Pityriasis rosea

Last updated
Pityriasis rosea
Other namesPityriasis rosea Gibert [1]
Pityriasisrosa.png
Pityriasis rosea on the back
showing a "christmas tree" pattern
Specialty Dermatology, infectious disease
Symptoms Single red and slightly scaly area, followed
Usual onset10 to 35 years old [2]
DurationLess than three months [2]
CausesUnclear [3]
Diagnostic method Based on symptoms [2]
Differential diagnosis Tinea corporis, viral rash, pityriasis versicolor, nummular eczema [3]
Treatment Supportive care [3] [2]
Frequency1.3% (at some point in time) [3]

Pityriasis rosea is a type of skin rash. [2] Classically, it begins with a single red and slightly scaly area known as a "herald patch". [2] This is then followed, days to weeks later, by an eruption of many smaller scaly spots; pinkish with a red edge in people with light skin and greyish in darker skin. [4] About 20% of cases show atypical deviations from this pattern. [3] It usually lasts less than three months and goes away without treatment. [3] Sometimes malaise or a fever may occur before the start of the rash or itchiness, but often there are few other symptoms. [3]

Contents

While the cause is not entirely clear, it is believed to be related to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) or human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7). [3] It does not appear to be contagious. [3] Certain medications may result in a similar rash. [3] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms. [2]

Evidence for specific treatment is limited. [3] About 1.3% of people are affected at some point in time. [3] It most often occurs in those between the ages of 10 and 35. [2] The condition was described at least as early as 1798. [1]

Signs and symptoms

Pityriasis rosea on torso Pityriasisfront.jpg
Pityriasis rosea on torso

The symptoms of this condition include:

About a fifth of cases have an atypical form, with significant variations in symptoms including the size, distribution, morphology, and evolution of the lesions. [14] [15] In addition to typical papules and scales, forms appearing as very large plaques (pityriasis rosea gigantea), urticaria, large blisters, patches resembling erythema multiforme, oral lesions, and various other appearances have been noted. [8] A vesicular form can mimic chicken pox. [15] [8] Variations in distribution include inverted forms, with rashes on the face or extremities without appearing on the trunk, as well as more uncommon versions localized to the armpits, groin, or extremities (pityriasis rosea circinata et marginata of Vidal) or unilateral spread. [8]

Causes

The cause of pityriasis rosea is not certain, but its clinical presentation and immunologic reactions suggest a viral infection as a cause. Some believe it to be a reactivation [16] of herpes viruses 6 and 7, which cause roseola in infants, [17] [18] [19] [20] though some investigations have found no evidence of this. [21]

Diagnosis

A herald patch of pityriasis rosea which started before the rest of the lesion and was initially mistaken for a fungal infection Heraldpatch2.jpg
A herald patch of pityriasis rosea which started before the rest of the lesion and was initially mistaken for a fungal infection

Experienced practitioners may make the diagnosis clinically. [22] Classical symptoms are usually straightforward to recognize, but the wide range of atypical forms may cause difficulty for the clinician in diagnosing some cases. [14] Misdiagnosis by nondermatologists is not uncommon. [7] If the diagnosis is in doubt, tests may be performed to rule out similar conditions such as Lyme disease, ringworm, guttate psoriasis, nummular or discoid eczema, drug eruptions, other viral exanthems. [22] [23] The clinical appearance of pityriasis rosea in some cases is similar to that of secondary syphilis, and rapid plasma reagin testing should be performed if there is any clinical concern for syphilis. [24] A biopsy of the lesions will show extravasated erythrocytes within dermal papillae and dyskeratotic cells within the dermis. [22]

A set of validated diagnostic criteria for pityriasis rosea [25] [26] is as follows:

A patient is diagnosed as having pityriasis rosea if:

  1. On at least one occasion or clinical encounter, the patient has all the essential clinical features and at least one of the optional clinical features, and
  2. On all occasions or clinical encounters related to the rash, the patient does not have any of the exclusional clinical features.

The essential clinical features are the following:[ citation needed ]

  1. Discrete circular or oval lesions,
  2. Scaling on most lesions, and
  3. Peripheral collarette scaling with central clearance on at least two lesions.

The optional clinical features are the following:[ citation needed ]

  1. Truncal and proximal limb distribution, with less than 10% of lesions distal to mid-upper-arm and mid-thigh,
  2. Orientation of most lesions along skin cleavage lines, and
  3. A herald patch (not necessarily the largest) appearing at least two days before eruption of other lesions, from history of the patient or from clinical observation.

The exclusional clinical features are the following:[ citation needed ]

  1. Multiple small vesicles at the centre of two or more lesions,
  2. Two or more lesions on palmar or plantar skin surfaces, and
  3. Clinical or serological evidence of secondary syphilis.

