Pamianthe peruviana

Last updated

Pamianthe peruviana
Temporal range: 18.22 –0  Ma
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Early Miocene – Recent [1]
Pamianthe peruviana1CURTIS.jpg
Botanical illustration of Pamianthe peruviana
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Pamianthe
Species:
P. peruviana
Binomial name
Pamianthe peruviana
Stapf
Bolivia Peru Locator.png
Pamianthe peruviana is native to Peru and Bolivia [2]
Synonyms [2] [3]

Pamianthe cardenasii Traub

Pamianthe peruviana, also known as the giant Peruvian daffodil, [4] [5] is a species of epiphytic plant native to seasonally dry areas of Peru and Bolivia. [2]

Contents

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Immature Pamianthe peruviana Stapf bulb Immature Pamianthe peruviana Stapf bulb.jpg
Immature Pamianthe peruviana Stapf bulb

The perennial plants with bulbs [6] produce 5-7 linear leaves [7] with a prominent mid vein, [8] which form a pseudo-stem of up to 30 cm in length. Each leaf may reach lengths of up to 50 cm and widths of 2–4 cm. [6]

Generative characteristics

Papery thin seeds of Pamianthe peruviana Pamianthe peruviana Stapf seeds.jpg
Papery thin seeds of Pamianthe peruviana
Germinating Pamianthe peruviana Stapf seed with emerging leaf Germinating Pamianthe peruviana Stapf seed.jpg
Germinating Pamianthe peruviana Stapf seed with emerging leaf

The bisexual, radially symmetrical flowers are intensely fragrant. [9] [10] [6] They resemble the flowers of Pancratium . [11] [3] They are produced in groups of 2-4 flowers, which have a 12–25 cm long perianth tube with three nectariferous channels. These features could suggest moth pollination. The pedicel is 1.5–3 cm long. With 8 cm of length, the outer tepals are slightly longer than the 7 cm long staminal cup. [8] The incurved stamens with dorsifixed anthers are inserted in deep notches of the staminal cup, or corona. [6]

Reproduction

Generative reproduction

Pamianthe is presumed to be moth pollinated based on their floral morphology. [12] Specifically sphingid moths come into question. [8] The plant is self compatible. The fruit takes 12–15 months to mature. [11] [6] [10] Rapid germination occurs under humid conditions at 16-21 °C. [13] [6] Seedlings reach maturity within four to five years. [11] [14]

Vegetative reproduction

Pamianthe peruviana can also reprocuce asexually through stolons. [15] [16]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Pamianthe is 2n = 46. [17] [18]

Etymology

The generic name Pamianthe refers to Major Albert Pam. [19] [20] [8] [21] The specific epithet peruviana references this species origin in Peru.

History

Pam discovered the species in 1926 on a bulb collecting expedition in Peru. [20] Other sources state he received bulbs from Peru in 1928. [16] [8] Pam, who introduced the species to horticulture, was a friend of the horticulturalist Edward Augustus Bowles (1865 - 1954), [21] [19] to whom he gave a Pamianthe peruviana specimen in the 1930s. [22] He also donated Pamianthe peruviana to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1937. [23]

Habitat

It was found along streams in the warm to temperate northern region of Peru at elevations of 1800 m above sea level. [24] [25]

Taxonomy

Taxon authorship

There is conflicting information on the taxon authorship of this species. One source claims it to be anonymous, [26] whereas most give Otto Stapf as the taxon author. The type specimen, which was cultivated by Albert Pam in the United Kingdom, is associated with Stapf as the taxon author. [27]

Role as type species

Pamianthe peruviana is the type species of the genus Pamianthe. [8]

Synonym status of Pamianthe cardenasii

Despite being the same taxon, [2] [8] it has been reported that Pamianthe cardenasii were a bulbous geophyte, and Pamianthe peruviana were an epiphyte. [28]

Phylogeny

Some degree of possible hybridization was identified between Pamianthe peruviana and Pamianthe ecollis . According to a molecular clock analysis, both species shared a common ancestor 18.22 million years ago. This means Pamianthe peruviana diverged in the early Miocene. [1]

Conservation

It is presumed to be extinct in the wild. [29] [30] [31] [32] It is not known when it was last recorded. [33] According to the Cambridge Botanic Garden the conservation status has not been evaluated. [34] Under its synonym Pamianthe cardenasiiTraub it has also been classified as not evaluated by the national herbarium of Bolivia in 2005. [35]

Ex-situ conservation is ensured in several living collections, such as the living collection of the Gothenburg Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Living Plant Collections, [36] the Oxford Botanic Garden, [4] as well as private collections.

Horticulture

Despite it being very rare in cultivation, [37] it can be easily cultivated as a houseplant if kept in a well aerated substrate, [38] because it is intolerant of waterlogged conditions, which rapidly induce root rot. [11] Ideally, it should be cultivated under moderately bright, humid conditions at temperatures of 18-30 °C. [37] Seeds can be sown all year round. The optimal time is March–August. The remaining months are less optimal. The germination temperature should not be below 20 °C. [39] Pamianthe makes a good greenhouse or container display. [40] It is also suitable as a long-lasting cut flower. [16]

Related Research Articles

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Hippeastrum is a genus of about 90 species, and over 600 hybrids and cultivars, of perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, from Mexico south to Argentina and on some islands in the Caribbean. The majority have large, fleshy bulbs—usually about the size of a softball—and tall, broad, strap-like leaves that are (generally) evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. Numerous colors and cultivars have been created over the past hundred years.

