Oenothera macrocarpa

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Oenothera macrocarpa
Oenothera macrocarpa Tennessee.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Onagraceae
Genus: Oenothera
Species:
O. macrocarpa
Binomial name
Oenothera macrocarpa

Oenothera macrocarpa (syn. Oenothera missouriensis), the bigfruit evening primrose, [1] Ozark sundrops, [2] Missouri evening primrose, [3] or Missouri primrose, [4] is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family Onagraceae, native to northeast Mexico and the south-central United States, where it is found in calcareous prairies and limestone outcrops. [5]

Contents

Description

This herbaceous perennial produces a red stem up to 46 cm (18 in) in height. [6] The plant can sprawl along the ground up to 0.6 m (2 ft). [4] Leaves are long and narrow, about 15 cm (6 in) long by 3 cm (1 in) across, and are densely crowded in an alternate arrangement along the stem. [6] They have either smooth margins or broadly spaced teeth and are hairy. [7]

The large flowers, up to 13 cm (5 in) across, are cup shaped with four petals, canary yellow, and have a mild fragrance. They are produced in great numbers from early to mid summer. The flowers last for one day, opening in the evening and closing the following morning. [6] The seed pods are 4-winged and 52–75 mm (2–3 in) long. [7]

Taxonomy

There are five commonly accepted varieties. [8] These are:

Etymology

The genus name Oenothera is from the Greek for "wine-scented". The specific epithet macrocarpa is also from the Greek, meaning "large fruited". [12]

Distribution and habitat

Oenothera macrocarpa is native to Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and northeast Mexico. [13] Habitats include limestone outcrops, glades, bluffs, rocky prairies, quarries, and roadsides. [7]

Ecology

The flowers are pollinated by night-flying moths, such as sphinx moths ( Sphingidae ). [6]

Uses

The seed pods are often used in flower arrangements. This plant is also grown in gardens for its flowers. [14] [15] It is suitable as a groundcover in poor, stony soil which does not become waterlogged in winter, in full sun. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [2] [16]

Related Research Articles

<i>Oenothera</i> Genus of plants

Oenothera is a genus of about 145 species of herbaceous flowering plants native to the Americas. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae. Common names include evening primrose, suncups, and sundrops. They are not closely related to the true primroses.

<i>Oenothera speciosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera speciosa is a species in the evening primrose family known by several common names, including pinkladies, pink evening primrose, showy evening primrose, Mexican primrose, and buttercups.

<i>Gaura</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gaura was a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, native to North America. The name was derived from Greek γαῦρος (gaûros) meaning "superb" and named in reference to the stature and floral display of some species in this genus. The genus included many species known commonly as beeblossoms. Genetic research showed that the genus was paraphyletic unless the monotypic genus Stenosiphon is included within Gaura, increasing the number of species in the genus to 22. Gaura is now a synonym of Oenothera, with the bulk of the Gaura taxa in genus Oenotherasect. Gaura(L.) W.L.Wagner &Hoch.

<i>Oenothera fruticosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera fruticosa, the narrowleaf evening primrose or narrow-leaved sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family.

<i>Oenothera rosea</i> Species of plant

Oenothera rosea, also known as rosy evening-primrose, rose evening primrose, pink evening primrose, or Rose of Mexico, is a plant belonging to the genus Oenothera and native to northern Mexico and Texas.

<i>Oenothera perennis</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera perennis is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae and is native to the eastern United States and Canada. Its common names include little evening primrose, small sundrops, and small evening primrose. Its native habitats include shaly slopes, moist or dry fields, pastures and roadsides. Oenothera perennis is a perennial herb. It has yellow flowers that open during the day and close at night. Each flower has four petals that are notched at the tip with veins radiating from the base.

<i>Oenothera deltoides <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> howellii</i> Subspecies of plant

Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii, the Antioch Dunes evening primrose, is an endangered subspecies of plant in the family Onagraceae, genus Oenothera, and species Oenothera deltoides.

