Neoboletus luridiformis

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Neoboletus luridiformis
Boletus erythropus 2010 G3.jpg
N. luridiformis, Ukraine
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Neoboletus
Species:
N. luridiformis
Binomial name
Neoboletus luridiformis
(Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini (2014)
Synonyms
  • Boletus luridiformisRostk. (1844)
  • Suillus luridiformis(Rostk.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Boletus erythropus sensu auct.
Neoboletus luridiformis
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is olive-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngMycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is edible but not recommended

Neoboletus luridiformis, also previously known as Boletus luridiformis and (invalidly) as Boletus erythropus, is a fungus of the bolete family, all of which produce mushrooms with tubes and pores beneath their caps. It is found in Northern Europe and North America, and is commonly known as the scarletina bolete, for its red pores, which are yellow when young. [1] Other common names include the red foot bolete, dotted stemmed bolete, or dotted stem bolete. [2]

Contents

While edible when cooked properly, it can cause vomiting and diarrhea if not. Where the two species coincide, it can be confused with the moderately poisonous Rubroboletus satanas . [3]

Taxonomy

In 1796 Christian Hendrik Persoon described Boletus erythropus, deriving its specific name from the Greek ερυθρος ("red") and πους ("foot"), [4] referring to its red-coloured stalk. During the next 200 years or so, this name was used extensively for the species which is the subject of this article, and which (as well as a red stalk) has red pores. [5] Recently it was discovered however that Persoon's mushroom had orange pores, and was a different species (actually thought to be Suillellus queletii [6] [7] ), so the use of this name for the red-pored mushroom was invalid. [6] [8]

In 1844 Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius independently defined the red-pored species under the name Boletus luridiformis. That is now the first valid description of the taxon and is the basis of the current name (the basionym). The significance of the epithet "luridiformis" is that it is similar to the previously known fungus Boletus luridus (now Suillellus luridus ). [9]

Genetic analysis published in 2013 showed that B. luridiformis and many (but not all) red-pored boletes were part of a dupainii clade (named for Boletus dupainii ), well-removed from the core group of Boletus edulis and relatives within the Boletineae. This indicated that it needed to be placed in a new genus. [10] It became the type species of the new genus Neoboletus in 2014. [11]

To avoid confusion, the name Boletus erythropus should now be avoided if possible (though in theory it still has a legitimate meaning as whatever species Persoon originally intended). It is not a valid synonym of Neoboletus luridiformis, and that can be indicated by using the term sensu auct. in place of the author name (that is, Boletus erythropussensu auct. = Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini). [9]

Description

N. luridiformis, found in Ukraine. After cutting, the yellow interior quickly turns blue due to the oxidation of various secondary metabolites Boletus erythropus 2010 G1.jpg
N. luridiformis, found in Ukraine. After cutting, the yellow interior quickly turns blue due to the oxidation of various secondary metabolites
Three N. luridiformis mushrooms Neoboletus luridiformis 2020 G2.jpg
Three N. luridiformis mushrooms

Neoboletus luridiformis is a large solid fungus with a bay-brown hemispherical to convex cap that can grow up to 20 cm (8 in) wide, and is quite felty initially. It has small orange-red pores that become rusty with age, and bruise blue to black. The tubes are yellowish-green, and become blue quickly on cutting. The fat, colourful, densely red-dotted yellow stem is 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) high, and has no network pattern (reticulation). The flesh stains dark blue when bruised; broken, or cut. [12] There is little smell. The spore dust is olive greenish-brown.

Similar species

Distribution and habitat

The fungus is common in Europe, growing in deciduous or coniferous woodland in summer and autumn. [12] It is often found in the same places as Boletus edulis . It is also widely distributed in North America, and is especially common under spruce in its range from Northern California to Alaska. In Eastern North America it grows with both soft, and hardwood trees. [14] It seems to prefer acid soils.

Toxicity and edibility

The mild flavored Neoboletus luridiformis is edible after being well cooked. (some literature recommends 20 minutes). It is commonly collected in several European countries.

