News style

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News style, journalistic style, or news-writing style is the prose style used for news reporting in media, such as newspapers, radio and television.

Contents

News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event—who, what, when, where, and why (the Five Ws) and also often how—at the opening of the article. This form of structure is sometimes called the "inverted pyramid", to refer to the decreasing importance of information in subsequent paragraphs.

News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.

The related term journalese is sometimes used, usually pejoratively, [1] to refer to news-style writing. Another is headlinese.

Overview

Newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing style. Over time and place, journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity or sensationalism they incorporate. It is considered unethical not to attribute a scoop to the journalist(s) who broke a story, even if they are employed by a rival organization. Definitions of professionalism differ among news agencies; their reputations, according to both professional standards and reader expectations, are often tied to the appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the majority of readers, engaging, and succinct. Within these limits, news stories also aim to be comprehensive. However, other factors are involved, some stylistic and some derived from the media form.

Among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor in presenting information. Commentary is usually confined to a separate section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policies dictate the use of adjectives, euphemisms, and idioms. Newspapers with an international audience, for example, tend to use a more formal style of writing.

The specific choices made by a news outlet's editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide; common style guides include the AP Stylebook and the US News Style Book. The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity. [2]

Terms and structure

Journalistic prose is explicit and precise and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose (see Grammar). They offer anecdotes, examples and metaphors, and they rarely depend on generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror").

Headline

The headline (also heading, head or title, or hed in journalism jargon [3] ) of a story is typically a complete sentence (e.g., "Pilot Flies Below Bridges to Save Divers"), often with auxiliary verbs and articles removed (e.g., "Remains at Colorado camp linked to missing Chicago man"). However, headlines sometimes omit the subject (e.g., "Jumps From Boat, Catches in Wheel") or verb (e.g., "Cat woman lucky"). [4]

Subhead

A subhead (also subhed, sub-headline, subheading, subtitle, deck or dek) can be either a subordinate title under the main headline, or the heading of a subsection of the article. [5] It is a heading that precedes the main text, or a group of paragraphs of the main text. It helps encapsulate the entire piece, or informs the reader of the topic of part of it. Long or complex articles often have more than one subheading. Subheads are thus one type of entry point that help readers make choices, such as where to begin (or stop) reading.

Billboard

An article billboard is capsule summary text, often just one sentence or fragment, which is put into a sidebar or text box (reminiscent of an outdoor billboard) on the same page to grab the reader's attention as they are flipping through the pages to encourage them to stop and read that article. When it consists of a (sometimes compressed) sample of the text of the article, it is known as a call-out or callout, and when it consists of a quotation (e.g. of an article subject, informant, or interviewee), it is referred to as a pulled quotation or pull quote. Additional billboards of any of these types may appear later in the article (especially on subsequent pages) to entice further reading. Journalistic websites sometimes use animation techniques to swap one billboard for another (e.g. a slide of a call-out may be replaced by a photo with pull quote after some short time has elapsed). Such billboards are also used as pointers to the article in other sections of the publication or site, or as advertisements for the piece in other publication or sites.

Lead

Press release of the Swiss government. Typical structure with title, lead paragraph (summary in bold), other paragraphs (details) and contact information. Communique de presse du Conseil federal, 28.02.2020 (cropped).jpg
Press release of the Swiss government. Typical structure with title, lead paragraph (summary in bold), other paragraphs (details) and contact information.

The most important structural element of a story is the lead (also intro or lede in journalism jargon), comprising the story's first, or leading, sentence or possibly two. The lead almost always forms its own paragraph. The spelling lede ( /ˈliːd/ , from Early Modern English) is also used in American English, originally to avoid confusion with the printing press type formerly made from the metal lead or the related typographical term "leading". [6]

Charnley states that "an effective lead is a brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts." [7] The lead is normally a single sentence, is ideally 20–25 words in length, and must balance the ideal of maximum information conveyed against the constraint of the unreadability of a long sentence. This makes writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work. While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the five Ws, few leads can fit all of these.

Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads. A hard lead aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover. A soft lead introduces the topic in a more creative, attention-seeking fashion, and is usually followed by a nutshell paragraph (or nut graf), a brief summary of facts. [8]

Example of a hard-lead paragraph
NASA is proposing another space project. The agency's budget request, announced today, included a plan to send another mission to the Moon. This time the agency hopes to establish a long-term facility as a jumping-off point for other space adventures. The budget requests approximately $10 billion for the project.
Example of a soft-lead sentence
Humans will be going to the Moon again. The NASA announcement came as the agency requested $10 billion of appropriations for the project.

