Pakuranga

Last updated

Pakuranga
Suburb
Tamaki River With The Two Bridges 02 (cropped).jpg
Pakuranga, looking east (the suburb is the "peninsula"-shape on the far side of the Tamaki River)
Pakuranga
Coordinates: 36°54′47″S174°52′19″E / 36.913°S 174.872°E / -36.913; 174.872
CountryNew Zealand
City Auckland
Local authority Auckland Council
Electoral ward Howick ward
Local board Howick Local Board
Area
[1]
 • Land342 ha (845 acres)
Population
 (June 2023) [2]
 • Total9,810
(Tamaki River), Panmure (Tamaki River), Glen Innes Sunnyhills
(Tamaki River), Mount Wellington
Pfeil oben.svg
Pfeil links.svgPakurangaPfeil rechts.svg
Pfeil unten.svg
 Pakuranga Heights
(Tamaki River), Ōtāhuhu (Tamaki River) East Tāmaki

Pakuranga is an eastern suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. Pakuranga covers a series of low ridges and previously swampy flats, now drained, that lie between the Pakuranga Creek and Tamaki River, two estuarial arms of the Hauraki Gulf. It is located to the north of Manukau and 15 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD.

Contents

Geography

Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tamaki River Elevated view across the Tamaki River, 2022.jpg
Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River

Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, on a peninsula formed between the river and the Pakuranga Creek to the south. [3] [4] In the 19th Century, inland Pakuranga was a peat wetland, dominated by Cordyline australis (tī kōuka / cabbage trees). [5]

Climate

Climate data for Pakuranga (2001–2017)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)31.9
(89.4)		29.9
(85.8)		28.7
(83.7)		27.9
(82.2)		26.0
(78.8)		22.3
(72.1)		20.7
(69.3)		22.1
(71.8)		23.1
(73.6)		26.6
(79.9)		27.9
(82.2)		29.2
(84.6)		31.9
(89.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)24.7
(76.5)		25.2
(77.4)		24.1
(75.4)		21.9
(71.4)		19.1
(66.4)		16.9
(62.4)		16.0
(60.8)		16.7
(62.1)		18.2
(64.8)		19.3
(66.7)		21.0
(69.8)		22.8
(73.0)		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)19.9
(67.8)		20.4
(68.7)		19.1
(66.4)		16.9
(62.4)		14.4
(57.9)		12.2
(54.0)		11.0
(51.8)		11.7
(53.1)		13.4
(56.1)		14.7
(58.5)		16.4
(61.5)		18.4
(65.1)		15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)15.0
(59.0)		15.5
(59.9)		14.2
(57.6)		11.9
(53.4)		9.4
(48.9)		7.5
(45.5)		5.9
(42.6)		6.8
(44.2)		8.6
(47.5)		10.2
(50.4)		11.8
(53.2)		14.1
(57.4)		10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F)5.2
(41.4)		7.5
(45.5)		5.6
(42.1)		0.8
(33.4)		−2.2
(28.0)		−3.3
(26.1)		−1.9
(28.6)		−1.7
(28.9)		−1.1
(30.0)		2.2
(36.0)		5.1
(41.2)		7.3
(45.1)		−3.3
(26.1)
Source: NIWA [6]

Etymology

The name Pakuranga is a contraction of Te Pakuranga-rāhīhī ("The Battle of the Sun's Rays"), a traditional Tāmaki Māori story involving a battle between the supernatural Tūrehu people of the Waitākere and Hunua ranges, where magic was used to turn warriors into stone using the sun's rays. The gods Mataaho and Rūaumoko, after hearing of this battle, create the Auckland volcanic field in their rage. [7] [8] [9] The name Pakuranga is a name that was also used for Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain, a volcano in Half Moon Bay. [7] [10]

The name Pakuranga was used by early European settlers from the 1840s to refer to the area between the Tāmaki River and Tūranga Creek. [11] After the establishment of Howick, the name Pakuranga referred to the rural area to the west of the settlement as far as the Tāmaki River. [12] The Pakuranga Highway District, defined in 1863, included areas to the north such as Bucklands Beach. [13] [14] The modern Pakuranga area was first formally defined in 1956, with the establishment of the Pakuranga County Town. [15]

History

Māori history

The Panmure Basin area close to Pakuranga was a major settlement for Ngati Paoa in the early 19th Century Panmure Basin Auckland.JPG
The Panmure Basin area close to Pakuranga was a major settlement for Ngāti Pāoa in the early 19th Century

