Pakuranga (New Zealand electorate)

Last updated April 30, 2019

Pakuranga is a New Zealand Parliamentary electorate. It gave the Social Credit Party one of its few MPs when Neil Morrison held the seat from 1984 to 1987, but otherwise the electorate seat has been held by the National Party since 1972. Its current MP is Simeon Brown who has held the electorate since the 2017 general election.

An electorate is a geographical constituency used for electing members to the New Zealand Parliament. In informal discussion, electorates are often called seats. The most formal description, electoral district, is used in legislation. The size of electorates is determined on a population basis such that all electorates have approximately the same population.

The New Zealand Social Credit Party was a political party which served as the country's "third party" from the 1950s through into the 1980s. The party held a number of seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives, although never more than two at a time. It has since renamed itself the New Zealand Democratic Party, and was for a time part of the Alliance.

Neil Joseph Morrison was a New Zealand politician of the Social Credit Party.

Population centres

Pakuranga is one of 64 general electorates used in New Zealand general elections. It covers part of eastern Auckland around the eponymous suburb of Pakuranga. Other population centres include Farm Cove, Half Moon Bay, Bucklands Beach, parts of Highland Park and parts of Howick.

Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. Auckland is the largest urban area in the country, with an urban population of around 1,628,900. It is located in the Auckland Region—the area governed by Auckland Council—which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf, resulting in a total population of 1,695,900. A diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki or Tāmaki-makau-rau, meaning "Tāmaki with a hundred lovers", in reference to the desirability of its fertile land at the hub of waterways in all directions.

Pakuranga is a south-eastern suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. Pakuranga covers a series of low ridges and previously swampy flats, now drained, that lie between the Pakuranga Creek and Tamaki River, two estuarial arms of the Hauraki Gulf. It is located to the north of Manukau and 15 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD.

The suburb of Farm Cove is located in eastern Auckland, New Zealand. The suburb is in the Howick ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland city. In Farm Cove, there are two main schools; Wakaaranga Primary School and Farm Cove Intermediate. There is also a small public kindergarten, located behind Wakaaranga Primary school. The Rotary Walkway Reserve runs through Farm Cove.

The boundaries of the Pakuranga electorate were last adjusted in the 2007 redistribution. Initially, the Representation Commission proposed substantial changes, but after hearing objections mainly about Pakuranga, Manukau East, and Manurewa, the shape of the Pakuranga electorate reverted to almost the boundaries prior to the review.^[1] No boundary adjustments were undertaken in the subsequent 2013/14 redistribution.^[2]

Manurewa is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate in southern Auckland. Louisa Wall has represented the electorate since the 2011 election.

History

Pakuranga was first contested at the 1963 election, and won by future Labour Party frontbencher Bob Tizard. It was captured by National in 1972, and has stayed with National since, save for a brief interlude – the New Zealand Party's presence on the ballot paper in 1984 split the centre-right vote and handed the seat to Social Credit's Neil Morrison.

The 1963 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of New Zealand Parliament's 34th term. The results were almost identical to those of the previous election, and the governing National Party remained in office.

The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. The party's platform programme describes its founding principle as democratic socialism, while observers describe Labour as social-democratic and pragmatic in practice. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance.

Robert James Tizard was a Labour politician from New Zealand. He served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, Minister of Health and Minister of Defence.

With the introduction of mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation in 1996 the seat was expanded to absorb most of the neighbouring seat of Howick. Its boundaries have remained largely unchanged since; an attempt in 2007 to resurrect a seat around Howick by pulling the Pakuranga boundaries across the Tamaki River and adding Panmure, Point England and Glen Innes from Auckland City was abandoned in the face of strenuous local objection. Instead, Howick was renamed Botany and centred on the rapid-growth areas of Flat Bush, Botany Downs and Dannemora.

Mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation is a mixed electoral system in which voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. Seats in the legislature are filled firstly by the successful constituency candidates, and secondly, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received. The constituency representatives are elected using first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) or another plurality/majoritarian system. The nationwide or region-wide party representatives are, in most jurisdictions, drawn from published party lists, similar to party-list proportional representation. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency candidates, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote, or both.

Howick (New Zealand electorate) former New Zealand electorate

Howick is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate, which existed for one parliamentary term from 1993 to 1996, and was held by Trevor Rogers. In 1995, Rogers defected from National to the Right of Centre party.

