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Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes with input from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience:
Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision-making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow through on a plan of action. It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of the brain, and how neuroscientific discoveries can guide models of economics.
Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services. Consumer behaviour consists of how the consumer's emotions, attitudes, and preferences affect buying behaviour. Consumer behaviour emerged in the 1940–1950s as a distinct sub-discipline of marketing, but has become an interdisciplinary social science that blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology, anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, marketing, and economics.
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Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding the relationship between social experiences and biological systems. Humans are fundamentally a social species, rather than solitary. As such, Homo sapiens create emergent organizations beyond the individual—structures that range from dyads, families, and groups to cities, civilizations, and cultures. In this regard, studies indicate that various social influences, including life events, poverty, unemployment and loneliness can influence health related biomarkers. The term "social neuroscience" can be traced to a publication entitled "Social Neuroscience Bulletin" which was published quarterly between 1988 and 1994. The term was subsequently popularized in an article by John Cacioppo and Gary Berntson, published in the American Psychologist in 1992. Cacioppo and Berntson are considered as the legitimate fathers of social neuroscience. Still a young field, social neuroscience is closely related to personality neuroscience, affective neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience, focusing on how the brain mediates social interactions. The biological underpinnings of social cognition are investigated in social cognitive neuroscience.
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Paul W. Glimcher is an American neuroeconomist, neuroscientist, psychologist, economist, scholar, and entrepreneur. He is one of the foremost researchers focused on the study of human behavior and decision-making, and is known for his central role in founding and developing the field of neuroeconomics which takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how humans make decisions. Glimcher also founded the Institute for the Study of Decision Making at New York University (NYU). Today he serves as Chair of the Department of Neuroscience and Director of the Neurosciences Institute at NYU's Grossman School of Medicine.
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Russell "Russ" Alan Poldrack is an American psychologist and neuroscientist. He is a professor of psychology at Stanford University, associate director of Stanford Data Science, member of the Stanford Neuroscience Institute and director of the Stanford Center for Reproducible Neuroscience and the SDS Center for Open and Reproducible Science.
Giorgio Coricelli is professor of economics and psychology at the University of Southern California, specializing in neuroeconomics. Having done his undergraduate studies at La Sapienza in Rome, he then completed his Ph.D. at the Economic Science Laboratory of the University of Arizona studying with Vernon Smith, shortly before Smith received his Nobel Prize in economics in 2002.
Kai-Markus Müller is a German neuroscientist, entrepreneur, and professor. He is Professor of Consumer Behavior at HFU Business School in Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany. Müller previously acted as founder and CEO of The Neuromarketing Labs, a consumer neuroscience research company based in Aspach, Germany. He is known for having developed an EEG-based research technique for measuring willingness to pay. He is an alumnus of consulting firm Simon-Kucher & Partners.
Neuro-Information-Systems (NeuroIS) is a subfield of the information systems (IS) discipline, which relies on neuroscience and neurophysiological knowledge and tools to better understand the development, use, and impact of information and communication technologies. The field has been formally established at the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) in 2007.
Carlos Alós-Ferrer is a professor of decision and neuroeconomic theory at the University of Zurich and is currently the editor in chief of the Journal of Economic Psychology.
References
- ↑ Q. Ma, X. Wang, Cognitive neuroscience, Neuroeconomics, and Neuromanagement, Management World 10 (2006) 139-149.
- ↑ Q. Ma, J. Bian, W. Ji, et al. Research on warnings with new thought of neuro-IE[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2011, 26: 1633-1638.
- ↑ A.Dimoka, P.A. Pavlou, and F. Davis. Neuro-IS: the potential of cognitive neruoscience for information systems research. in International Conference on Information Systems. 2007. Montreal.
- ↑ Krueger, N. F. (2007). What lies beneath? The experiential essence of entrepreneurial thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 123-138.
- ↑ Krueger, N. & Welpe, I. (2014). Neuroentrepreneurship: what can entrepreneurship learn from neuroscience?. In Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- ↑ Krueger, N. (2015). Thematic Paper on Entrepreneurial Education in Practice Part 1: The Entrepreneurial Mindset. ed: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
- ↑ Kaffka, G., & Krueger, N. (2018). The Entrepreneurial ‘Mindset’: Entrepreneurial Intentions from the Entrepreneurial Event to Neuroentrepreneurship. In Foundational Research in Entrepreneurship Studies (pp. 203-224). Palgrave Macmillan.
