Nicknames of Houston

Last updated

The skyline of the city of Houston Houston Skyline.jpg
The skyline of the city of Houston

There are many nicknames for the city of Houston, the largest city in Texas and fourth-largest city in the United States. The city's nicknames reflect its geography, economy, multicultural population, and popular culture, including sports and music. They are often used by the media and in popular culture to reference the city.

Contents

Houston currently has one official nickname, "Space City", signifying the city's global importance to space exploration and historical role as a prominent center of activity by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Cities adopt official nicknames such as this one to establish a civic identity, promote civic pride, and build community unity. [1] Houston has had other nicknames in the past which have faded in common usage, going as far back as the 1870s.

The city has recently accumulated several unofficial nicknames from among sub-groups within the city, including several whose origins are in the local hip-hop subculture. The most recently added nickname is "The Big Heart", which refers to assistance given by Houston and its citizens to the victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and 2006.

Official nickname

Space City

Johnson Space Center Aerial View of the Johnson Space Center - GPN-2000-001112.jpg
Johnson Space Center

Houston received its official nickname of "Space City" in 1967 because it is home to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center. [2] [3]

NASA's center in Houston has its origins in the Space Task Group which directed its first crewed spaceflight program, Project Mercury. In 1961, it grew into a bigger organization as the Manned Spacecraft Center, and in 1962 moved into a newly built campus on land donated by Rice University. [4] It was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in honor of Texas U.S. Senator, Vice President, and President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973, the year Johnson died. As Senate Majority Leader, Johnson played a decisive role in passage of the legislation which created NASA in 1958. JSC contains the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center, which coordinates and monitors all human spaceflight for the United States, and directed all Space Shuttle missions and activities aboard the International Space Station. [5] The visitor's center of JSC is Space Center Houston. [6]

Some of the first words transmitted by Neil Armstrong from the Moon, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed", are written in 15 languages on bronze plaques placed along the main entrance of Tranquility Park in downtown Houston. A replica of one of the footprints left on the Moon by Neil Armstrong is also on display inside the park. [7]

HOU

The 3-letter abbreviation for the city, taken from the acronym for Hobby Airport.

Bayou City

Houston is popularly known as "The Bayou City" [8] (and less frequently as "Baghdad on the Bayou") [9] because it is home to ten winding waterways that flow through the surrounding area. Buffalo Bayou is the main waterway flowing through the city and has a significant place in Texas history, not only due to the founding place of the City of Houston, but also because the final battle for Texas Independence was fought along its banks. [10] Other major bayous in the city include White Oak Bayou, Brays Bayou and Sims Bayou. [11]

Cultural Capital of the South

Houston is "becoming the cultural capital of the South," according to Worth, which praised the city for its thriving arts, cultural, culinary and design scenes. [12]

H-Town

"H-Town" is a widely popular modern nickname for Houston. [13] It is commonly used in reference to the city both locally and internationally, especially within the entertainment community. In addition, the H-Town Blues Festival is a music festival held each year in the city, [14] and the H-Town Arena Theatre has hosted a variety of performing artists from around the country since the 1970s. [15] H-Town (with the "H" standing for Houston) is also the name of an R&B and hip hop band from Houston that was formed in 1992. [16]

Hustle Town

"Hustle Town", another popular local nickname for Houston, is often used to reference the city's significance as an international center of commerce, trade, and more recently, music, art, and a rapidly growing population center that 'never seems to rest'. Houston is sometimes compared to larger, older cities and pop-cultural centers, sometimes being referred to as the "New York' or 'L.A' of the South", and is the fourth largest city in the United States, in terms of population size. The term 'Hustle Town' was popularized by Houston rapper SPM, following the release of Hustle Town in 1998, which was followed with a rise in the usage of the term in hip-hop music and culture in the Houston scene. The term is also often used by sports teams, corporations, slogans, or groups in Houston, such as the Houston Astros, with the phrase "Welcome to Hustle Town", which can be seen painted on the south side of Minute Maid Park.

Sport nicknames

Clutch City

The nickname of "Clutch City" was given to the city of Houston after the Houston Rockets won the 1994 and 1995 NBA championships. The moniker was adopted in response to a front-page headline in the Houston Chronicle declaring Houston to be "Choke City". [17] It was revived in 2005, as the Houston Astros had a late-season rally to win the pennant and clinch their first-ever World Series appearance, and again in 2006, when the Houston Dynamo won the MLS Cup in their inaugural season. [18]

The Rockets' mascot, "Clutch the Bear", was named the 5th-most recognizable mascot in sports by USA Today in February 2005, and was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006. [19]

Crush City

Crush City is a nickname that derived from the 2015 Houston Astros season. "Crush" is a reference to the high number of home runs delivered by the Houston Astros, as the team ended with the second most home runs in MLB.

