Phu Kradung Formation

Last updated
Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~180–145  Ma
Phu Kradung Formation palaeoenvironment.png
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
Type Geological formation
Unit of Khorat Group
Underlies Phra Wihan Formation
Overlies Nam Phong Formation
Lithology
Primary Siltstone, mudstone
Other Sandstone
Location
Coordinates 17°12′N102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Approximate paleocoordinates 14°42′N108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
Region Isan
CountryFlag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Extent Khorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Thailand location relief map.svg
Green pog.svg
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs. [1]

Contents

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels. [2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section. [2] [3]

More recent datations trought detrital zircon U–Pb ages of samples from the conglomerates have stablished a lowermost age of late Early Jurassic (Toarcian), with a maximum depositional age of 180 Ma, which is older than the previously estimated Late Jurassic–Berriasian age based on fossil evidence. [4] This discrepancy suggests the absence of syn-depositional zircons. The zircon data also help clarify the timing of the Indosinian III Event, placing the Indosinian III Unconformity between 201-182 Ma, marking a hiatus of about 20 million years. The Phu Kradung Formation deposition likely occurred after the Nam Phong Formation and may correlate with the Upper part of the last in the Khorat Basin subsurface. [4]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although few have been referred to a specific genus. [5] [6]

Chalawan , an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus. [7]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Brachyopidae indet.Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province. [8] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489). [8]
Brachyopoidea indet.Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144). [8] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province. [8] Intercentrum (KS37-8). [8]

Archosaurs

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province. [9] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra" [5] [6] [9]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."a nearly complete left tibia" [10] [11]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual." [11]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensisPhu Noi, Kalasin province. [12] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg. [12] A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet."Single dorsal vertebra". [5] [13] [14] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".
Tyrannosauroidea indet.Phu Noi, Kalasin province. [15] Three isolated teeth. [15] A basal tyrannosauroid, related to Guanlong and Proceratosaurus .

Pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Chalawan C. thailandicusMandible. [5] [7] A pholidosaurid.
Chalawan skull reconstruction.png
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [16] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus kalasinensis.png
I. potamosiamensisSkulls and postcrania. [17] A teleosaurid.
Indosinosuchus potamosiamensis.png
Sunosuchus S. thailandicusA mandible. [7] Reassigned to Chalawan .
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp.Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province. [18] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283). [18] An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus. [19] Originally identified as an azhdarchid. [20]

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Basilochelys B. macrobiosKham Phok, Mukdahan Province. [21] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet. [5]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province. [22] Skull and shell material. [22] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhuptiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province. [23] Shell remains. [23] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau. [24] Shell elements. [24] A macrobaenid.
Yakemys remains.png

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempaePhu Noi. [25] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin province. [26] 4 specimens.A lepisosteiform.
I. palustrisA single, nearly complete specimen. [27] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus"Impression of a single articulated fish". [28] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensisPhu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province. [29] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified. [30]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province. [30] Teeth. [30] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensisOne almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns. [30]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes. [30] A hybodontid.
Hybodus aff. H. sp."One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)". [30]
H. sp.Teeth. [30] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp.10 teeth. [30] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. ASM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns. [30] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. BTeeth and crowns. [30] A hybodontiform.

Plants

Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoidesFossil wood. [31]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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  29. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Khansubha, Sasidhorn; Buffetaut, Eric; Tong, Haiyan (2003-07-01). "A new Semionotid (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (5): 291–297. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2..291C. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00062-9. ISSN   1631-0683.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cuny, Gilles; Liard, Romain; Deesri, Uthumporn; Liard, Tida; Khamha, Suchada; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2013-12-03). "Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (3): 309–328. doi: 10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0 . ISSN   0031-0220. S2CID   129714897.
  31. ↑ Boonchai, Nareerat; Suteethorn, Suravech; Sereeprasirt, Weerawat; Suriyonghanphong, Chanon; Amiot, Romain; Cuny, Gilles; Legrand, Julien; Thévenard, Frédéric; Philippe, Marc (2020-03-01). "Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 189: 104153. Bibcode:2020JAESc.18904153B. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153. ISSN   1367-9120. S2CID   210621255.
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