Phu Kradung Formation

Last updated
Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~Tithonian–Berriasian
Phu Kradung Formation palaeoenvironment.png
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
Type Geological formation
Unit of Khorat Group
Underlies Phra Wihan Formation
Overlies Nam Phong Formation
Lithology
Primary Siltstone, mudstone
Other Sandstone
Location
Coordinates 17°12′N102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Approximate paleocoordinates 14°42′N108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
Region Isan
CountryFlag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Extent Khorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Thailand location relief map.svg
Green pog.svg
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs. [1]

Contents

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels. [2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section. [2] [3]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus. [4] [5]

Chalawan , an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus. [6]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Brachyopidae indet.Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province. [7] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489). [7]
Brachyopoidea indet.Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144). [7] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province. [7] Intercentrum (KS37-8). [7]

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province. [8] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra" [4] [5] [8]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."a nearly complete left tibia" [9] [10]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual." [10]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensisPhu Noi, Kalasin province. [11] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg. [11] A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet."Single dorsal vertebra". [4] [12] [13] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".

Pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Chalawan C. thailandicusMandible. [4] [6] A pholidosaurid.
Chalawan skull reconstruction.png
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [14] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus kalasinensis.png
I. potamosiamensisSkulls and postcrania. [15] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus potamosiamensis.png
Sunosuchus S. thailandicusA mandible. [6] Reassigned to Chalawan .
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp.Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province. [16] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283). [16] An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus. [17] Originally identified as an azhdarchid. [18]

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Basilochelys B. macrobiosKham Phok, Mukdahan Province. [19] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet. [4]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province. [20] Skull and shell material. [20] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhuptiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province. [21] Shell remains. [21] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau. [22] Shell elements. [22] A macrobaenid.
Yakemys remains.png

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempaePhu Noi. [23] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin province. [24] 4 specimens.A lepisosteiform.
I. palustrisA single, nearly complete specimen. [25] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus"Impression of a single articulated fish". [26] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensisPhu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province. [27] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified. [28]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province. [28] Teeth. [28] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensisOne almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns. [28]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes. [28] A hybodontid.
Hybodus aff. H. sp."One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)". [28]
H. sp.Teeth. [28] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp.10 teeth. [28] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. ASM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns. [28] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. BTeeth and crowns. [28] A hybodontiform.

Plants

Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoidesFossil wood. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Chalawan</i> (genus) Extinct genus of reptiles

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<i>Indosinosuchus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Indosinosuchus is a genus of teleosaurid neosuchian that lived during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous in what is now Thailand. It contains two species, the type species I. potamosiamensis and I. kalasinensis, both recovered from the lower Phu Kradung Formation. It is unique among teleosauroids as it is the only named genus known from a freshwater environment, while most other members of the group are marine. Indosinosuchus is placed in the family Teleosauridae, but has a relatively robust skull that bears resemblance to members of the Machimosauridae. Biomechanical analysis of its mandible and teeth suggest that it would have had a substantial bite force comparable to animals like Lemmysuchus. The two Indosinosuchus species however differ in the speed at which they could open and close their jaws, impacting their respective ecology and possibly explaining how they coexisted in the same environment. All known specimens of this genus were recovered from a single locality, which has been interpreted as a mass death site, possibly caused by a drought or flash flood. The precise age of Indosinosuchus is unclear, as the vertebrate fossils of the Phu Kradung Formation support a Late Jurassic age, while palynological data suggests an Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) age.

<i>Yakemys</i> Extinct genus of turtles

Yakemys is an extinct genus of macrobaenid turtles from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (Tithonian-Valanginian?) lower Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. It is monotypic, containing a single species, Yakemys multiporcata.

<i>Minimocursor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Minimocursor is a genus of basal neornithischian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. The type species is Minimocursor phunoiensis.

References

  1. ↑ Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. 1 2 Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. ↑ Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (December 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi: 10.3390/d13120630 . ISSN   1424-2818.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
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  14. ↑ Johnson, Michela M.; Young, Mark T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2020). "The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution". PeerJ. 8: e9808. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9808 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7548081 . PMID   33083104.
  15. ↑ Martin, Jeremy E.; Suteethorn, S.; Lauprasert, K. (February 2019). "A new freshwater teleosaurid from the Jurassic of northeastern Thailand" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 64 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1549059. S2CID   91988192.
  16. 1 2 Lauprasert, Komsorn; Laojumpon, Chalida; Saenphala, Wanitchaphat; Cuny, Gilles; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2010-06-12). "Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (1): 37–47. doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z. ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   128623617.
  17. ↑ Buffetaut, Eric (2015). "An azhdarchoid pterosaur humerus from the latest Jurassic (Phu Kradung Formation) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand". 1. 1: Research & Knowledge. doi:10.14456/RANDK.2015.3.
  18. ↑ Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2018). "Systematic reassessment of the first Jurassic pterosaur from Thailand". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 455 (1): 181–186. Bibcode:2018GSLSP.455..181U. doi:10.1144/SP455.13. ISSN   0305-8719. S2CID   133811716.
  19. ↑ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. 2009. Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  20. 1 2 Tong, Haiyan; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Suravech; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chantasit, Phornphen; Claude, Julien (October 2019). "Kalasinemys, a new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Late Jurassic of NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 156 (10): 1645–1656. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000791. ISSN   0016-7568. S2CID   134746960.
  21. 1 2 TONG, HAIYAN; NAKSRI, WILAILUCK; BUFFETAUT, ERIC; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH; SUTEETHORN, SURAVECH; DEESRI, UTHUMPORN; SILA, SAITONG; CHANTHASIT, PHORNPHEN; CLAUDE, JULIEN (2014-06-19). "A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 152 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1017/s0016756814000223. ISSN   0016-7568. S2CID   55028418.
  22. 1 2 Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (November 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi: 10.3390/d13120630 . ISSN   1424-2818.
  23. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Chanthasit, Phornphen (2020-07-03). "A New Lungfish from the Jurassic of Thailand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (4): e1791895. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   225146856.
  24. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Lauprasert, Komsorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Cavin, Lionel (June 2014). "A New Species of the Ginglymodian Fish Isanichthys from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation, Northeastern Thailand". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (2): 313–331. doi: 10.4202/app.2012.0013 . ISSN   0567-7920. S2CID   55334010.
  25. ↑ CAVIN, LIONEL; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH (March 2006). "A New Semionotiform (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits of North-East Thailand, with Comments on the Relationships of Semionotiforms". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 339–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00539.x . ISSN   0031-0239. S2CID   84971079.
  26. ↑ Deesri, Uthumporn; Jintasakul, Pratueng; Cavin, Lionel (2016-11-01). "A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1225747. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   89359438.
  27. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Khansubha, Sasidhorn; Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan (2003-07-01). "A new Semionotid (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (5): 291–297. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00062-9. ISSN   1631-0683.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cuny, Gilles; Liard, Romain; Deesri, Uthumporn; Liard, Tida; Khamha, Suchada; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2013-12-03). "Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (3): 309–328. doi: 10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0 . ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   129714897.
  29. ↑ Boonchai, Nareerat; Suteethorn, Suravech; Sereeprasirt, Weerawat; Suriyonghanphong, Chanon; Amiot, Romain; Cuny, Gilles; Legrand, Julien; Thévenard, Frédéric; Philippe, Marc (2020-03-01). "Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 189: 104153. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153. ISSN   1367-9120. S2CID   210621255.
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