An "off-lead" is the second most important front page news of the day. The off-lead appears either in the top left corner, or directly below the lead on the right. [9]

To "bury the lead" is to begin the article with background information or details of secondary importance to the readers, [10] forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential points. It is a common mistake in press releases, [11] but a characteristic of an academic writing style, [12] where its downsides are often mitigated by the inclusion of an abstract at the start of an article.

Nutshell paragraph

A nutshell paragraph (also simply nutshell, or nut 'graph, nut graf, nutgraf, etc., in journalism jargon) is a brief paragraph (occasionally there can be more than one) that summarizes the news value of the story, sometimes bullet-pointed and/or set off in a box. Nut-shell paragraphs are used particularly in feature stories (see "Feature style" below).

Paragraphs

Paragraphs (shortened as 'graphs, graphs, grafs or pars in journalistic jargon) form the bulk of an article. Common usage is that one or two sentences each form their own paragraph.

Inverted pyramid structure

Journalists usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid. The essential and most interesting elements of a story are put at the beginning, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance.

This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with the essence of a story. It allows people to explore a topic to only the depth that their curiosity takes them, and without the imposition of details or nuances that they could consider irrelevant, but still making that information available to more interested readers.

The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout, to fit in the space available.

Writers are often admonished "Don't bury the lead!" to ensure that they present the most important facts first, rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them.

Some writers start their stories with the "1-2-3 lead", yet there are many kinds of lead available. This format invariably starts with a "Five Ws" opening paragraph (as described above), followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of the first paragraph, and then a direct quote to support the indirect quote.[ citation needed ]

Kicker

A kicker can refer to multiple things:

Feature style

News stories are not the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines. Longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper, are known as features . Feature stories differ from straight news in several ways. Foremost is the absence of a straight-news lead, most of the time. Instead of offering the essence of a story up front, feature writers may attempt to lure readers in.

While straight news stories always stay in third person point of view, it is common for a feature article to slip into first person. The journalist often details interactions with interview subjects, making the piece more personal.

A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From the particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject.

The section that signals what a feature is about is called the nut graph or billboard. Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lead, a billboard rarely gives everything away. It reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers' attention to the end, which requires engendering curiosity and offering a "payoff." Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories, with smoother transitions between them. Feature writers use the active-verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news but often put more personality in their prose.

Feature stories often close with a "kicker" rather than simply petering out.

Related Research Articles

In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. They are also sometimes used to emphasise a word or phrase, although this is usually considered incorrect.

A paragraph is a self-contained unit of discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. Though not required by the orthographic conventions of any language with a writing system, paragraphs are a conventional means of organizing extended segments of prose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inverted pyramid (journalism)</span> Communication of major details before minor details

The inverted pyramid is a metaphor used by journalists and other writers to illustrate how information should be prioritised and structured in prose. It is a common method for writing news stories and has wide adaptability to other kinds of texts, such as blogs, editorial columns and marketing factsheets. It is a way to communicate the basics about a topic in the initial sentences. The inverted pyramid is taught to mass communication and journalism students, and is systematically used in English-language media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Press release</span> Information provided for public relations

A press release is an official statement delivered to members of the news media for the purpose of providing information, creating an official statement, or making an announcement directed for public release. Press releases are also considered a primary source, meaning they are original informants for information. A press release is traditionally composed of nine structural elements, including a headline, dateline, introduction, body, and other components. Press releases are typically delivered to news media electronically, ready to use, and often subject to "do not use before" time, known as a news embargo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">News media</span> Elements of mass media that focus on delivering news

The news media or news industry are forms of mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public. These include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, news channels etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sensationalism</span> Type of editorial tactic used in mass media

In journalism and mass media, sensationalism is a type of editorial tactic. Events and topics in news stories are selected and worded to excite the greatest number of readers and viewers. This style of news reporting encourages biased or emotionally loaded impressions of events rather than neutrality, and may cause a manipulation to the truth of a story. Sensationalism may rely on reports about generally insignificant matters and portray them as a major influence on society, or biased presentations of newsworthy topics, in a trivial, or tabloid manner, contrary to general assumptions of professional journalistic standards.

The headline is the text indicating the content or nature of the article below it, typically by providing a form of brief summary of its contents.

Journalese is the artificial or hyperbolic, and sometimes over-abbreviated, language regarded as characteristic of the news style used in popular media. Joe Grimm, formerly of the Detroit Free Press, likened journalese to a "stage voice": "We write journalese out of habit, sometimes from misguided training, and to sound urgent, authoritative and, well, journalistic. But it doesn't do any of that."

