Rosacea

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Rosacea
Other namesAcne rosacea
Rosacea.jpg
Rosacea over the cheeks and nose [1]
Pronunciation
Specialty Dermatology
Symptoms Facial redness, swelling, and small and superficial dilated blood vessels [2] [3]
Complications Rhinophyma [3]
Usual onset30–50 years old [2]
DurationLong term [2]
TypesErythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, ocular [2]
CausesUnknown [2]
Risk factors Family history [3]
Diagnostic method Based on symptoms [2]
Differential diagnosis Acne, perioral dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, lupus [2]
Medication Antibiotics either by mouth or applied to the skin [3]
Frequency~5% [2]

Rosacea is a long-term skin condition that typically affects the face. [2] [3] It results in redness, pimples, swelling, and small and superficial dilated blood vessels. [2] Often, the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin are most involved. [3] A red, enlarged nose may occur in severe disease, a condition known as rhinophyma. [3]

Contents

The cause of rosacea is unknown. [2] Risk factors are believed to include a family history of the condition. [3] Factors that may potentially worsen the condition include heat, exercise, sunlight, cold, spicy food, alcohol, menopause, psychological stress, or steroid cream on the face. [3] Diagnosis is based on symptoms. [2]

While not curable, treatment usually improves symptoms. [3] Treatment is typically with metronidazole, doxycycline, minocycline, or tetracycline. [4] When the eyes are affected, azithromycin eye drops may help. [5] Other treatments with tentative benefit include brimonidine cream, ivermectin cream, and isotretinoin. [4] Dermabrasion or laser surgery may also be used. [3] The use of sunscreen is typically recommended. [3]

Rosacea affects between 1% and 10% of people. [2] Those affected are most often 30 to 50 years old and female. [2] Fair-skinned people seem to be more commonly affected. [6] The condition was described in The Canterbury Tales in the 1300s, and possibly as early as the 200s BC by Theocritus. [7] [8]

Signs and symptoms

Commonly affected zones Rasacee couperose zones.svg
Commonly affected zones

Rosacea typically begins with reddening (flushing) of the skin in symmetrical patches near the center of the face. [10] Common signs can depend on age and sex: flushing and red swollen patches are common in the young, small and visible dilated blood vessels in older individuals, and swelling of the nose is common in men. [10] Other signs include lumps on the skin (papules or pustules) and swelling of the face. [10] Many people experience stinging or burning pain and rarely itching. [10]

Skin problems tend to be aggravated by particular trigger factors, that differ for different people. Common triggers are ultraviolet light, heat, cold, or certain foods or beverages. [10]

Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea [11] rosacea (also known as "vascular rosacea" [11] ) is characterized by prominent history of prolonged (over 10 minutes) flushing reaction to various stimuli, such as emotional stress, hot drinks, alcohol, spicy foods, exercise, cold or hot weather, or hot baths and showers. [12]

Glandular rosacea

In glandular rosacea, men with thick sebaceous skin predominate, a disease in which the papules are edematous, and the pustules are often 0.5 to 1.0 cm in size, with nodulocystic lesions often present. [12]

Cause

Topical steroid-induced rosacea (left); after steroid withdrawal and photobiomodulation therapy (right) Steroid Rosacea.jpg
Topical steroid-induced rosacea (left); after steroid withdrawal and photobiomodulation therapy (right)

The exact cause of rosacea is unknown. [2] Triggers that cause episodes of flushing and blushing play a part in its development. Exposure to temperature extremes, strenuous exercise, heat from sunlight, severe sunburn, stress, anxiety, cold wind, and moving to a warm or hot environment from a cold one, such as heated shops and offices during the winter, can each cause the face to become flushed. [2] Certain foods and drinks can also trigger flushing, such as alcohol, foods and beverages containing caffeine (especially hot tea and coffee), foods high in histamines, and spicy foods. [13]

Medications and topical irritants have also been known to trigger rosacea flares. Some acne and wrinkle treatments reported to cause rosacea include microdermabrasion and chemical peels, as well as high dosages of isotretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, and tretinoin.