The Tamaki River or Tamaki Estuary is mostly an estuarial arm and harbour of the Hauraki Gulf, within the city of Auckland in New Zealand. It extends south for 15 kilometres (9 mi) from its mouth between the suburb of Saint Heliers and the long thin peninsula of Bucklands Beach, which reaches its end at Musick Point. The inlet extends past the suburbs of Glendowie, Wai o Taiki Bay, Point England, Glen Innes, Tamaki, Panmure, and Otahuhu to the west, and Bucklands Beach, Halfmoon Bay, Farm Cove, Sunnyhills and Pakuranga to the east.

Pakuranga is considered a safe National seat, with Maurice Williamson being easily re-elected at every election to 2014 after ousting Morrison in 1987.^[3] In the 2014 election, Williamson had a majority of 12,867 votes over his nearest challenger, Barry Kirker of the Labour Party.^[4]

Maurice Donald Williamson is a New Zealand diplomat and former politician who represented Pakuranga in the House of Representatives as a member of the National Party. He held several ministerial portfolios both inside and outside the cabinet: Transport, Communications, Broadcasting, Local Government, Research Science and Technology, Building and Construction, Customs, Small Business, Statistics and Land Information.

The 1987 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 42nd sitting of the New Zealand Parliament. The governing New Zealand Labour Party, led by Prime Minister David Lange, was re-elected for a second term, although the Opposition National Party made gains. The election also saw the elimination of the Democratic Party from Parliament, leaving Labour and National as the only parties represented.

The 2014 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 20 September 2014 to determine the membership of the 51st New Zealand Parliament.

Williamson announced in July 2016 that he would not stand for Parliament at the 2017 general election ^[5] and the seat was won by Simeon Brown, retaining it for the National Party.

Members of Parliament

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at a general election.

Key

Labour National Independent Social Credit NZ First

Election	Winner
1963 election		Bob Tizard
1966 election
1969 election
1972 election		Gavin Downie
1975 election
1975 election
1978 election		Pat Hunt
1981 election		Pat Hunt
1984 election		Neil Morrison
1987 election		Maurice Williamson
1990 election
1993 election
1996 election
1999 election
2002 election
2005 election
2008 election
2011 election
2014 election
2017 election		Simeon Brown

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Pakuranga electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election	Winner
2002 election		Pita Paraone
2005 election		Pita Paraone

Election results

2017 election

2017 general election: Pakuranga^[6]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Simeon Brown		22,663	63.98	+4.23	22,149	61.69	+1.45
	Labour	Barry Kirker		7,777	21.95	−0.09	8,872	24.71	+8.79
	NZ First	Suzanne Kelly		2,039	5.75		2,369	6.59	−0.50
	Green	Guy Hunt		2,018	5.69		1,340	3.73	−2.60
	Māori	Carrie Stoddart-Smith		419	1.18		124	0.34	+0.03
	Opportunities						436	1.21
	ACT						272	0.75	−2.20
	Conservative						83	0.23	−5.34
	Legalise Cannabis						69	0.19	−0.12
	People's Party						32	0.08
	Outdoors						18	0.05
	United Future						16	0.04	−0.19
	Ban 1080						9	0.02	−0.01
	Internet						9	0.02	−0.59
	Mana						6	0.01	−0.61
	Democrats						3	0.008	−0.012
Informal votes				506			96
Total Valid votes				35,422			35,903
	National hold		Majority	14,886

2014 election

2014 general election: Pakuranga^[7]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Y Maurice Williamson		20,388	59.75	−6.11	20,854	60.24	−2.56
	Labour	Barry Kirker		7,521	22.04	+0.25	5,511	15.92	−2.70
	Conservative	Andrew Craig		3,465	10.15	+4.95	1,930	5.57	+2.02
	ACT	Jamie Whyte		2,030	5.95	+3.35	1,021	2.95	+1.16
	NZ First						2,456	7.09	+1.42
	Green						2,192	6.33	+0.12
	Internet Mana						214	0.62	+0.50^{[lower-alpha 1]}
	Legalise Cannabis						109	0.31	−0.03
	Māori						108	0.31	−0.02
	United Future						78	0.23	−0.23
	Civilian						16	0.05	+0.05
	Ban 1080						11	0.03	+0.03
	Democrats						8	0.02	±0.00
	Independent Coalition						8	0.02	+0.02
	Focus						4	0.01	+0.01
Informal votes				721			101
Total Valid votes				34,125			34,621
Turnout				34,621	74.76	+4.77
	National hold		Majority	12,867	37.71	−6.35