When raw or insufficiently cooked it can cause gastroenteritis, for this same reason it is not recommended for drying. Caution is advised as it resembles other potentially hazardous blue-staining boletes, and should thus be avoided by novice mushroom hunters. [5] [14] [ page needed ]

Some people are adversely affected by this mushroom, and mycologist David Arora once reported that a man named Bill Everson was poisoned by this mushroom. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Rubroboletus satanas</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus satanas, commonly known as Satan's bolete or the Devil's bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the bolete family (Boletaceae) and one of its most infamous members. It was known as Boletus satanas before its transfer to the new genus Rubroboletus in 2014, based on molecular phylogenetic data. Found in broad-leaved and mixed woodland in the warmer regions of Europe, it is classified as a poisonous mushroom, known to cause violent gastroenteritis. However, reports of poisoning are rare, due to the striking coloration and unpleasant odor of the fruiting bodies, which discourage experimentation.

<i>Caloboletus calopus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America

Caloboletus calopus, commonly known as the bitter bolete, bitter beech bolete or scarlet-stemmed bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America. Appearing in coniferous and deciduous woodland in summer and autumn, the stout fruit bodies are attractively coloured, with a beige to olive cap up to 15 cm (6 in) across, yellow pores, and a reddish stipe up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh stains blue when broken or bruised.

<i>Rubroboletus pulcherrimus</i> Species of mushroom

Rubroboletus pulcherrimus, known as Boletus pulcherrimus until 2015, and commonly known as the red-pored bolete, is a species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is a large bolete from Western North America with distinguishing features that include a netted surface on the stem, a red to brown cap and stem color, and red pores that stain blue upon injury. Until 2005 this was the only bolete that has been implicated in the death of someone consuming it; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms in 1994 after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing. Autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.

<i>Suillellus luridus</i> Species of edible fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America

Suillellus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches 8–14 cm (3–6 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut.

<i>Hortiboletus rubellus</i> Species of fungus

Hortiboletus rubellus, commonly known as the ruby bolete, is a small, dainty, brightly coloured member of the family Boletaceae, with a reddish cap and stipe, and yellow pores. Like many boletes, it stains blue when cut or bruised. It is found in deciduous woodland in autumn. There is some question over its edibility, and it is reportedly of poor quality with a taste of soap. Until 2015, the species was known as Boletus rubellus.

<i>Xerocomus subtomentosus</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus subtomentosus, commonly known as suede bolete, brown and yellow bolete , boring brown bolete or yellow-cracked bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The fungus was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and known for many years as Boletus subtomentosus. It is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms.

<i>Suillellus amygdalinus</i> Species of fungus

Suillellus amygdalinus is a fungus of the bolete family found in western North America. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, are characterized by their thick, red to brown caps, red pores, and the strong bluing reaction observed when the mushroom tissue is injured or cut. The cap can reach diameters of up to 12 cm (4.7 in) and the stipe 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3 cm (1.2 in) thick at maturity. This mushroom has been found in manzanita and madrone woodlands of central California north to southern Oregon. Although the edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty, it may be poisonous, and is not recommended for consumption. Other similar red-pored, bluing boletes from North America, including Rubroboletus eastwoodiae, Boletus luridiformis, and B. subvelutipes, can be distinguished from S. amygdalinus either by the color of the cap, the degree of reticulation on the stipe, or by location.

<i>Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. Previously known as Boletus rhodoxanthus, it was transferred in 2014 to the newly erected genus Rubroboletus, based on DNA data.

<i>Suillellus queletii</i> Species of fungus

Suillellus queletii, commonly known as the deceiving bolete, is an uncommon, edible mushroom in the genus Suillellus.

<i>Neoboletus pseudosulphureus</i> Species of fungus

Neoboletus pseudosulphureus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in Europe, Central America, North America, and India, where it grows in deciduous and mixed forests. Initially uniformly yellow in color, all external surfaces of the fruit body undergo a variety of discolorations as it matures.

<i>Xerocomellus</i> Genus of fungi

Xerocomellus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, as it was described in 2008, contained 12 species. However X. rubellus and X. engelii were transferred to the new genus Hortiboletus and X. armeniacus was transferred to the new genus Rheubarbariboletus in 2015. Molecular analysis supports the distinction of Xerocomellus species from Boletus and Xerocomus, within which these species were formerly contained. Xerocomellus in fact is only distantly related to Xerocomus and is most closely related to Tylopilus, Boletus sensu stricto, Porphyrellus, Strobilomyces, and Xanthoconium.