Open-source journalism, a close cousin to citizen journalism or participatory journalism, is a term coined in the title of a 1999 article by Andrew Leonard of Salon.com. Although the term was not actually used in the body text of Leonard's article, the headline encapsulated a collaboration between users of the internet technology blog Slashdot and a writer for Jane's Intelligence Review. The writer, Johan J. Ingles-le Nobel, had solicited feedback on a story about cyberterrorism from Slashdot readers, and then re-wrote his story based on that feedback and compensated the Slashdot writers whose information and words he used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Five Ws</span> Checklist for a journalists lead: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?

The Five W's and H is a checklist used in journalism to ensure that the first paragraph contains all the essential points of a story. As far back as 1913, reporters were taught that the lead should answer these questions:

Narrative Journalism, also referred to as literary journalism, is defined as creative nonfiction that contains accurate, well-researched information. It is related to immersion journalism, where a writer follows a subject or theme for a long period of time and details an individual's experiences from a deeply personal perspective.

In article structure for journalism, the nut graph or nut graf is a paragraph that explains the context of the story "in a nutshell". The term can be spelled many different ways.

feature story Piece of non-fiction writing about news

A feature story is a piece of non-fiction writing about news covering a single topic in detail. A feature story is a type of soft news, news primarily focused on entertainment rather than a higher level of professionalism. The main subtypes are the news feature and the human-interest story.

A lead paragraph is the opening paragraph of an article, book chapter, or other written work that summarizes its main ideas. Styles vary widely among the different types and genres of publications, from journalistic news-style leads to a more encyclopaedic variety.

The term "journalism genres" refers to various journalism styles, fields or separate genres, in writing accounts of events.

Betteridge's law of headlines is an adage that states: "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no." It is named after Ian Betteridge, a British technology journalist who wrote about it in 2009, although the principle is much older. It is based on the assumption that if the publishers were confident that the answer was yes, they would have presented it as an assertion; by presenting it as a question, they are not accountable for whether it is correct or not. The adage does not apply to questions that are more open-ended than strict yes–no questions.

The Maestro concept is a time-management technique used in journalism in order to assist the newsroom to work in a project-based, teamwork-intensive manner by "thinking like a reader".

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to journalism:

Article structures in journalism encompass various formats to present information in news stories and feature articles. These structures reflect not only a writer's deliberate choice but also a response to editorial guidelines or the inherent demands of the story itself. While some writers may not consciously adhere to these structures, they often find them retrospectively aligned with their writing process. Conversely, others might consciously adopt a style as their story develops or adhere to predefined structures based on publisher guidelines.

This glossary of journalism is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in journalism, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including news reporting, publishing, broadcast journalism, and various types of journalistic media.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York City: Columbia University Press / MJF Books. "JOURNALESE" entry, p. 260. ISBN   1-56731-267-5.
  2. ↑ Bill Parks. "Basic News Writing" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  3. ↑ "What the Heck Is a Hed/Dek? Learning the Lingo in Periodical Publishing By Janene Mascarella". WritersWeekly.com. July 20, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  4. ↑ Morrison, Daniel. "How to Write Headlines and Decks (Heds and Deks)". Info-Truck: A blog about delivering information—by the truckload.
  5. ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: subhead". ahdictionary.com. American Heritage Dictionary . Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  6. ↑ "The Mavens' Word of the Day". Random House. November 28, 2000. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  7. ↑ Charnley, Mitchell V (1966). Reporting. Holt Rinehart And Winston Inc. p. 185.
  8. ↑ Kensler, Chris (2007). Unzipped! Newswriting. Peterson's. ISBN   9780768924923.
  9. ↑ "Explainer: Explaining Today's Papers", by Scott Shuger, Slate, September 7, 1998, updated December 14, 2005 (retrieved December 28, 2018)
  10. ↑ "Bury the lede". Wiktionary . Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  11. ↑ Starr, Douglas Perret; Dunsford, Deborah Williams (2014-01-14). Working the Story: A Guide to Reporting and News Writing for Journalists and Public Relations Professionals. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 122. ISBN   9780810889125.
  12. ↑ Cotter, Colleen (2010-02-11). News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN   9781139486941.
  13. ↑ Thompson, Robert; Malone, Cindy (2004). The Broadcast Journalism Handbook: A Television News Survival Guide. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.  182. ISBN   0-7425-2506-6.
  14. ↑ Boyd, Andrew. Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News. Taylor & Francis. p. 422.
  15. ↑ Stewart, Alexander, Peter, Ray. Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News. Routledge. p. 170.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ "How Journalists Are Redefining the Word 'Kicker'". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2019-03-26.

Bibliography

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