2011 election

2011 general election: Pakuranga^[8]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Y Maurice Williamson		20,694	65.86	+4.28	20,471	62.80	+3.10
	Labour	Sunny Kaushal		6,848	21.79	+0.17	6,068	18.62	-3.66
	Conservative	Lance Gedge		1,634	5.20	+5.20	1,156	3.55	+3.55
	NZ First	Helen Jane Mulford		1,430	4.55	+1.26	1,847	5.67	+2.18
	ACT	Chris Simmons		816	2.60	-3.74	585	1.79	-5.39
	Green						2,024	6.21	+2.61
	United Future						149	0.46	-0.50
	Legalise Cannabis						112	0.34	+0.12
	Māori						109	0.33	+0.03
	Mana						40	0.12	+0.12
	Alliance						20	0.06	+0.02
	Libertarianz						9	0.03	-0.01
	Democrats						5	0.02	+0.004
Informal votes				1,041			202
Total Valid votes				31,422			32,595
	National hold		Majority	13,846	44.06	+4.10

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 45,912^[9]

2008 election

2008 general election: Pakuranga^[10]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Y Maurice Williamson		21,430	61.58		21,099	59.70
	Labour	Brian Kelly		7,524	21.62		7,872	22.27
	ACT	Andrew Jollands		2,205	6.34		2,541	7.19
	Green	Zachary Dorner		1,480	4.25		1,273	3.60
	NZ First	Pita Paraone		1,146	3.29		1,231	3.48
	United Future	Quentin Todd		409	1.18		338	0.96
	Progressive	Jeffrey Ly		354	1.02		265	0.75
	Kiwi	Brian Hilder		252	0.72		123	0.35
	Family Party						186	0.53
	Bill and Ben						137	0.39
	Māori						106	0.30
	Legalise Cannabis						79	0.22
	Pacific						38	0.11
	Alliance						15	0.04
	Libertarianz						13	0.04
	Workers Party						12	0.03
	RAM						6	0.02
	Democrats						4	0.01
	RONZ						4	0.01
Informal votes				329			80
Total Valid votes				34,800			35,342
	National hold		Majority	13,906	39.96

2005 election

2005 general election: Pakuranga^[11]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Y Maurice Williamson		19,159	54.03		19,173	53.28
	Labour	Michael Wood		9,577	27.01		10,810	30.31
	Independent	Steve Baron		1,807	5.10
	NZ First	Pita Paraone		1,398	3.54		2105	5.85
	ACT	Bronny Jacobson		1,216	3.43		1,354	3.76
	United Future	Ian McInnes		833	2.35		878	2.44
	Progressive	Ly Meng		560	1.58		297	0.83
	Destiny	David Jesze		488	1.38		206	0.57
	Christian Heritage	Ewen McQueen		373	1.05		80	0.22
	Direct Democracy	Kevin Moore		49	0.14		11	0.03
	Green						907	2.52
	Māori						73	0.20
	Legalise Cannabis						36	0.10
	Libertarianz						14	0.04
	Alliance						13	0.04
	RONZ						7	0.02
	99 MP						6	0.02
	One NZ						6	0.02
	Family Rights						5	0.01
	Democrats						4	0.01
Informal votes				359			88
Total Valid votes				35,460			35,983
	National hold		Majority	9,582	27.02

2002 election

2002 general election: Pakuranga^[12]
Notes:		Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.
Party		Candidate		Votes	%	±%	Party votes	%	±%
	National	Y Maurice Williamson		14,010	43.42		8,470	26.02
	Labour	Michael Wood		9,454	29.30		10,375	31.87
	ACT	Andrew Jollands		2,419	7.50		4,712	14.47
	NZ First	Pita Paraone		2,001	6.20		3,859	11.85
	United Future	Ian McInnes		1,461	4.53		2,543	7.88
	Green	David Rose		1,040	3.22		1,173	3.60
	Christian Heritage	Jonothan Ko		876	2.71		426	1.31
	Progressive	Meng Ly		478	1.48		396	1.22
	Alliance	Paul Protheroe		158	0.49		192	0.58
	ORNZ						204	0.63
	Legalise Cannabis						93	0.28
	One NZ						20	0.06
	NMP						4	0.01
	Mana Māori						0.00
Informal votes				378			84
Total Valid votes				32,266			32,553
	National hold		Majority	4,556

1999 election

Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Pakuranga for a list of candidates.

