Pituophis melanoleucus, commonly known as the eastern pine snake, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the familyColubridae. The species is native to the southeastern United States. Three subspecies are traditionally recognized as being valid, though taxonomic changes may be occurring.
The pine snake, Pituophis melanoleucus, gets its specific name from the Latin roots melano- meaning black and leucus meaning white. This is in reference to its black-and-white body. Following an influential study that occurred in 2000,[4] three subspecies of Pituophis melanoleucus have been recognized:
The subspecific namelodingi is in honor of Danish-born amateur herpetologist Peder Henry Löding (1869–1942), who lived in Alabama.[6]:160
The species has a variety of common names, including: pine snake, pinesnake,[5] common pine snake, bullsnake, black and white snake, carpet snake, chicken snake, common bullsnake, eastern bullsnake, eastern pine snake, horn(ed) snake, New Jersey pine snake, North American pine snake, northern pine snake, pilot snake, and white gopher snake.[7]
Taxonomic challenges
By the nature of the field, taxonomists — those who study taxonomy — often disagree on specific classifications of species.[8] These disagreements extend to the eastern pine snake, whose taxonomic status as one species with three subspecies has been challenged. One proponent of a taxonomic revision to eliminate the subspecies classifications is the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, whose list of amphibians and reptiles was updated in the 9th edition to eliminate the subspecies distinction following a 2021 study "that showed P.melanoleucus to consist of continuous populations that did not correspond to previously recognized subspecies."[9] Another review of scientific literature found that two genomic analyses in 2022 and 2023 showed that "subspecific taxonomy does not reflect the evolutionary history of the species."[4] While this suggests that the taxonomical classification of Pituophis melanoleucus is changing or will imminently change,[10] the subspecies classification developed in 2000 was used in scientific literature as recently as May 2025.[11]
Description
Florida pine snake, close-up of the head
Adults of Pituophis melanoleucus are large, growing to 48–90in (120–230cm) in total length (tail included)[12] and are powerfully built. The head is small and somewhat pointed with an enlarged rostral scale that extends upward between the internasal scales. Usually, four prefrontal scales are seen. At midbody are 27–37 rows of keeleddorsal scales.[13] The anal plate is single.[14] The color pattern consists of a light ground color overlaid with black, brown, or reddish-brown blotches.[13]
Geographic range and habitat
The species Pituophis melanoleucus is found in the United States in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Delaware and Virginia.[7][14] The nominate subspecies occurs in southern New Jersey, southern North Carolina west through South Carolina to northern Georgia, eastern Tennessee, southeastern Kentucky and south into Alabama. P. m. lodingi occurs from southwestern Alabama to eastern Louisiana, overlapping with P. m. mugitus from southern South Carolina to Georgia and southern Florida.[2]
The pine snake inhabits pine flatwoods, sandy pine-oak woodlands, prairies, cultivated field, open brushland, rocky desert and chaparral. It occurs from sea level to an elevation of 9,000ft (2,700m).[13] The pine snake requires well-drained, sandy soils with little vegetation for use as nesting and hibernation sites.[1] Often select habitat that undergoes frequent fire.[15]P. melanoleucus communities in New Jersey were found to hibernate communally while communities in other regions like Tennessee were found to hibernate on their own.[16]
Ecology
Florida pine snake with a light pattern
The pine snake preys on rats, mice, moles and other small mammals and eggs.[7] It often enters rodent burrows in search of a meal. In these cases, multiple kills are frequent, with the snake pressing the mice against the walls of the burrow.[17] The snake remains underground in cold weather or during the heat of summer days.[1]
When disturbed, it often hisses loudly, sometimes flattening its head, vibrating its tail, and eventually striking at an intruder.[13] To make the hissing sound, the snake forces air out of its lungs, vibrating the epiglottis.[18] Several mammal species have been known to predate upon the hibernacula and nesting burrows of pine snakes including the American red fox (Vulpes fulva), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda).[19]
Reproduction
Southern pine snake eggs
After mating has taken place in spring, clutches of three to 24 eggs are laid in June–August. The eggs are deposited in sandy burrows or under large rocks or logs and hatch after 64–79 days of incubation.[13] They are known to build communal nests, with several females laying eggs in the same spot.[20] Tend to make nests in clearings with minimal tree cover.[21] The eggs are adherent and quite large, up to 66mm (2.6in) long by 45mm (1.8in) wide. Hatchlings measure 33–45cm (13–18in).[7] Eggs laid on wetter substrate tended to produce larger hatchlings than those laid on dryer substrate.[22]
Conservation status
Florida pine snake
The pine snake is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List, due to its wide distribution and large number of subpopulations; while the total populations appears to be declining, this is likely happening at a slow rate. However, the species is thought to be impacted by continued habitat degradation and destruction. It is present in a variety of protected areas.[1] Habitat loss is the major threat to populations of this species. Construction of hibernacula is an effective tool for enhancing the survival rates of the species.[23]
↑ Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Pituophis melanoleucus, p. 86).
↑ Thiele, Kevin R.; Conix, Stijn; Pyle, Richard L.; Barik, Saroj K.; Christidis, Les; Costello, Mark John; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Kirk, Paul; Lien, Aaron; Thomson, Scott A.; Zachos, Frank E.; Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Garnett, Stephen T. (2021-07-13). "Towards a global list of accepted species I. Why taxonomists sometimes disagree, and why this matters". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 21 (4): 615–622. doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00495-y. ISSN1618-1077. There are five main types of disagreements among taxonomists: disagreement over the nature of taxonomy itself; over which of many 'species concepts' to adopt; over the boundaries between species and other taxa; over rank; and over the optimum pace of adoption of taxonomic change.
↑ Boundy, Jeff; Burbrink, Frank T.; Ruane, Sara (2025-03-31). "Squamata (excluding lizards) – Snakes"(PDF). Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding (9thed.): 49.
↑ "Pituophis melanoleucus". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 2025-05-25. Thus, given further study of this group, some species of Pituophis may undergo taxonomic revision in the near future.
↑ Gutzke, William H.N.; Packard, Gary C. (Jan–Feb 1987). "Influence of the Hydric and Thermal Environments on Eggs and Hatchlings of Bull Snakes Pituophis melanoleucus". Physiological Zoology. 60 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1086/physzool.60.1.30158624. ISSN0031-935X. S2CID87772315.
Barbour T (1921). "The Florida Pine Snake". Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club7: 117–118. (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus, new subspecies).
Blanchard FN (1924). "A Name for the Black Pituophis of Alabama". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, Letters4: 531–532. (Pituophis lodingi, new species).
Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + 163 pp. + Plates A–C, 1–32. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.66–68 + Plate 10, figure 29; Plate 11, figure 30).
Daudin FM (1803). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles ..., Tome Sixième [Volume 6]. Paris: F. Dufart. 447 pp. + Plates I–X. (Coluber melanoleucus, new species, p.409). (in French).
Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. ISBN0-7167-0020-4. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.122, 141).
Holbrook JE (1842). North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. IV. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 138 pp. + Plates I–XXXV. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.7–10 + Plate I).
Morris PA (1948). Boy's Book of Snakes. (A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by Jaques Cattell). New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.44–47, 180).
Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN978-0-544-12997-9. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.391–392 + Plate 37).
Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 plates, 103 figures. (Pituophis melanoleucus, pp.160–162, Figure 46).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