The Pakuranga area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who descend from the crew of the Tainui migratory waka, who visited the area around the year 1300. [16] The mouth of the Tāmaki River was traditionally known as Te Wai ō Tāiki ("The Waters of Tāiki"), named after the Ngāi Tai ancestor Tāiki. Tāiki settled with his followers along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, alongside the descendants of Huiārangi of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi. [17] The upper reaches of the river near modern Pakuranga is traditionally known as Te Wai Mokoia, referring to Mokoikahikuwaru, a protector taniwha of the Tainui waka who is described in legends as taking up residence at the Panmure Basin. [8]

Ngāi Tai created extensive cultivations along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River. [16] Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain was an important pā site for Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, named after ancestress Huiārangi, daughter of Tāmaki of Te Tini ō Maruiwi. [16] The slopes of the mountain and surrounding areas were home to stonefield gardens, and the mountain was an important location for snaring kererū. [16] In approximately the first half of the 18th century, Ngāriki, a rangatira of Ngāi Tai, built a fortified pā at Te Naupata (Musick Point), the headland at the end of the peninsula, called Te Waiārohia (a shortening of Te Waiārohia ō Ngāriki). [17] [18] The followers of Ngāriki also settled at the Ōhuiarangi pā. [10]

By the mid-18th century, Ngāti Pāoa, a Hauraki Gulf tribe with close relationships to Ngāi Tai, established themselves on the western shores of the river at Panmure, at Mokoia pā and a kāinga called Mauināina. [19] [20] By the time missionaries Samuel Marsden and John Gare Butler visited the isthmus in 1820, there were thousands of inhabitants living along the shores of the Tāmaki River at Mokoia. [21]

During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, Mokoia pā and Mauināina were attacked by a Ngāpuhi taua (war party), devastating the settlement. The wider area was evacuated by Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāi Tai, [7] [22] with most members of Ngāi Tai fleeing to the Waikato for temporary refuge during this time. When English missionary William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied. [23] The land at Mokoia and Mauināina pā became tapu for Ngāti Pāoa due to the large number of deaths, and was not resettled. [20]

In 1836, William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. [24] The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale. [25] In 1854 when Fairburn's purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission, a Ngāi Tai reserve was created around the Wairoa River and Umupuia areas, and as a part of the agreement, members of Ngāi Tai agreed to leave their traditional settlements to the west. [26] [23]

European settlement

Lithograph of the first Panmure Bridge in 1867 Panmure Bridge, Auckland, New Zealand, 1867.jpg
Lithograph of the first Panmure Bridge in 1867

The Pakuranga area was sold by Government auction in 1843. [27] Much of the area was farmed by Hemi Pepene, a Ngāpuhi orphan who grew up at the Paihia Mission Station and was taken care of by the Fairburns, [27] and by Joseph Hargreaves, who bought 82 acres in 1843 and constructed the first European house in Pakuranga. [28] In 1847, Howick was established as a defensive outpost for Auckland, by fencibles (retired British Army soldiers) and their families. [29] The first ferry services across the river to Panmure began in 1850. [30] Many of the first European farmers in the area were fencibles from Howick, [12] such as brothers Robert and Thomas Every Maclean in 1851 who developed extensive livestock farms, [31] and Patrick and Ann Fitzpatrick who bought land in 1852. [28] By the mid-1860s, wheat became the most significant crop in the area. [32]

In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, with people moving to communities at the river's mouth. While Māori of South Auckland such as Te Ākitai Waiohua were forced to leave, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown and remained neutral in the fighting. [17] [33] After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers. [17] [16]

Pakuranga became more accessible after the opening of the Panmure Bridge, connecting Pakuranga to Panmure across the Tāmaki River in 1865. [34] In the same year, the capital of New Zealand was moved from Auckland to Wellington, causing major financial problems for the area as land prices plummeted and demand for butter dropped. [35] In 1869, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (the Duke of Edinburgh) visited New Zealand, spending a month living at Pakuranga. [36]

In 1874, the Pakuranga Hunt was established and by 1900 had become one of the largest social clubs in Auckland. The Hunt was based in East Tāmaki, organising hare hunts and county balls for the wider area. The name Pakuranga became synonymous with the hunt, and by 1960 the hunt had relocated south to Karaka. [37]

By the later 19th Century, Pakuranga developed into an area similar to the English countryside, dominated by poplar, oak and willow trees. [38] Over time, the wheat fields were gradually replaced with dairy farms, which dominated the area until the 1940s. [32] The Pakuranga Hall was opened in 1921, [38]

Suburbanisation

Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1961, when the area was predominantly farmland Aerial view of Pakuranga, April 1961.jpg
Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1961, when the area was predominantly farmland
Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1969, during the widespread construction of suburban housing developments Aerial view of Pakuranga, November 1969.jpg
Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1969, during the widespread construction of suburban housing developments

