Oenothera macrocarpa | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Myrtales |
Family: | Onagraceae |
Genus: | Oenothera |
Species: | O. macrocarpa |
Binomial name | |
Oenothera macrocarpa | |
Oenothera macrocarpa (syn. Oenothera missouriensis), the bigfruit evening primrose, [1] Ozark sundrops, [2] Missouri evening primrose, [3] or Missouri primrose, [4] is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family Onagraceae, native to northeast Mexico and the south-central United States, where it is found in calcareous prairies and limestone outcrops. [5]
This herbaceous perennial produces a red stem up to 46 cm (18 in) in height. [6] The plant can sprawl along the ground up to 0.6 m (2 ft). [4] Leaves are long and narrow, about 15 cm (6 in) long by 3 cm (1 in) across, and are densely crowded in an alternate arrangement along the stem. [6] They have either smooth margins or broadly spaced teeth and are hairy. [7]
The large flowers, up to 13 cm (5 in) across, are cup shaped with four petals, canary yellow, and have a mild fragrance. They are produced in great numbers from early to mid summer. The flowers last for one day, opening in the evening and closing the following morning. [6] The seed pods are 4-winged and 52–75 mm (2–3 in) long. [7]
There are five commonly accepted varieties. [8] These are:
The genus name Oenothera is from the Greek for "wine-scented". The specific epithet macrocarpa is also from the Greek, meaning "large fruited". [12]
Oenothera macrocarpa is native to Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and northeast Mexico. [13] Habitats include limestone outcrops, glades, bluffs, rocky prairies, quarries, and roadsides. [7]
The flowers are pollinated by night-flying moths, such as sphinx moths ( Sphingidae ). [6]
The seed pods are often used in flower arrangements. This plant is also grown in gardens for its flowers. [14] [15] It is suitable as a groundcover in poor, stony soil which does not become waterlogged in winter, in full sun. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [2] [16]
Oenothera is a genus of about 145 species of herbaceous flowering plants native to the Americas. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae. Common names include evening primrose, suncups, and sundrops. They are not closely related to the true primroses.
Oenothera speciosa is a species in the evening primrose family known by several common names, including pinkladies, pink evening primrose, showy evening primrose, Mexican primrose, and buttercups.
Gaura was a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, native to North America. The name was derived from Greek γαῦρος (gaûros) meaning "superb" and named in reference to the stature and floral display of some species in this genus. The genus included many species known commonly as beeblossoms. Genetic research showed that the genus was paraphyletic unless the monotypic genus Stenosiphon is included within Gaura, increasing the number of species in the genus to 22. Gaura is now a synonym of Oenothera, with the bulk of the Gaura taxa in genus Oenotherasect. Gaura(L.) W.L.Wagner &Hoch.
Oenothera fruticosa, the narrowleaf evening primrose or narrow-leaved sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family.
Oenothera rosea, also known as rosy evening-primrose, rose evening primrose, pink evening primrose, or Rose of Mexico, is a plant belonging to the genus Oenothera and native to northern Mexico and Texas.
Oenothera perennis is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae and is native to the eastern United States and Canada. Its common names include little evening primrose, small sundrops, and small evening primrose. Its native habitats include shaly slopes, moist or dry fields, pastures and roadsides. Oenothera perennis is a perennial herb. It has yellow flowers that open during the day and close at night. Each flower has four petals that are notched at the tip with veins radiating from the base.
Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii, the Antioch Dunes evening primrose, is an endangered subspecies of plant in the family Onagraceae, genus Oenothera, and species Oenothera deltoides.
Oenothera pilosella is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name meadow evening primrose. It is native to the United States and eastern Canada.
Oenothera serrulata is a species of flowering plant in the Onagraceae known by the common name yellow sundrops. Other common names include halfshrub sundrop, serrate-leaved evening primrose, shrubby evening primrose, plains yellow primrose, and halfleaf sundrop. It is native to central North America, including central Canada and the central United States.
Oenothera albicaulis is a New World plant in the evening primrose family. It is known by the common names prairie evening-primrose, white-stem evening-primrose, whitish evening primrose, or whitest evening primrose.
Penstemon cobaea is a flowering plant in the plantain family, commonly known as cobaea beardtongue, prairie beardtongue or foxglove penstemon. The plant is native to the central United States, primarily the Great Plains from Nebraska to Texas, with additional populations in the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas. There are also populations reported in the southwestern United States as well as in Illinois and Ohio, but these appear to be introductions.
Oenothera berlandieri, commonly called Berlandier's sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae). It is native to North America, where it is found primarily in the south central region of the United States and in northern Mexico. Its natural habitat is dry prairies, often in rocky or sandy calcareous areas.
Oenothera tetraptera, known as fourwing evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) native to the Americas. It has widely naturalized in other areas, including southern Africa, Europe, Asia, and Oceania.
Oenothera heterophylla, commonly called variable evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening-primrose family (Onagraceae). It is native to the South Central region of the United States, with a disjunct eastern population in Alabama. It has been recorded as an introduced waif in Missouri.
Oenothera suffulta, known as roadside gaura, honeysuckle gaura, or kisses, is a flowering plant in the primrose family, Onagraceae. It is endemic to the United States, in Texas and southern Oklahoma.
Oenothera versicolor, the red evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae, native to South America, from Peru and Ecuador down to Bolivia and Northern Argentina This species is not as common in cultivation as other members of the genus but popular cultivars including 'Sunset Boulevard' are grown in gardens around the temperate world as the plant is hardy down to at least −10 °C (14 °F).
Symphyotrichum divaricatum is an annual and herbaceous plant commonly known as southern annual saltmarsh aster. It is native to the southern United States and some northern states of Mexico.
Oenothera pallida, the pale evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to British Columbia, the western United States, and northern Mexico. Flowers start out white and fade to pink.
Oenothera hartwegii, Hartweg's sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family Onagraceae. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States, and to northern and western Mexico. A perennial usually 30 to 45 cm tall and 60 cm (24 in) wide, it is used locally as a drought-resistant ground cover.