Steroid-induced rosacea is caused by the use of topical steroids. [14] These steroids are often prescribed for seborrheic dermatitis. Dosage should be slowly decreased and not immediately stopped to avoid a flare-up.

Cathelicidins

In 2007, Richard Gallo and colleagues noticed that patients with rosacea had high levels of cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide, [15] and elevated levels of stratum corneum tryptic enzymes (SCTEs). Antibiotics have been used in the past to treat rosacea, but they may only work because they inhibit some SCTEs. [15]

Demodex folliculitis and Demodex mites

Studies of rosacea and Demodex mites have revealed that some people with rosacea have increased numbers of the mite, [13] especially those with steroid-induced rosacea. Demodex folliculitis (demodicidosis, also known as "mange" in animals) is a condition that may have a "rosacea-like" appearance. [16]

A 2007, National Rosacea Society-funded study demonstrated that Demodex folliculorum mites may be a cause or exacerbating factor in rosacea. [17] The researchers identified Bacillus oleronius as a distinct bacterium associated with Demodex mites. When analyzing blood samples using a peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation assay, they discovered that B. oleronius stimulated an immune system response in 79 percent of 22 patients with subtype 2 (papulopustular) rosacea, compared with only 29% of 17 subjects without the disorder. They concluded, "The immune response results in inflammation, as evident in the papules (bumps) and pustules (pimples) of subtype 2 rosacea. This suggests that the B. oleronius bacteria found in the mites could be responsible for the inflammation associated with the condition." [17]

Intestinal bacteria

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) was demonstrated to have greater prevalence in rosacea patients and treating it with locally acting antibiotics led to rosacea lesion improvement in two studies. Conversely in rosacea patients who were SIBO negative, antibiotic therapy had no effect. [18] The effectiveness of treating SIBO in rosacea patients may suggest that gut bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea lesions.

Diagnosis

Most people with rosacea have only mild redness and are never formally diagnosed or treated. No test for rosacea is known. In many cases, simple visual inspection by a trained health-care professional is sufficient for diagnosis. In other cases, particularly when pimples or redness on less-common parts of the face is present, a trial of common treatments is useful for confirming a suspected diagnosis. The disorder can be confused or co-exist with acne vulgaris or seborrheic dermatitis. The presence of a rash on the scalp or ears suggests a different or co-existing diagnosis because rosacea is primarily a facial diagnosis, although it may occasionally appear in these other areas.

Classification

Rosacea on the face Acne rosacea.jpg
Rosacea on the face
Micrograph showing rosacea as enlarged, dilated capillaries and venules located in the upper dermis, angulated telangiectasias, perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltration, and superficial dermal edema. Micrograph of rosacea.jpg
Micrograph showing rosacea as enlarged, dilated capillaries and venules located in the upper dermis, angulated telangiectasias, perivascular and perifollicular lymphocytic infiltration, and superficial dermal edema.

Four rosacea subtypes exist, [20] and a patient may have more than one subtype: [21] : 176 

  1. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea exhibits permanent redness (erythema) with a tendency to flush and blush easily. [13] Also small, widened blood vessels visible near the surface of the skin (telangiectasias) and possibly intense burning, stinging, and itching are common. [13] People with this type often have sensitive skin. Skin can also become very dry and flaky. In addition to the face, signs can also appear on the ears, neck, chest, upper back, and scalp. [22]
  2. Papulopustular rosacea presents with some permanent redness with red bumps (papules); some pus-filled pustules can last 1–4 days or longer. This subtype is often confused with acne.
  3. Phymatous rosacea is most commonly associated with rhinophyma, an enlargement of the nose. Signs include thickening skin, irregular surface nodularities, and enlargement. Phymatous rosacea can also affect the chin (gnathophyma), forehead (metophyma), cheeks, eyelids (blepharophyma), and ears (otophyma). [23] Telangiectasias may be present.
  4. In ocular rosacea, affected eyes and eyelids may appear red due to telangiectasias and inflammation, and may feel dry, irritated, or gritty. Other symptoms include foreign-body sensations, itching, burning, stinging, and sensitivity to light. [24] Eyes can become more susceptible to infection. About half of the people with subtypes 1–3 also have eye symptoms. Keratitis is a rare complication which is characterized by blurry vision and vision loss as the cornea is affected. [24] [25]

Variants

Variants of rosacea include: [26] : 689 

Treatment

The type of rosacea that a person has will indicate the choice of treatment. [27] Mild cases are often not treated at all, or are simply covered up with normal cosmetics.