<i>Oenothera pilosella</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera pilosella is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name meadow evening primrose. It is native to the United States and eastern Canada.

<i>Oenothera serrulata</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera serrulata is a species of flowering plant in the Onagraceae known by the common name yellow sundrops. Other common names include halfshrub sundrop, serrate-leaved evening primrose, shrubby evening primrose, plains yellow primrose, and halfleaf sundrop. It is native to central North America, including central Canada and the central United States.

<i>Oenothera albicaulis</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera albicaulis is a New World plant in the evening primrose family. It is known by the common names prairie evening-primrose, white-stem evening-primrose, whitish evening primrose, or whitest evening primrose.

<i>Penstemon cobaea</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon cobaea is a flowering plant in the plantain family, commonly known as cobaea beardtongue, prairie beardtongue or foxglove penstemon. The plant is native to the central United States, primarily the Great Plains from Nebraska to Texas, with additional populations in the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas. There are also populations reported in the southwestern United States as well as in Illinois and Ohio, but these appear to be introductions.

<i>Oenothera berlandieri</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera berlandieri, commonly called Berlandier's sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae). It is native to North America, where it is found primarily in the south central region of the United States and in northern Mexico. Its natural habitat is dry prairies, often in rocky or sandy calcareous areas.

<i>Oenothera tetraptera</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera tetraptera, known as fourwing evening primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) native to the Americas. It has widely naturalized in other areas, including southern Africa, Europe, Asia, and Oceania.

<i>Oenothera heterophylla</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera heterophylla, commonly called variable evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the evening-primrose family (Onagraceae). It is native to the South Central region of the United States, with a disjunct eastern population in Alabama. It has been recorded as an introduced waif in Missouri.

<i>Oenothera suffulta</i> Species of plant

Oenothera suffulta, known as roadside gaura, honeysuckle gaura, or kisses, is a flowering plant in the primrose family, Onagraceae. It is endemic to the United States, in Texas and southern Oklahoma.

<i>Oenothera versicolor</i> Species of flowering plant

Oenothera versicolor, the red evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae, native to South America, from Peru and Ecuador down to Bolivia and Northern Argentina This species is not as common in cultivation as other members of the genus but popular cultivars including 'Sunset Boulevard' are grown in gardens around the temperate world as the plant is hardy down to at least −10 °C (14 °F).

<i>Symphyotrichum divaricatum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to the Americas

Symphyotrichum divaricatum is an annual and herbaceous plant commonly known as southern annual saltmarsh aster. It is native to the southern United States and some northern states of Mexico.

<i>Oenothera pallida</i> Species of plant

Oenothera pallida, the pale evening-primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to British Columbia, the western United States, and northern Mexico. Flowers start out white and fade to pink.

<i>Oenothera hartwegii</i> Species of plant

Oenothera hartwegii, Hartweg's sundrops, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family Onagraceae. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States, and to northern and western Mexico. A perennial usually 30 to 45 cm tall and 60 cm (24 in) wide, it is used locally as a drought-resistant ground cover.

References

  1. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Oenothera macrocarpa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  2. 1 2 "RHS Plantfinder - Oenothera macrocarpa" . Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  3. "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org.
  4. 1 2 "Oenothera macrocarpa; Missouri Primrose". Oenothera macrocarpa; Missouri Primrose.
  5. Shinners and Mahler's Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas Online
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Missouri Evening Primrose (Oenothera macrocarpa)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
  7. 1 2 3 "Oenothera macrocarpa page". www.missouriplants.com.
  8. "Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  9. USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Oenothera macrocarpa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  10. Chester, Edward (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee.
  11. Wagner, Warren; Hoch, Peter; Raven, Peter (2007). "Revised Classification of the Onagraceae". Systematic Botany Monographs. 83. JSTOR   i25027967.
  12. Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 137. ISBN   978-1-887247-59-7.
  13. "Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  14. Missouri Botanical Garden
  15. "Perennial Resource: Oenothera missouriensis". Archived from the original on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
  16. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 69. Retrieved 14 April 2018.