In the 1930s, the road to Howick was concreted, improving transport times for milk to Auckland, and for passengers into the area. [34] In 1948, Pakuranga was considered as a potential site for the new international airport, which eventually opened in Māngere. [39] Land in Pakuranga was subdivided into housing from the 1950s, and the Manukau County Council planned to leave a green belt separating Pakuranga from Howick, however lost a court case with a farmer who planned to subdivide his land. [39] By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within Manukau County. [15] A new Panmure Bridge facilitated further growth after its construction in 1959. [34] [40]

In 1965, the Pakuranga Town Centre (now known as Pakuranga Plaza) was officially opened. [41] It was the second modern American-style mall constructed in Auckland, and incorporated a number of major stores, such as Farmers and a George Court department store. [42] By the mid-1970s, Pakuranga developed an image as a stereotypical location for busy housewives. The area acquired the nicknames "Nappy Valley" and "Vim Valley", the latter referring to a popular advertisement for the cleaning product Vim, that featured Pakuranga housewives. [43] [44]

The Pakuranga Community Hall was opened in 1975, [45] and in 1981 Lloyd Elsmore Park, a multi-purpose urban park, sporting facility and home to the Howick Historical Village, was officially opened. [46]

The Eastern Busway, a project to link Botany to Panmure by rapid transport, began construction in 2019. [47] The busway opened to Pakuranga in 2021, with the entire project scheduled to open by the mid-2020s. [48]

Demographics

Pakuranga covers 3.42 km2 (1.32 sq mi) [1] and had an estimated population of 9,810 as of June 2023, [2] with a population density of 2,868 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20066,576—    
20137,245+1.39%
20187,689+1.20%
Source: [49]

Before the 2023 census, Pakuranga had a smaller boundary, covering 2.52 km2 (0.97 sq mi). [1] Using that boundary, Pakuranga had a population of 7,689 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 444 people (6.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,113 people (16.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,418 households, comprising 3,798 males and 3,888 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 1,521 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,719 (22.4%) aged 15 to 29, 3,411 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,035 (13.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 44.4% European/Pākehā, 11.7% Māori, 13.2% Pacific peoples, 41.4% Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 37.2% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.3% were Hindu, 3.4% were Muslim, 3.3% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,494 (24.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 993 (16.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 864 people (14.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,225 (52.3%) people were employed full-time, 774 (12.5%) were part-time, and 213 (3.5%) were unemployed. [49]

Individual statistical areas in 2018
NameArea
(km2)		PopulationDensity
(per km2)		HouseholdsMedian ageMedian
income
Pakuranga West1.394,3233,1101,41035.2 years$29,000 [50]
Pakuranga Central1.133,3662,9791,00833.5 years$32,700 [51]
New Zealand37.4 years$31,800

Notable places

Pakuranga Plaza was established in 1965. [52]

Howick Historical Village is a recreation of a 19th-century European settler village. [53] [54] It opened to the public in 1997. [55]

Te Tuhi (previously known as Te Tuhi Centre for the Arts), an art gallery, opened in 1975. [56] [57] [58]

Bell House was built in 1851 and moved onto its current location at Lloyd Elsmore Park in 1895. In 1973 it was donated to the Historic Places Trust. [59]

Schools

There was no school in the area before the 1960s so children had to walk or ride horses to the old Howick school which was located across from the Highland Park shops. The old school was moved to the old village display in Bells Rd, Pakuranga.

Edgewater College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 654 students. [60]

Pakuranga Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 289 students. [61]

Anchorage Park School and Riverina School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 133 and 120 students, respectively. [62] [63]

Saint Kentigern College (not to be confused with the boys' and girls' schools located in Remuera), is a private Presbyterian secondary school (years 7–13) with a roll of 2325 students. [64]

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024. [65]

Local government

The first local government in the area was the Borough of Auckland, which was established in 1851 and administered some areas of Pakuranga. [66] In 1865, the Pakuranga Highway District was established, later becoming the Pakuranga Road Board. [13] This was merged into the Manukau County in 1921. [67] By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within the Manukau County. [15] This was merged into Manukau City in 1965. [68] In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council. [69]

Pakuranga is part of the Howick local board area, who elects members of the Howick Local Board. Residents of Howick also elect two Howick ward councillors, who sits on the Auckland Council.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Howick, New Zealand</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Howick is a suburb of East Auckland, New Zealand. The area was traditionally settled by Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, and in 1847 Howick was established as a defensive settlement for Auckland, by veteran fencible soldiers of the British Army. Howick was a small agricultural centre until the 1950s, when it developed into a suburban area of Auckland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panmure, New Zealand</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Panmure is an east Auckland suburb, in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located 11 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD, close to the western banks of the Tāmaki River and the northern shore of the Panmure Basin. To the north lies the suburb of Tāmaki, and to the west is the cone of Maungarei / Mount Wellington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bucklands Beach</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Bucklands Beach is a suburb 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) east of Auckland's CBD in New Zealand. The suburb is in the Howick ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland Council.