<i>Imperator torosus</i> Species of fungus

Imperator torosus, commonly known as the brawny bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to southern Europe east to the Caucasus and Israel. It is generally associated with deciduous trees such as hornbeam, oak and beech in warm, dry locales. Although generally rare in Europe, it appears to be relatively common in Hungary. Appearing in summer and autumn on chalky soils, the stocky fruit bodies have an ochre cap up to 20 cm (8 in) across, yellow pores on the cap underside, and a wine-red to brown or blackish stipe up to 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) long by 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh changes to different colours when broken or bruised depending on age; younger mushrooms become reddish, and older ones additionally take on bluish tones.

<i>Suillellus caucasicus</i> Species of fungus

Suillellus caucasicus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was first described as a variety of Boletus luridus in 1947 by Rolf Singer, then as an independent species by Singer in 1966. The name change in the latter publication was invalid, so Carlo Luciano Alessio published the new combination validly in 1985.

Neoboletus sinensis, known until 2014 as Boletus sinensis, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Hainan province in China. It is closely related to, and was previously considered a form of, Suillellus luridus. It was transferred to the new genus Neoboletus in 2014.

<i>Imperator luteocupreus</i> Species of fungus

Imperator luteocupreus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to southern Europe, where it is found under chestnut (Castanea) and oak (Quercus). Although it was originally described in genus Boletus, it was placed in the new genus Imperator in 2015, based on phylogenetic inferences.

<i>Rubroboletus dupainii</i> Species of fungus

Rubroboletus dupainii, commonly known as Dupain's bolete, is a bolete fungus of the genus Rubroboletus. It is native to Europe, where it is threatened, and red listed in six countries. It also occurs in North America, although it is rare there. It was first recorded from North Carolina, and then from Iowa in 2009. It was reported from Belize in 2007, growing under Quercus peduncularis - a species of oak tree.

<i>Butyriboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Butyriboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by mycologists David Arora and Jonathan L. Frank to accommodate "butter bolete" species that were shown by molecular analysis to be phylogenetically distinct from Boletus. Butyriboletus contains 24 ectomycorrhizal species found in Asia, Europe, North America and north Africa.

<i>Neoboletus</i> Genus of fungi

Neoboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae, native to holarctic regions. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Italian mycologists Matteo Gelardi, Giampaolo Simonini and Alfredo Vizzini, and further by Chinese mycologists Gang Wu and Zhu L. Yang in 2015. Closely related to the genus Sutorius, members of this genus differ by staining blue when bruised. They have brown pores and lack a reticulated pattern on their stipes. The erection of Neoboletus follows recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae. The type species is Neoboletus luridiformis. Five species were added to the genus by Gelardi and Vizzini in 2014.

Sutorius magnificus, known until 2014 as Boletus magnificus, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Yunnan province in China. It was transferred to the new genus Neoboletus in 2014, and then Sutorius in 2016.

References

  1. ↑ "Neoboletus luridiformis: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". 1102 Mushroom Identifications: The Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  2. ↑ "Scarletina Bolete – Edibility, Distribution, Identification, plus some other colourful fungi characters – Galloway Wild Foods". gallowaywildfoods.com. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  3. 1 2 Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  4. ↑ Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-910207-5.
  5. 1 2 Roger Phillips (1985). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. London: pan Books. p. 201. ISBN   978-0-330-26441-9.
  6. 1 2 Knudsen, Thomas; Vesterholt, J., eds. (2018). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gasteroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 218. ISBN   978-87-983961-3-0.
  7. ↑ Species Fungorum actually has a page for an 1801 use of the name Boletus erythropus for Suillellus queletii, see "Boletus erythropus sensu Persoon ..." Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
  8. ↑ "the Boletus erythropus page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  9. 1 2 "the Neoboletus luridiformis page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  10. ↑ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AF, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID   23931115.
  11. ↑ Gelardi M, Simonini G, Vizzini A (October 17, 2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (192).
  12. 1 2 Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN   978-0-330-44237-4.
  13. ↑ Desjarind D.E.; Wood M.G.; Stevens F.A. (2015). California Mushrooms. The comprehensive identification guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 354. ISBN   978-1-60469-353-9.
  14. 1 2 David Arora (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
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