Historic nicknames

A Magnolia flower in bloom Magnolia x soulangeana blossom.jpg
A Magnolia flower in bloom

Magnolia City

"Magnolia City" is one of the earliest of Houston's many nicknames. The Texas World, a newspaper first published in 1900, is said to have labeled Houston "the Magnolia City", [20] but the nickname had been in use among the locals since the 1870s. [21] Areas of east Houston, particularly Harrisburg and Magnolia Park, were once natural Magnolia forests that were wiped out by urban sprawl by the 1920s. The nickname is still sometimes used in media stories about the city. [20]

1912 pamphlet with illustrations of Houston Magnolia City Houston.jpg
1912 pamphlet with illustrations of Houston

Capital of the Sunbelt

The nickname "Capital of the Sunbelt" (also "Golden Buckle on the Sun Belt") [22] appeared during the boomtown years when the city experienced rapid growth. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] In the late 1970s, Houston was experiencing a population increase, as people from Rust Belt states moved en masse into Texas. [28] The new residents mostly came for the numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, resulting from the Arab Oil Embargo. [29]

Katrina evacuees shelter at the Reliant Astrodome. Katrina-14451.jpg
Katrina evacuees shelter at the Reliant Astrodome.

The Big Heart

The "Big Heart" is a nickname Houston earned in 2005–06 among many of the storm victims from Louisiana and other affected areas who sought refuge there in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. [30] Angelo Edwards, vice chair of the ACORN Katrina Survivors Association, said, "No other city really provided the resources and assistance Houston has." [30]

Houston housed, fed and mended more than 150,000 survivors in an effort that won acclaim throughout the United States, mounting what is believed to be the biggest shelter operation in the country's history, including Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)-like mega-clinics that took on problems ranging from emergency care to eyeglass prescriptions. [30]

"This has been a real success story", said Houston Mayor Bill White. "So many Houstonians stepped up to help our neighbors from Louisiana. It was humbling, and it showed the world the big heart and the incredible talent of our city." [31]

Subculture and groups

City of Lean

The "City of Lean" nickname (also "Lean City") refers to the enjoyment of codeine-laced cough syrup, sometimes called purple drank, that has been popular in Houston and is associated with some rap artists. [32] [33] Houston rap artist Big Moe used this nickname for the title of his 2000 album City of Syrup , whose cover featured an image of purple ooze being poured over the Houston skyline. [34]

Houstone

"Houstone" is generally used to refer to members of the Texas prison gang "Tango Blast". However, "Houstone" is also used amongst them to claim Houston as their city as a form of identification.

Mutt City

Coined by food writer John T. Edge in Oxford American: [35] "... a name that combines the city's embrace of the variety and splendor of the foods from our immigrant communities and our penchant for crossing the lines and boundaries between not only different cuisines but between high-dollar and low-brow fare." [36]

Ozone City

"Ozone City" is a more recent nickname used in Punk, Alternative, and art circles. Its exact origins are unknown, but likely in reference to Houston's high Ozone count and air pollution. [37]

Screwston

"Screwston" is a popular modern nickname for the city of Houston. [38] It is widely known by fans of local hip-hop artist DJ Screw and his style of music, known as "chopped and screwed". [39]

Marketing slogan

An oil well in Texas Oil well.jpg
An oil well in Texas

The Energy Capital of the World

Houston is considered by many to be "The Energy Capital of the World," [40] because the city is home to more than 5,000 energy-related firms. [41] The city is a leading domestic and international center for virtually every segment of the oil and gas industry—exploration, production, transmission, marketing, service, supply, offshore drilling, and technology. [42] [43]

Houston dominates U.S. oil and gas exploration and production and is unrivaled in the American energy industry. [44] It is home to more than 3,600 energy-related establishments. Houston is also home to 13 of the nation's 20 largest natural gas transmission companies, 600 exploration and production firms and more than 170 pipeline operators. [42] [43] Houston also hosts the annual Offshore Technology Conference which is the world's largest energy-related trade show.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houston</span> Largest city in Texas, United States

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the seat and largest city of Harris County; as well as the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second-most populous in Texas after Dallas–Fort Worth. With a population of 2,314,157 in 2023, Houston is the fourth-most populous city in the United States after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, and the sixth-most populous city in North America. Houston is the southeast anchor of the greater megaregion known as the Texas Triangle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pasadena, Texas</span> City in Texas, United States