Therapy for the treatment of rosacea is not curative, and is best measured in terms of reduction in the amount of facial redness and inflammatory lesions, a decrease in the number, duration, and intensity of flares, and concomitant symptoms of itching, burning, and tenderness. The two primary modalities of rosacea treatment are topical and oral antibiotic agents. [28] Laser therapy has also been classified as a form of treatment. [28] While medications often produce a temporary remission of redness within a few weeks, the redness typically returns shortly after treatment is suspended. Long-term treatment, usually 1–2 years, may result in permanent control of the condition for some patients. [28] [29] Lifelong treatment is often necessary, although some cases resolve after a while and go into a permanent remission. [29] Other cases, if left untreated, worsen over time. [30] Some people have also reported better results after changing diet. This is not confirmed by medical studies, even though some studies relate the histamine production to outbreak of rosacea. [31]

Behavior

Certain behavioral changes may improve the symptoms of rosacea or help to prevent exacerbations. Keeping a symptoms diary to document potential symptom triggers and avoiding those triggers is recommended. [25] Common exacerbating triggers include ultraviolet light and irritant cosmetics, therefore it is recommended that those with rosacea wear sunscreen (with a sun factor protection (SPF) of 30 or greater) and avoid cosmetics. [25] If using cosmetics or makeup is desired, then oil free foundation and concealer should be used. [25] Skin astringents, products that can dry the skin and impair the skin barrier, including products with alcohol, menthol, peppermint, camphor, or eucalyptus oil, should generally be avoided. People should avoid using exfoliating skin scrubs, cosmetics or soaps containing sodium laureth sulfate, or waterproof makeup to the affected area as these products can compromise the skin barrier protection and be difficult to remove. [25] Using soap-free cleansers and non-oily moisturizers are preferred if used on the affected area. Many skin care products have been specifically formulated for those with sensitive skin or for those with conditions such as rosacea. [25] Ocular rosacea may be treated with daily gentle eyelid washing using warm water, and artificial tears to lubricate the eye. [25]

Managing pre-trigger events such as prolonged exposure to cool environments can directly influence warm-room flushing. [32]

Medications

Medications with good evidence include topical metronidazole, [33] ivermectin and azelaic acid. [34] Good evidence medications taken by mouth include brimonidine, and doxycycline and isotretinoin. [34] Lesser evidence supports tetracycline by mouth. [34] Isotretinoin and tetracycline antibiotics, which may be used in more severe cases of inflammatory rosacea, are absolutely contraindicated in women who are pregnant, may become pregnant or lactating as they are highly teratogenic (associated with birth defects). Contraception is required for women of child bearing age who are using these medications. [25]

Metronidazole is thought to act through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, while azelaic acid is thought to decrease cathelicidin production. Oral antibiotics of the tetracycline class such as doxycycline, minocycline, and oxytetracycline are also commonly used and thought to reduce papulopustular lesions through anti-inflammatory actions rather than through their antibacterial capabilities. [13]

Topical minocycline applied as a foam is a newer treatment option for rosacea that the FDA has approved. Minocycline shows a targeted approach for managing inflammatory lesions of rosacea while minimizing systemic side effects commonly associated with oral antibiotic use. It is available in foam formulation and is applied to the affected areas once daily. Minocycline belongs to the tetracycline family of antibiotics and exhibits antimicrobial properties and anti-inflammatory activity, similar to other members of this class, such as doxycycline. Topical minocycline reduces inflammatory lesions associated with rosacea; however, rare adverse events such as folliculitis have been reported. [33]