1993 election

1993 general election: Pakuranga^[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Maurice Williamson	9,619	48.01	-16.24
	Labour	Heather Mackay	4,159	20.75
	Alliance	Denis Wilkins	3,203	15.98
	NZ First	David Moore	2,399	11.97
	Christian Heritage	John Starrenburg	367	1.83
	McGillicuddy Serious	Sasquatch	201	1.00
	Natural Law	Anne Brigid	87	0.43
Majority			5,460	27.25	-17.64
Turnout			20,035	84.04	-0.84
Registered electors			23,838

1990 election

1990 general election: Pakuranga^[14]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Maurice Williamson	13,006	64.25	+20.89
	Labour	Paul Charles Grant	3,920	19.36
	Green	Peter Whitmore	2,211	10.92
	NewLabour	Sandy Gauntlett	420	2.07
	Democrats	Richard John Pittams	312	1.54
	Social Credit	Colin Bernard Nicholls	166	0.82
	McGillicuddy Serious	Greg Pittams	124	0.61
	Blokes Liberation Front	Paul Brunton	50	0.24
	Independent	Elaine Wills	31	0.15
Majority			9,086	44.89	-35.16
Turnout			20,240	84.88	-5.76
Registered electors			23,843

1987 election

1987 general election: Pakuranga^[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Maurice Williamson	8,987	43.36
	Democrats	Neil Morrison	6,969	33.62	-1.85
	Labour	B V M Wilson	4,700	22.67
	Independent	S Bogrich	70	0.33
Majority			2,018	9.73
Turnout			20,726	90.64	-4.48
Registered electors			22,866

1984 election

1984 general election: Pakuranga^[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Social Credit	Neil Morrison	8,271	35.47	-2.22
	National	Pat Hunt	8,099	34.73	-6.19
	NZ Party	Jo Grierson	3,804	16.31
	Labour	G Williams	3,101	13.30
	Independent	J R Marriott	39	0.16	-0.29
Majority			172	0.73
Turnout			23,314	95.12	+3.77
Registered electors			24,510

1981 election

1981 general election: Pakuranga^[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Pat Hunt	9,908	40.92	+4.42
	Social Credit	Neil Morrison	9,125	37.69	+23.71
	Labour	Peter Turner	5,066	20.92
	Independent	J R Marriott	110	0.45
Majority			783	3.23	-6.88
Turnout			24,209	91.35	+15.53
Registered electors			26,501

1978 election

1978 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Pat Hunt	7,615	36.50
	Labour	E J Smith	5,504	26.38
	Independent	Gavin Downie	4,455	21.35
	Social Credit	Neil Morrison	2,918	13.98	+8.79
	Values	M H T Walker	269	1.28
Majority			2,111	10.11
Turnout			20,861	75.82	-11.58
Registered electors			27,513

1975 election

1975 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Gavin Downie	14,192	58.23	+6.79
	Labour	Geoff Braybrooke	7,176	29.44
	Values	Maurice Jenner	1,349	5.53
	Social Credit	Neil Morrison	1,265	5.19
	Independent	B J Curtis	356	1.46
	Alpha	C V Filmer	19	0.07
	World Socialist	M H Gribble	12	0.04
Majority			7,016	28.79	+18.84
Turnout			24,369	87.40	-3.40
Registered electors			27,881

1972 election

1972 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	National	Gavin Downie	9,310	51.44
	Labour	J B Irwin	7,508	41.48
	Social Credit	B J Southon	1,153	6.37
	New Democratic	F J Collins	126	0.69
Majority			1,802	9.95
Turnout			18,097	90.80	+0.66
Registered electors			19,930

1969 election

1969 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Bob Tizard	9,030	51.20	-0.45
	National	N W Holmes	7,777	44.09
	Social Credit	James Robinson	692	3.92
	Independent	E V Posa	80	0.45
	Communist	Rita Smith	40	0.22
	Independent	Joseph Erwin Moosman	17	0.09	-0.30
Majority			1,253	7.10	-5.33
Turnout			17,636	90.14	+4.24
Registered electors			19,563