Pasadena is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, located in Harris County. It is part of the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city's population was 151,950, making it the twentieth most populous city in Texas and the second most populous in Harris County. The area was founded in 1893 by John H. Burnett of Galveston, who named the area after Pasadena, California, because of the perceived lush vegetation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baytown, Texas</span> City in Texas, United States

Baytown is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within Harris and Chambers counties. Located in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area, it lies on the northern side of the Galveston Bay complex near the outlets of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou. It is the sixth-largest city within this metropolitan area and seventh largest community. Major highways serving the city include State Highway 99, State Highway 146 and Interstate 10. At the 2020 U.S. census, Baytown had a population of 83,701, and it had an estimated population of 84,324 in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katy, Texas</span> City in Texas, United States

Katy is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in the Greater Katy area, itself forming the western part of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. Homes and businesses may have Katy postal addresses without being in the City of Katy. The city of Katy is approximately centered at the tripoint of Harris, Fort Bend, and Waller counties. Katy had a population of 21,894 at the 2020 U.S. census, up from 14,102 in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johnson Space Center</span> NASA field center for human spaceflight

The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is NASA's center for human spaceflight in Houston, Texas, where human spaceflight training, research, and flight control are conducted. It was renamed in honor of the late US president and Texas native, Lyndon B. Johnson, by an act of the United States Senate on February 19, 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Houston</span> History of a city in Texas, United States

The city of Houston in the U.S. state of Texas was founded in 1837 after Augustus and John Allen had acquired land to establish a new town at the junction of Buffalo and White Oak bayous in 1836. Houston served as the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas. Meanwhile, the town developed as a regional transportation and commercial hub. Houston was part of an independent nation until 1846 when the United States formally annexed Texas. Railroad development began in the late 1850s but ceased during the American Civil War. Houston served the Confederacy as a regional military logistics center. The population increased during the war and blockade runners used the town as a center for their operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Houston</span> Neighborhood in Harris County, Texas, United States

Downtown is the largest central business district in the city of Houston and the largest in the state of Texas, located near the geographic center of the metropolitan area at the confluence of Interstate 10, Interstate 45, and Interstate 69. The 1.84-square-mile (4.8 km2) district, enclosed by the aforementioned highways, contains the original townsite of Houston at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou, a point known as Allen's Landing. Downtown has been the city's preeminent commercial district since its founding in 1836.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clear Lake (region)</span> Region in Texas, United States

Clear Lake, or the Clear Lake Area, is a region in parts of Harris and Galveston County in Texas, United States. It is part of the Galveston Bay Area, which itself is a section of the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The area is geographically characterized by the bodies of water in it and around it, including Clear Lake, Taylor Lake, Clear Creek, and Galveston Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houston Cougars</span> Intercollegiate sports teams of the University of Houston

The Houston Cougars are the athletic teams representing the University of Houston. Informally, the Houston Cougars have also been referred to as the Coogs, UH, or simply Houston. Houston's nickname was suggested by early physical education instructor of the university and former head football coach, John R. Bender after one of his former teams, Washington State later adopted the mascot and nickname. The teams compete in the NCAA's Division I and the Football Bowl Subdivision as members of the Big 12 Conference.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memorial, Houston</span> Super neighborhood in Harris County, Texas, United States

The Memorial area of Houston, Texas is located west of Downtown, northwest of Uptown, and south of Spring Branch. The Memorial Super Neighborhood, as defined by the City of Houston, is bounded by Buffalo Bayou to the south, Barker Reservoir to the west, Westview to the north, and the Memorial Villages, a contiguous group of independent municipalities, to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Rita</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Rita was the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Gulf of Mexico and the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Part of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which included three of the top ten most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of barometric pressure ever recorded, Rita was the seventeenth named storm, tenth hurricane, and fifth major hurricane of the 2005 season. It was also the earliest-forming 17th named storm in the Atlantic until Tropical Storm Rene in 2020. Rita formed near The Bahamas from a tropical wave on September 18, 2005 that originally developed off the coast of West Africa. It moved westward, and after passing through the Florida Straits, Rita entered an environment of abnormally warm waters. Moving west-northwest, it rapidly intensified to reach peak winds of 180 mph (285 km/h), achieving Category 5 status on September 21. However, it weakened to a Category 3 hurricane before making landfall in Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana, between Sabine Pass, Texas and Holly Beach, Louisiana, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Rapidly weakening over land, Rita degenerated into a large low-pressure area over the lower Mississippi Valley by September 26th.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Moe</span> American rapper (1974–2007)