Treatment

The condition usually resolves on its own, and treatment is not required. [27] Oral antihistamines or topical steroids may be used to decrease itching. [22] Steroids do provide relief from itching, and improve the appearance of the rash, but they also cause the new skin that forms (after the rash subsides) to take longer to match the surrounding skin color. While no scarring has been found to be associated with the rash, scratching should be avoided. It's possible that scratching can make itching worse and an itch-scratch cycle may develop with regular scratching (that is, you itch more because you scratch, so you scratch more because you itch, and so on). Irritants such as soaps with fragrances, chlorinated water, wool, and synthetic fabrics should be avoided. Lotions that help stop or prevent itching may be helpful. [27] [28]

Direct sunlight makes the lesions resolve more quickly. [22] According to this principle, medical treatment with ultraviolet light has been used to hasten resolution, [29] though studies disagree whether it decreases itching [29] or not. [30] UV therapy is most beneficial in the first week of the eruption. [29]

A 2007 meta-analysis concluded that there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of most treatments. [31] Oral erythromycin was found to be effective for treating the rash and relieving the itch based on one early trial; however, a later study could not confirm these results. [6] [31] [32]

During the monkey pox outbreak in 2022 several men reported to Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital that upon receiving the monkey pox vaccine their pityriasis rosea was treated by proxy and a follow up in 2024 confirmed they had no further outbreaks of PR.

Prognosis

In most patients, the condition lasts only a matter of weeks; in some cases it can last longer (up to six months). The disease resolves completely without long-term effects. In a ten-year epidemiological study of 939 people in the United States, less than two percent had a recurrence. [33]

Epidemiology

The overall prevalence of PR in the United States has been estimated to be 0.13% in men and 0.14% in women. It most commonly occurs between the ages of 10 and 35. [22] It is more common in spring. [22]

PR is not viewed as contagious, [34] [35] though there have been reports of small epidemics in fraternity houses and military bases, schools and gyms. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Roseola, also known as sixth disease, is an infectious disease caused by certain types of human herpes viruses. Most infections occur before the age of three. Symptoms vary from absent to the classic presentation of a fever of rapid onset followed by a rash. The fever generally lasts for three to five days, while the rash is generally pink and lasts for less than three days. Complications may include febrile seizures, with serious complications being rare.

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Pityriasis Rosea". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
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  4. ↑ Onalaja, Amanda A.; Taylor, Susan C. (2021). "1. Defining skin color". In Li, Becky S.; Maibach, Howard I. (eds.). Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations. Switzerland: Springer. p. 10. ISBN   978-3-030-64829-9.
  5. ↑ CHUANG, TSU-YI; PERRY, H.O.; ILSTRUP, D.M.; KURLAND, L.T. (May 1983). "Recent upper respiratory tract infection and pityriasis rosea: a case-control study of 249 matched pairs". British Journal of Dermatology. 108 (5): 587–591. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb01061.x. PMID   6849825. S2CID   11253684.
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  12. ↑ Chuh, Antonio A. T. (2003-11-01). "Quality of life in children with pityriasis rosea: a prospective case control study". Pediatric Dermatology. 20 (6): 474–478. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2003.20603.x. ISSN   0736-8046. PMID   14651563. S2CID   13553067.
  13. ↑ "Pityriasis rosea". American Academy of Dermatology. 2003. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
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  15. 1 2 Bilgili, Serap Güneş; Karadağ, Ayşe Serap; Çalka, Ömer; Şimşek, Gülçin Güler (2012). "Two Cases with Vesicular Pityriasis Rosea" (PDF). Journal of the Turkish Academy of Dermatology. 6 (4). S2CID   73748192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  16. ↑ Board basics : an enhancement to MKSAP 17. Alguire, Patrick C. (Patrick Craig), 1950-, Paauw, Douglas S. (Douglas Stephen), 1958-, American College of Physicians (2003- ). [Philadelphia, Pa.]: American College of Physicians. 2015. ISBN   978-1938245442. OCLC   923566113.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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  18. ↑ "Pityriasis rosea | DermNet NZ".
  19. ↑ Pityriasis Rosea at eMedicine
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  21. ↑ Kempf W, Adams V, Kleinhans M, Burg G, Panizzon RG, Campadelli-Fiume G, Nestle FO (1999). "Pityriasis rosea is not associated with human herpesvirus 7". Archives of Dermatology. 135 (9): 1070–2. doi: 10.1001/archderm.135.9.1070 . PMID   10490111.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Habif, Thomas P (2004). Clinical Dermatology: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy (4th ed.). Mosby. pp. 246–8. ISBN   978-0-323-01319-2.
  23. ↑ Horn T, Kazakis A (1987). "Pityriasis rosea and the need for a serologic test for syphilis". Cutis. 39 (1): 81–2. PMID   3802914.
  24. ↑ Board basics : an enhancement to MKSAP 17. Alguire, Patrick C. (Patrick Craig), 1950-, Paauw, Douglas S. (Douglas Stephen), 1958-, American College of Physicians (2003- ). Philadelphia, Pa.: American College of Physicians. 2015. ISBN   978-1938245442. OCLC   923566113.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ↑ Chuh AA (2003). "Diagnostic criteria for pityriasis rosea: a prospective case control study for assessment of validity". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 17 (1): 101–3. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00519_4.x. PMID   12602987. S2CID   30400210.
  26. ↑ Chuh A, Zawar V, Law M, Sciallis G (2012). "Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, pityriasis rosea, asymmetrical periflexural exanthem, unilateral mediothoracic exanthem, eruptive pseudoangiomatosis, and papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome: a brief review and arguments for diagnostic criteria". Infectious Disease Reports. 4 (1): e12. doi:10.4081/idr.2012.e12. PMC   3892651 . PMID   24470919.
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