<i>Zephyranthes carinata</i> Species of plant

Zephyranthes carinata, commonly known as the rosepink zephyr lily or pink rain lily, is a perennial flowering plant native to Mexico, Colombia and Central America. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental and naturalized in the West Indies, Peru, Argentina, Brazil, the southeastern United States from Texas to Florida, Zimbabwe, South Africa, China, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Assam, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Solomon Islands, Queensland, Society Islands, Kiribati, and Caroline Islands.

<i>Eucrosia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Eucrosia is a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family distributed from Ecuador to Peru. The name is derived from the Greek eu, beautiful, and krossos, a fringe, referring to the long stamens. As circumscribed in 2020, the genus contains six species. Phaedranassa and Rauhia are the genera most closely related to Eucrosia.

<i>Pamianthe</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pamianthe is a genus of South American bulbous perennials in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. They can be found in sandy, but rocky areas in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

<i>Narcissus asturiensis</i> Species of daffodil

Narcissus asturiensis, the pygmy daffodil, is a perennial bulbous plant native to the mountains of North Portugal and Spain, where it grows at altitudes up to 2000 m (6000 ft). As of March 2022, Kew sources consider the correct name to be Narcissus cuneiflorus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Griffineae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

The Griffineae is a tribe in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It includes 3 genera with 22 species endemic to Brazil in South America. A typical character of the representatives of the tribe are the flowers - They are blue or lilac and collected into an umbel. Only the members of this tribe and the genus Lycoris are able to form flowers with such color in the whole subfamily Amaryllidoideae of Amaryllidaceae. The species in this group are typically perennial and produce bulbs. The leaves are green, with elliptical form in most of the cases but in some members, as in Worsleya, they are sword-shaped.

<i>Griffinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Griffinia is a genus of Brazilian plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It includes 23 known species which are endemic to Brazil. The most closely related genus to it is the monotypic Worsleya.

<i>Griffinia hyacinthina</i> Species of flowering plant

Griffinia hyacinthina is a bulbous species of flowering plant which is endemic to Brazil.

Eucrosia mirabilis is a species of plant from Ecuador. In the original scientific description in 1869, it was believed to be from Peru, but there is little evidence it ever grew there. The plant disappeared from cultivation until it was found in Ecuador in 1997. Its natural habitats are seasonally dry lowland areas to elevations of 1500 m.

Alan W. Meerow is an American botanist, born in New York City in 1952. He specializes in the taxonomy of the family Amaryllidaceae and the horticulture of palms and tropical ornamental plants. He also works on the population genetics and molecular systematics of cycads and palms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amaryllidaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis and is commonly known as the amaryllis family. The leaves are usually linear, and the flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae).

<i>Pyrolirion</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pyrolirion, commonly known as fire lilies or flame lilies, is a small genus of herbaceous, bulb-forming South American plants in the Amaryllis family, native to Chile, Peru, and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amaryllidoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Amaryllidoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae, and the others are Allioideae and Agapanthoideae. The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.

<i>Paramongaia</i> Species of plant

Paramongaia is a genus of South American plants in the Narcissus Family ( Amaryllidaceae), the most important species being Paramongaia weberbaueri found only in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Common names are "giant Peruvian daffodil." and Cojomaria. Its appearance resembles the "King Alfred" Daffodil, but the flower is up to 7.25 inches in length by 7.5 inches wide with a corona 3.3 inches by 3 inches long by three inches wide.

<i>Hippeastrum mirum</i> Species of bulb

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eustephieae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Eustephieae is a flowering plant tribe in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It forms part of the Andean clade, one of two clades in The Americas.

Stenomesseae was a tribe, where it forms part of the Andean clade, one of two American clades. The tribe was originally described by Traub in his monograph on the Amaryllidaceae in 1963, as Stenomessae based on the type genus Stenomesson. In 1995 it was recognised that Eustephieae was a distinct group separate from the other Stenomesseae. Subsequently, the Müller-Doblies' (1996) divided tribe Eustephieae into two subtribes, Stenomessinae and Eustephiinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinantheae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Clinantheae is a tribe, where it forms part of the Andean clade, one of two American clades. The tribe was described in 2000 by Alan Meerow et al. as a result of a molecular phylogenetic study of the American Amaryllidoideae. This demonstrated that the tribe Stenomesseae, including the type genus Stenomesson was polyphyletic. Part of the tribe segregated with the Eucharideae and were submerged into it, while the other part formed a unique subclade. Since the type species of Stenomesson was not part of the second subclade, it was necessary to form a new name for the remaining species together with the other genera that remained. This was Clinanthus, the oldest name for these species, and consequently the tribe Clinantheae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenocallideae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

Hymenocallideae is a tribe, where it forms part of the Andean clade, one of two American clades. The tribe was originally recognised by both Meerow (1995) and the Muller-Doblies' (1996). Its phylogenetic position within the Amaryllidoideae was established by Meerow et al. in 2000, while in-depth infratribal relationships were established in 2002.

<i>Stenomesson leucanthum</i> Species of plant

Stenomesson leucanthum is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Peru. Pierfelice Ravenna, the Chilean botanists who first formally described the species, using the basionym Pucara leucantha, named it after its white flowers.

References

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