Kenneth Doniell Moore, better known by his stage name Big Moe, was an American rapper from Houston, Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermann Park</span> Park in Texas, United States of America, United States of America

Hermann Park is a 445-acre (180-hectare) urban park in Houston, Texas, situated at the southern end of the Museum District. The park is located immediately north of the Texas Medical Center and Brays Bayou, east of Rice University, and slightly west of the Third Ward. Hermann Park is home to numerous cultural institutions including the Houston Zoo, Miller Outdoor Theatre, the Houston Museum of Natural Science, and the Hermann Park Golf Course, which became one of the first desegregated public golf courses in the United States in 1954. The park also features the Mary Gibbs and Jesse H. Jones Reflection Pool, numerous gardens, picnic areas, and McGovern Lake, an 8-acre (32,000 m2) recreational lake.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allen's Landing</span>

Allen's Landing is the officially recognized birthplace of the city of Houston, Texas, United States, the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest in the United States. Located in Downtown Houston between the Main Street and Fannin Street viaducts, the landing encompasses the southern bank of Buffalo Bayou, the city's principal river, at its confluence with White Oak Bayou, a major tributary. Allen's Landing is located south of the University of Houston–Downtown Commerce Street Building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Houston</span>

The economy ofHouston is based primarily on the energy industry, particularly oil. However, health care, biomedical research, and aerospace also constitute large sectors. In 2021, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 537 U.S. dollars billion, the fourth-largest of any metro area in the United States. The Houston metropolitan area comprises the largest concentration of petrochemical manufacturing in the world, including for synthetic rubber, insecticides, and fertilizers. It is the world's leading center for oilfield equipment construction, with the city of Houston home to more than 3,000 energy-related businesses, including many of the top oil and gas exploration and production firms and petroleum pipeline operators. As of 2011, 23 companies on the Fortune 500 list have their headquarters in, or around, Houston.

Houston is a multicultural city with a thriving international community supported by the third largest concentration of consular offices in the United States, representing 86 nations. In addition to historical Southeast Texas culture, Houston became the fourth-most populous city in the United States. Officially, Houston is nicknamed the "Space City" as it is home to NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, where Mission Control Center is located. "Houston" was the first word spoken on the Moon. Many locals refer to Houston as "Bayou City." Other nicknames include "H-Town", "Clutch City", and "Magnolia City".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lean (drug)</span> Recreational drug beverage

Lean or purple drank is a polysubstance drink used as a recreational drug. It is prepared by mixing prescription-grade cough or cold syrup containing an opioid drug and an anti-histamine drug with a soft drink and sometimes hard candy. The beverage originated in Houston as early as the 1960s and is popular in hip hop culture, especially within the Southern United States. Codeine/promethazine syrup is usually used to make lean, but other syrups are also used.

The climate of Houston is classified as a humid subtropical climate, with tropical influences. August normally ranks as the warmest month at an average temperature of 95 °F (35 °C) and January the coldest month at an average temperature of 63 °F (17 °C).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galveston Bay Area</span> Region in Texas, United States of America

The Galveston Bay Area, also known as Bay Area Houston or simply the Bay Area, is a region that surrounds the Galveston Bay estuary of Southeast Texas in the United States, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. Normally the term refers to the mainland communities around the bay and excludes Galveston as well as most of Houston.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Armand Bayou Nature Center</span>

Armand Bayou Nature Center is an urban preserve located in Pasadena and southeast Houston between the Johnson Space Center and the Bayport Industrial District. The 2,500-acre (10 km2) nature center is the largest urban wilderness preserve in the United States.

