He is assisted in his task by a Deputy General Manager and senior administrators. He was also under the chairmanship of Laurent-Désiré Kabila, right member of the State Security Committee (Comité de sécurité d'État). [11]
The general manager coordinates all the activities of the ANR in accordance with laws and regulations. As such, it:
- ensures the management of the ANR;
- coordinates and controls the activities of all branches of the ANR;
- give impetus to departments, directorates, divisions, offices and stations by way of instructions, inspections and controls;
- manages the staff, financial resources and the personal and real estate of the ANR;
- ensures compliance with laws and regulations, ethics and discipline within the ANR;
- has the fullness of the disciplinary authority over the entire ANR;
- coordinates cooperation with partner services;
- prepares the budget and manages the accounts of the ANR;
- may reserve the treatment of certain files considered sensitive, important or urgent;
- represents and engages the ANR in its relations with the institutions, services, public and private agencies and third parties. [11]
Parenthetically, the General Manager shall act with decision and also has a cabinet. The Deputy General Manager assists the General Manager in coordinating all activities of the ANR, in accordance with laws and regulations. He assumes the interim in case of absence or incapacity of the managing director. [11]
Organization
The ANR is organize as following: [11]
- The General Manager;
- The Deputy General Manager;
- The departments;
- The central and provincial Directorates;
- The stations.
The central and provincial directorates are divided into divisions, offices, branches and territorial posts as appropriate. The management and the station are run by a part of the ANR coated at least the deputy administrator grade, and named and, if necessary, removed from office by the President of the Republic, on a proposal from the deputy head. Divisions and offices are headed respectively by heads of division and bureau chiefs, appointed and, if necessary, removed from office by the President of the Republic on the proposal of the chief executive. The organic part of the ANR including the deputy head of cabinet is fixed by decree of the President of the Republic. [11]
Structure
The ANR has 11,931 employees and is organized into three departments, sub-divided into directorates, divisions, sections and offices. Each department has at its head, a Principal Administrator (PA). It has a budget of 31,684,000,512 Franc Congolais ~ US $34,252,973 in 2015. [11] [6]
The Department for External Security (ANR/DSE) is responsible for foreign intelligence: [11]
- Directorate of Operations and Planning
- Directorate of Actions
- Directorate of Research and Studies
- Technical directorate
The Department of Homeland Security (ANR/DSI) is responsible for internal intelligence and state security and is working with the relevant prosecution services and the national police; the department is organized in provincial directorates and specialized departments, like the Special Branch Investigations and Research (DSIR), unit suspected of involvement in the arrests of journalists and opposition politiques: [11]
- Directorate of General Intelligence
- Directorate of Operations
- Directorate of Counterintelligence
- Directorate of Studies and Research
- Directorate of Identification
- Technical directorate
- Directorate of Investigations
The Support Department (ANR/DA) is the general services of the ANR and is mainly responsible for logistics support services "devolved" in the provinces: [11]
- Directorate of General Services
- Medical directorate
- Academy of Information and Security
- Telecommunications, Informatics and Documentation Center.
List of general managers
1. Victor Nendaka Bika (1960-1965) Surêté Nationale [12]
2. Colonel Alexandre singa Boyende Mosambayi (1965-1969) Surêté Nationale
3. Lieutenant-colonel Pierre Efomi Akomi (1969) Surêté Nationale
4. Colonel Albert Tuzu (1970) CND
5. Colonel Raymond Omba Mpe (1971-1973) CND/DDI - Eduard Mokolo wa Mpombo (1971-1976) CND/DDE
6. Jean Seti Yale (1973-1976) CND/DDI (1976-1979) CND/DDI-DDE [13]
7. Eduard Mokolo wa Mpombo [14] (1979-1985) CND
8. Honoré Ngbanda Nzambo Ko Atumba (1985-1990) AND [15]
9. Général Likulia Bolongo (1990-1992) SNIP [16]
10. Admiral Mavua Mudima (1992-1993) SNIP [16]
11. Goda Wa Dondo (1993-1995) SNIP [16]
12. Jacques Tshimbombo Mukuna (1996-1997) DGSN [17]
13. Paul Kabongo Misasa [18] (1997) ANR
14. Clément Kibinda [19] (1997) ANR
15. Séverin Kabwe [18] (1997-2001) ANR
16. Didier Kazadi Nyembwe [20] (2001-2003) ANR
17. Lando Lurhakumbirwa [21] (2003-2006) ANR
18. Mira Ndjoku Manyanga [22] (2006-2007) ANR
19. Jean-Pierre Daruwezi Mokombe [23] [24] (2007-2011) ANR
20. Kalev Mutond (Mutondo) (2011–2019) ANR [25] [2]
21. Inzun Kakiak (2019–present) [5]
Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire, was the name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1997. Zaire was located in Central Africa and was, by area, the third-largest country in Africa, and the 11th-largest country in the world. With a population of over 23 million inhabitants, Zaire was the most populous officially Francophone country in Africa, as well as one of the most populous in Africa.
Léon Kengo wa Dondo is a Congolese politician who served as the "first state commissioner" several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. He was one of the most powerful figures in the regime and was a strong advocate of economic globalization and free-market economics. He served as President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2007 to 2019.
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The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire was a coalition of Rwandan, Ugandan, Burundian, and Congolese dissidents, disgruntled minority groups, and nations that toppled Mobutu Sese Seko and brought Laurent-Désiré Kabila to power in the First Congo War. Although the group was successful in overthrowing Mobutu, the alliance fell apart after Kabila did not agree to be dictated by his foreign backers, Rwanda and Uganda, which marked the beginning of the Second Congo War in 1998.
Munga "Max" Mibindo served as the President Delegate General of SNEL, La Société Nationale d'Electricité, in the Republic of Zaire in the early and mid 1980s. Prior to that appointment, he had been the Director of Zaire's largest public bus company.
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The Minister of Defence and Veterans is a minister of the DR Congo government responsible for implementation of government defence policy and supervises the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Grand Admiral Mavua Mudima was a former Congolese naval officer who served as the commander of the Navy of Republic of Zaire and later as Defense Minister. He was appointed to this post in the government of Prime Minister Leon Kengo (1994–1997), although some sources suggest he could have been appointed as early as 1992.
Franck Mwe di Malila, was a Congolese politician and adviser to the former Senate president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Léon Kengo Wa Dondo. As of Mai 2019 he was serving as intérim vice-Prime Minister and deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs. He previously served as Deputy Minister of International Relations and National Integration as well as Deputy Minister of Planning and as Minister of Tourism.
Sizarail was a railway company formed by foreign investors that briefly operated the railway network in Zaire between 1996 and 1997. It took over from the state-owned operator in an attempt to revive the railway, which had virtually ceased to operate despite being a critical source of revenue from mineral exports. Operations quickly improved, and the company earned a small profit in the first year. However, advancing rebel forces closed it down and re-nationalized the railway.
The following lists events that happened during 1997 in Zaire.
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