Topical metronidazole is a commonly used treatment for rosacea; it is available in various formulations such as creams, gels, or lotions and applied to clean, dry skin once or twice daily. Topical metronidazole has been shown to effectively reduce inflammatory lesions and perilesional erythema associated with rosacea by inhibiting both microbial growth and pro-inflammatory mediators generated by neutrophils. Benefits of topical metronidazole include its effectiveness in reducing symptoms, extensive clinical experience supporting its use, and generally good tolerability with minimal systemic side effects; still, some patients may experience mild local irritation upon initial use, and it may have limited impact on persistent facial redness (erythema). [33]

Topical azelaic acid is available in gel or cream formulations; it exerts its effects by reducing inflammation through its activity on the cathelicidin pathway, which is upregulated in rosacea-affected skin; it also reduces inflammatory lesions and improves overall symptoms of rosacea; it has been well-studied and shown to be effective in clinical trials; still, some patients may experience mild local irritation during the first few weeks of use. [33]

Using alpha-hydroxy acid peels may help relieve redness caused by irritation, and reduce papules and pustules associated with rosacea. [35]

Oral Beta-blockers are often used for those with flushing due to rosacea. These include nadolol, propranolol or carvedilol. The possible adverse reactions of the oral beta-blockers include low blood pressure, low heart rate or dizziness. [25] The oral α-2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine can also be used for flushing symptoms. [25] The flushing and blushing that typically accompany rosacea may also be treated with the topical application of alpha agonists such as brimonidine which has vasoconstrictor activity and achieves maximal symptom improvement 3–6 hours after application, other topicals used for flushing or erythema include oxymetazoline or xylometazoline. [13]

Topical ivermectin is a treatment option for rosacea that targets Demodex mites, which are associated with inflammation in the skin of patients with rosacea; the cream is applied once daily to clean, dry skin. Topical ivermectin has been shown to reduce Demodex mite density and improve cutaneous inflammatory markers in clinical studies; overall, it decreases Demodex mite density and improves the symptoms of inflammation associated with rosacea; however, some patients may experience transient burning or itching upon application. Topical ivermectin offers a targeted approach for managing rosacea by addressing the role of Demodex mites in the disease process. [33] A review found that ivermectin was more effective than alternatives for treatment of papulopustular acne rosacea. [36] [37] An ivermectin cream has been approved by the FDA, as well as in Europe, for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea. The treatment is based upon the hypothesis that parasitic mites of the genus Demodex play a role in rosacea. [38] In a clinical study, ivermectin reduced lesions by 83% over 4 months, as compared to 74% under a metronidazole standard therapy. [39] Quassia amara extract at 4% demonstrated to have clinical efficacy for rosacea. [40] When compared to metronidazole 0.75% as usual care in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, Quassia amara extract at 4% demonstrated earlier onset of action, including improvement in telangiectasia, flushing, and papules. Quassia amara showed a sustained reduction of symptoms at 42 days of treatment. [41]

Cyclosporin eye drops have been shown to reduce symptoms in those with ocular rosacea. Cyclosporin should not be used in those with an active ocular infection. [25] Other options include topical metronidazole cream or topical fusidic acid applied to the eyelids, or oral doxycycline in more severe cases of ocular rosacea. If papules and pustules persist, then sometimes isotretinoin can be prescribed. [42]

Systemic doxycycline modified-release capsules are commonly used for the treatment of rosacea. The capsules are taken orally once daily, usually in a low dose, to achieve anti-inflammatory effects. Doxycycline acts by inhibiting inflammation and reducing the production of reactive oxygen species associated with rosacea symptoms. The benefits of systemic doxycycline include its effectiveness in reducing inflammatory lesions, improving erythema, and controlling symptoms related to ocular involvement in rosacea patients; it is also well-tolerated at lower doses compared to traditional higher-dose regimens used for other indications. However, potential cons include gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea or abdominal pain, photosensitivity reactions that require sun protection measures during treatment, and rare instances of antibiotic-associated diarrhea or bacterial resistance development with long-term use. [33]

Encapsulated benzoyl peroxide (E-BPO) cream, a newly FDA-approved topical agent for inflammatory lesions of rosacea, utilizes porous silica microcapsule technology to slow the absorption of benzoyl peroxide and diminish potential irritation. [33]