References

  1. ↑ Muench, David "Wisconsin Community Slogans: Their Use and Local Impacts Archived 2013-06-09 at the Wayback Machine ", December 1993, accessed April 10, 2007.
  2. ↑ "JSC Celebrates 40 Years of Human Space Flight". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
  3. ↑ http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2010/03/houston_101_yet_another_new_ni.php Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine Houston Press: Houston 101
  4. ↑ Dethloff, Henry C. (1993). "Chapter 3: Houston - Texas - U.S.A.". Suddenly Tomorrow Came... A History of the Johnson Space Center. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ISBN   978-1502753588.
  5. ↑ "JSC History". Space Center Houston. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  6. ↑ "About Us". Space Center Houston. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Tranquility Park". Parks and Outdoors, What to do, Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  8. ↑ "Houston". Travel Guide, www.VCarious.com (2007). Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  9. ↑ "Bayous and Waterways". Environmental News, Citizens' Environmental Coalition – Houston. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  10. ↑ John Perry. "Born on the bayou: city's murky start". Houston Heritage, City Savvy, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Online Ed. 2006). Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  11. ↑ Eric Ruckstuhl. "Canoeing Houston's Bayous and Creeks". Bayou Preservation Association. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  12. ↑ {{|title= Houston named cultural capital of the South by national magazine|url=https://www.chron.com/life/article/Houston-named-cultural-capital-of-South-by-Worth-14082261.php#}}
  13. ↑ "H-Town". The Big Apple, www.barrypopik.com. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  14. ↑ William Michael Smith. "The H-Town Blues Festival". Houston Press (February 1, 2007). Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Events at H-Town Theatre". www.GoTickets.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  16. ↑ "H-Town Lead Singer Dies". MTV. Archived from the original on August 25, 2003. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  17. ↑ Dave Winder. "1994: From Choke City to Clutch City – Looking back". www.Rockets.com, NBA Media Ventures. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  18. ↑ David J. Warner. "Houston Dynamo Wins MLS Cup, Nobody Outside of RFK Stadium Sees It Happen". www.sports.aol.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-21. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  19. ↑ "2006 Inductees". The Official Mascot Hall of Fame (2007). Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
  20. 1 2 "Bayou City has a long, full history of print journalism". 100 Years, Houston Chronicle (Oct. 10, 2001). Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Magnolia City (Houston nickname)". The Big Apple, Entry from August 13, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  22. ↑ Blumenthal, Ralph (March 1, 2004). "A Hummer Alongside a Horse? The Rodeo Must Be in Houston". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  23. ↑ Kotkin, Joel (2014-03-01). "Forget What the Pundits Tell You, Coastal Cities are Old News - it's the Sunbelt that's Booming". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  24. ↑ Feagin, Joe R. (1985-01-01). "The Global Context of Metropolitan Growth: Houston and the Oil Industry". American Journal of Sociology. 90 (6): 1204–1230. doi:10.1086/228208. JSTOR   2779634. S2CID   143437278.
  25. ↑ "Beth Anne Shelton, Joe R. Feagin, Robert Bullard, Nestor Rodriguez, Robert D. Thomas: Houston". www.temple.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  26. ↑ Brenner, Neil; Keil, Roger (2006-01-01). The Global Cities Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN   9780415323444.
  27. ↑ Cummings, Scott (1988-01-01). Business Elites and Urban Development: Case Studies and Critical Perspectives. SUNY Press. ISBN   9780887065774.
  28. ↑ "Polish-Texans". Texas Almanac (2004-2005), www.texasalmanac.com. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
  29. ↑ "The Impact of World Events on the Petroleum Industry of Houston, Texas in the 1970s and 1980s" (PDF). University of Houston Mathematics Department. Retrieved January 22, 2008.[ dead link ]
  30. 1 2 3 "Katrina's Latest Damage". Newsweek on post-Katrina Houston (March 5, 2006). Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  31. ↑ "George R. Brown Convention Center Closes its Doors Having Placed All Residents in Housing or Other Shelters". Mayor Bill White – Press Releases, City of Houston (September 21, 2005). Archived from the original on June 24, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  32. ↑ "city of syrup". The Big Apple, www.barrypopik.com. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  33. ↑ National Drug Intelligence Center (2007). "Houston High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis". Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2008.{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  34. ↑ From Bayou City to "city of syrup" Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine by Kristen Mack, Houston Chronicle , February 10, 2002, 2 Star edition, Section A, Page 37 MetFront
  35. ↑ John T. Edge (Fall 2012). "Local Fare: Savoring Mutt City". Oxford American. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  36. ↑ Sarah Rufca (Nov 15, 2012). "National food critic dubs H-Town's restaurant scene "bastard cooking" — sorry that's no compliment". Culture Map Houston.
  37. ↑ "Ozone City". Ozone City Ourage, www.houstonpunkart.wordpress.com.
  38. ↑ "Screwston". The Big Apple, www.barrypopik.com. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  39. ↑ "Chopped and Screwed, A History". MTV. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  40. ↑ "Publication Website". Energy Capital Houston. Archived from the original on August 19, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
  41. ↑ "Facts and Figures". About Houston, City of Houston (2007). Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  42. 1 2 "Energy Industry Guide". Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  43. 1 2 Greater Houston Partnership, 2005 – 2015 Strategic Plan Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine , page 27.
  44. ↑ Simon Romero (September 6, 2005). "Houston Finds Business Boon After Katrina". Business, New York Times (September 6, 2005). Retrieved June 27, 2007.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.