1966 election

1966 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Labour	Bob Tizard	9,380	51.65	-2.27
	National	Victor David Thompson	7,121	39.21
	Social Credit	Thomas Rayne Wreaks	1,588	8.74	+4.31
	Independent	Joseph Erwin Moosman	71	0.39
Majority			2,259	12.43	-0.51
Turnout			18,160	85.90	-1.45
Registered electors			21,139

1963 election

1963 general election: Pakuranga^[16]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Bob Tizard	8,394	53.92
	National	Roland Mainwaring Neville-White	6,379	40.97
	Social Credit	Thomas Rayne Wreaks	690	4.43
	Communist	Rita Smith	104	0.66
Majority			2,015	12.94
Turnout			15,567	87.35
Registered electors			17,821

Table footnotes

↑ 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.

Notes

↑ Report of the Representation Commission 2007 (PDF). Representation Commission. 14 September 2007. pp. 8, 13. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2 . Retrieved 4 October 2014.
↑ Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2 . Retrieved 4 October 2014.
↑ "Hon Maurice Williamson". New Zealand Parliament . Retrieved 4 October 2014.
↑ "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
↑ Jones, Nicholas (26 July 2016). "National and Pakuranga MP Maurice Williamson to leave Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
↑ "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
↑ "Official Count Results – Pakuranga (2014)". Electoral Commission . Retrieved 14 April 2016.
↑ "Official Count Results – Pakuranga (2011)". Electoral Commission . Retrieved 24 July 2015.
↑ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
↑ Archived 12 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
↑ ^[dead link ]
↑ "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
↑ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 80.
↑ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 85.
1 2 3 Norton 1988, p. 307.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Norton 1988, p. 306.

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Tāmaki Makaurau is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was first formed for the 2002 election. The electorate covers the Auckland area and was first held by Labour's John Tamihere before going to Dr Pita Sharples of the Māori Party for three terms from 2005 to 2014. After Sharples' retirement, the electorate was won by Peeni Henare of the Labour Party in the 2014 election.

Te Tai Hauāuru is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives, that was first formed for the 1996 election. The electorate was represented by Tariana Turia from 2002 to 2014, first for the Labour Party and then for the Māori Party. Turia retired and was succeeded in 2014 by Labour's Adrian Rurawhe who again retained the seat in 2017.

Rangitata is an electorate in the South Island of New Zealand. It first existed for two parliamentary terms in the late 19th century and was re-established for the 2008 general election. It largely replaced the Aoraki electorate, but included parts of the Rakaia electorate as well. It is held by Andrew Falloon of the National Party. Rangitata is a relatively safe National seat, though not as safe relative to its surrounding neighbours Selwyn and Waitaki due to both Timaru and Temuka being Labour Party strongholds.

Taupō is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate returning one Member of Parliament to the House of Representatives. Taupo first existed between 1963 and 1981, and was recreated for the introduction of MMP in 1996. The current MP for Taupō is Louise Upston of the National Party. She has held this position since 2008.

The 49th New Zealand Parliament was elected at the 2008 election. It comprised 122 members, including an overhang of two seats caused by the Māori Party having won two more electorate seats than its share of the party vote would otherwise have given it. The Parliament served from 2008 until the November 2011 election.

Ohariu-Belmont was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate from 1996 to 2008.

References

Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.

External links

Electorate Profile Parliamentary Library

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[Internet_Mana-8] 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.

[1] Report of the Representation Commission 2007 (PDF). Representation Commission. 14 September 2007. pp. 8, 13. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2 . Retrieved 4 October 2014.

[2] Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2 . Retrieved 4 October 2014.

[3] "Hon Maurice Williamson". New Zealand Parliament . Retrieved 4 October 2014.

[4] "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.

[5] Jones, Nicholas (26 July 2016). "National and Pakuranga MP Maurice Williamson to leave Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 27 July 2016.

[2017_Pakuranga-6] "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

[7] "Official Count Results – Pakuranga (2014)". Electoral Commission . Retrieved 14 April 2016.

[9] "Official Count Results – Pakuranga (2011)". Electoral Commission . Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[enrolment-10] "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.

[11] Archived 12 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[12] [dead link ]

[13] "Official Count Results – Pakuranga". Electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2015.

[14] Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 80.

[15] Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 85.

[FOOTNOTENorton1988307-16] 1 2 3 Norton 1988, p. 307.

[FOOTNOTENorton1988306-17] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Norton 1988, p. 306.

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