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87 seats in the Parliament 44 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results of the election. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1975 New Zealand general election was held on 29 November to elect MPs to the 38th session of the New Zealand Parliament. It was the first general election in New Zealand where 18- to 20-year-olds [1] and all permanent residents of New Zealand were eligible to vote, although only citizens were able to be elected.
The National Party, led by Rob Muldoon, won 55 of the 87 seats over the Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, in a landslide. The election saw the defeat of the Third Labour Government after only three years in office and the formation of the Third National Government. As of 2023, this is the most recent election where a government was voted out after one term.
The incumbent Labour Party's decline in popularity during the previous term had as factors the death of its leader, Norman Kirk, economic decline triggered by the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities—most importantly the European Economic Community (EEC)—and the 1973 oil crisis. [2]
Following the sudden death of Labour leader Kirk, the party was led by Bill Rowling, a leader who was characterised as being weak and ineffectual by some political commentators. Labour's central campaign was the so-called "Citizens for Rowling" petition which attacked National leader Robert Muldoon's forthright leadership style. This campaign was largely seen as having backfired on Labour.
The National Party responded with the formation of "Rob's Mob". As former Minister of Finance in the previous National government, Muldoon focused on the economic impact of Labour's policies; National's campaign advertising suggested that Labour's recently introduced compulsory personal superannuation scheme would result in the government owning the New Zealand economy by using the worker's money, akin to a communist state. Muldoon argued that his New Zealand superannuation scheme could be funded from future taxes rather than an additional tax on current wages.
In July 1974, Muldoon as opposition leader had promised to cut immigration and to "get tough" on law and order issues. He criticised the Labour government's immigration policies for contributing to the economic recession and a housing shortage which undermined the New Zealand "way of life".
During the 1975 general elections, the National Party had also played an electoral advertisement that was later criticized for stoking negative racial sentiments about Polynesian migrants. [3]
The campaign also achieved notoriety due to an infamous television commercial featuring "Dancing Cossacks", which was produced by Hanna Barbera on behalf of National's ad agency Colenso. [4]
A consummate orator and a skilled television performer, Muldoon's powerful presence on screen increased his popularity with voters. [5]
Four National MPs and Three Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 37th Parliament:
Party | Name | Electorate | Term of office | Date announced | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Percy Allen | Bay of Plenty | 1957–75 | before 20 August 1974 [6] | |
Logan Sloane | Hobson | 1960–66 1969–75 | 22 April 1974 [7] | ||
Sir Jack Marshall | Karori | 1946–75 | 20 December 1974 [8] | ||
Douglas Carter | Raglan | 1957–78 | 5 August 1974 [9] | ||
Labour | Norman Douglas | Auckland Central | 1960–75 | 16 October 1974 [10] | |
Ethel McMillan | Dunedin North | 1953–75 | 17 October 1974 [11] | ||
Hugh Watt | Onehunga | 1953–75 | 20 June 1975 [12] | ||
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. |
Poll | Date [nb 1] | National | Labour | Social Credit | Values | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1975 election result | 29 Nov 1975 | 47.59 | 39.56 | 7.43 | 5.19 | 8.03 |
NRB | Nov 1975 | 46 | 44 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
TVNZ Heylen | Nov 1975 | 44 | 43 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
NRB | Sep 1975 | 52 | 39 | 5 | 4 | 13 |
TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1975 | 51 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 9 |
TVNZ Heylen | Jul 1975 | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
NRB | Jul 1975 | 51 | 40 | 5 | 4 | 11 |
TVNZ Heylen | May 1975 | 49 | 42 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
NRB | Mar 1975 | 46 | 42 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
TVNZ Heylen | Feb 1975 | 48 | 46 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
NRB | Nov 1974 | 44 | 44 | 7 | 4 | Tie |
TVNZ Heylen | Sep 1974 | 45 | 47 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
NRB | Sep 1974 | 40 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 10 |
N/A | 31 August 1974 | Death of Prime Minister Norman Kirk, Bill Rowling Becomes Prime Minister | ||||
NRB | May 1974 | 44 | 44 | 5 | 5 | Tie |
NRB | Nov 1973 | 44 | 47 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
NRB | May 1973 | 39 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 12 |
1972 election result | 25 Nov 1972 | 41.50 | 48.37 | 6.65 | 1.96 | 6.87 |
The final results saw National win 55 seats, and Labour 32 seats. Thus Robert Muldoon replaced Bill Rowling as Prime Minister, ending the term of the Third Labour government, and beginning the term of the Third National government. The party seat numbers were an exact opposite of the 1972 election. No minor parties won seats, though the election saw the best ever result for New Zealand's first green political party, Values. There were 1,953,050 electors on the roll, with 1,603,733 (82.11%) voting.
While Muldoon would be re-elected twice, this would be the only time between 1969 and 1990 that National polled more votes than Labour.
Notable electorate results included the election of two Māori MPs to general seats; the first time that any Māori had been elected to a non-Māori electorate since James Carroll in 1893. The MPs in question were Ben Couch in Wairarapa and Rex Austin in Awarua.
In Palmerston North and Western Hutt, Labour was first on election night but lost when special votes were counted.
Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | 87 | 763,136 | 47.59 | 55 | +23 | |
Labour | 87 | 634,453 | 39.56 | 32 | -23 | |
Social Credit | 87 | 119,147 | 7.43 | 0 | ±0 | |
Values | 87 | 83,241 | 5.19 | 0 | ±0 | |
Socialist Unity | 15 | 408 | 0.03 | 0 | ±0 | |
National Socialist | 1 | 19 | 0.00 | - | ±0 | |
Independent | 67 | 3,756 | 0.23 | 0 | ±0 | |
Total | 415 | 1,603,733 | 87 |
The table below shows the results of the 1975 general election:
Key
Table footnotes:
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Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake, was the 26th prime minister of New Zealand, serving for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972, and also the 13th governor-general of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980. He is the only New Zealand politician to date to have held both positions.
Sir Robert David Muldoon was a New Zealand politician who served as the 31st prime minister of New Zealand, from 1975 to 1984, while leader of the National Party.
The New Zealand National Party, shortened to National or the Nats, is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two major parties that dominate contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its traditional rival, the Labour Party.
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Sir Wallace Edward Rowling, commonly known as Bill Rowling, was a New Zealand politician who was the 30th prime minister of New Zealand from 1974 to 1975. He held office as the parliamentary leader of the Labour Party.
The 1981 New Zealand general election, held on 28 November 1981, was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 40th New Zealand Parliament. It saw the governing National Party, led by Robert Muldoon, win a third term in office, but the opposition Labour Party, led by Bill Rowling, won the largest share of the votes cast. Social Credit also won over 20% of the vote- their best result ever- but received no new seats.
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