Botany Downs is an eastern suburb of the city of Auckland, New Zealand. This residential area previously formed part of the East Tāmaki area. In terms of local-body administration, the suburb lies in the Howick ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of the Auckland Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cockle Bay, New Zealand</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Beach, New Zealand</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Eastern Beach is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. Located on the eastern city of the city centre, the suburb is in the Howick ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland City. Its most common attraction is a popular white-sand palm fringed beach, also called Eastern Beach, with summer temperatures attracting thousands of people from neighbouring suburbs to the beach to enjoy the shallow waters, and shops and parks within close vicinity. At the southern end of the beach is a boat ramp giving high-medium tide access to the dedicated water skiing zone adjacent to the beach. This was a popular area for gathering Pipi and Cockles, but overuse has seen a rāhui or ban placed on the beach. It is part of the Bucklands Beach peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Auckland</span> Region of Auckland, New Zealand

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Dannemora is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is located in the east of the city, close to Pakuranga and Botany Downs, and in the Howick ward and local board area of Auckland Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maraetai</span> Place in Auckland Region, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flat Bush</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Half Moon Bay, Auckland</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ōtara</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Highbrook</span> Suburb in Auckland City, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunnyhills</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Sunnyhills is a suburb of East Auckland, New Zealand, located on the eastern banks of the Tāmaki River near Pakuranga. Previously farmland within the Pakuranga Town District, suburban housing developed in the area in the mid-1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golflands</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

Golflands is an eastern suburb of the city of Auckland, New Zealand. The Pakuranga Golf Club is part of the suburb, and many of the streets have names related to golf or notable golf players, such as Bob Charles drive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Somerville, New Zealand</span> Suburb in Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magazine Bay</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pōhutukawa Coast</span> Region of Auckland, New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waipaparoa / Howick Beach</span> Beach in New Zealand

Waipaparoa / Howick Beach is a beach in the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located in Howick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakuranga Creek</span> Stream in East Auckland, New Zealand

Pakuranga Creek is a tidal estuary and stream in the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. The creek flows from inlant Pakuranga, meeting the Pakuranga Stream and flows into the Tāmaki River.

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  41. ↑ "28 September 1965". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4074. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  42. ↑ "New Zealand's main malls". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  43. ↑ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 156.
  44. ↑ "June 1974". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4818. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  45. ↑ "6 April 1975". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4877. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  46. ↑ "29 March 1981". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_5337. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  47. ↑ "Work starting on next stage of $1.4 billion busway in east Auckland". The New Zealand Herald . 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  48. ↑ "Eastern Busway from Panmure to Pakuranga opens". The New Zealand Herald . 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  49. 1 2 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Pakuranga West (149000) and Pakuranga Central (149800).
  50. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Pakuranga West
  51. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Pakuranga Central
  52. ↑ "Auckland places - East Auckland". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
  53. ↑ "Howick Historical Village".
  54. ↑ "Howick Historical Village on NZ Museums". nzmuseums.co.nz. Te Papa.
  55. ↑ An Introduction to the Howick Historical Village. Howick and Districts Historical Society. 1997.
  56. ↑ "Te Tuhi". Te Tuhi.
  57. ↑ "Te Tuhi on NZ Museums". nzmuseums.co.nz. Te Papa.
  58. ↑ "New lease for Te Tuhi arts centre - Centre's future guaranteed". Our Auckland. Auckland Council. 2 October 2019.
  59. ↑ Hall, Andrew (February 1980). Historic Buildings in Manukau City. Manukau City Council.
  60. ↑ Education Counts: Edgewater College
  61. ↑ Education Counts: Pakuranga Intermediate
  62. ↑ Education Counts: Anchorage Park School
  63. ↑ Education Counts: Riverina School
  64. ↑ Education Counts: Saint Kentigern College
  65. ↑ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  66. ↑ "5 September 1851". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0213. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  67. ↑ "16 June 1921". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_1962. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  68. ↑ "3 September 1965". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4080. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  69. ↑ Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi: 10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572 . ISSN   2324-1101.

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