Laser

Evidence for the use of laser and intense pulsed-light therapy in rosacea is poor. [43]

Outcomes

The highly visible nature of rosacea symptoms are often psychologically challenging for those affected. People with rosacea can experience issues with self-esteem, socializing, and changes to their thoughts, feelings, and coping mechanisms. [10]

Epidemiology

Rosacea affects around 5% of people worldwide. [10] Incidence varies by ethnicity, and is particularly prevalent in those with Celtic heritage. [10] Men and women are equally likely to develop rosacea. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Scabies is a contagious human skin infestation by the tiny (0.2–0.45 mm) mite Sarcoptes scabiei, variety hominis. The word is from Latin: scabere, lit. 'to scratch'. The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple-like rash. Occasionally, tiny burrows may appear on the skin. In a first-ever infection, the infected person usually develops symptoms within two to six weeks. During a second infection, symptoms may begin within 24 hours. These symptoms can be present across most of the body or just certain areas such as the wrists, between fingers, or along the waistline. The head may be affected, but this is typically only in young children. The itch is often worse at night. Scratching may cause skin breakdown and an additional bacterial infection in the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acne</span> Skin condition characterized by pimples

Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin condition that occurs when dead skin cells and oil from the skin clog hair follicles. Typical features of the condition include blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. It primarily affects skin with a relatively high number of oil glands, including the face, upper part of the chest, and back. The resulting appearance can lead to lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and, in extreme cases, depression or thoughts of suicide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minocycline</span> Antibiotic medication

Minocycline, sold under the brand name Minocin among others, is a tetracycline antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections such as some occurring in certain forms of pneumonia. It is generally less preferred than the tetracycline doxycycline. Minocycline is also used for the treatment of acne and rheumatoid arthritis. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doxycycline</span> Tetracycline-class antibiotic

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline class used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria and certain parasites. It is used to treat bacterial pneumonia, acne, chlamydia infections, Lyme disease, cholera, typhus, and syphilis. It is also used to prevent malaria. Doxycycline may be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blepharitis</span> Inflammation of the eyelid

Blepharitis, sometimes known as granulated eyelids, is one of the most common ocular conditions characterized by inflammation, scaling, reddening, and crusting of the eyelid. This condition may also cause swelling, burning, itching, or a grainy sensation when introducing foreign objects or substances to the eye. Although blepharitis by itself is not sight-threatening, it can lead to permanent alterations of the eyelid margin. The primary cause is bacteria and inflammation from congested meibomian oil glands at the base of each eyelash. Other conditions may give rise to blepharitis, whether they be infectious or noninfectious, including, but not limited to, bacterial infections or allergies.

Ocular rosacea is a type of rosacea that affects the eyes. Signs and symptoms generally consist of redness, irritation or burning of the eyes. Affected individuals may also feel that there is something, such as an eyelash, in the eye and frequently have redness of the nose and cheeks as well. Complications include corneal ulcer.

<i>Demodex</i> Genus of mites that live on mammals

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steroid rosacea</span> Medical condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neonatal acne</span> Medical condition

Neonatal acne, also known as acne neonatorum, is a type of acne that develops in newborns, typically within the first six weeks of life. It presents with open and closed comedones on the cheeks, chin and forehead.

Kyrle disease is identified as a form of an acquired perforating disease. Other major perforating diseases are elastosis perforans serpiginosa and reactive perforating collagenosis. Recently, however, there is a controversy on categorizing Kyrle disease with perforating dermatosis or a subtype of acquired perforating collagenosis.


Acne necrotica presents with a primary lesion that is a pruritic or painful erythematous follicular-based papule that develops central necrosis and crusting and heals with a varioliform scar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pimple</span> Type of comedo

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Actinic granuloma (AG) was first described by O'Brien in 1975 as a rare granulomatous disease. Lesions appear on sun-exposed areas, usually on the face, neck, and scalp, with a slight preference for middle-aged women. They are typically asymptomatic, single or multiple, annular or polycyclic lesions measuring up to 6 cm in diameter, with slow centrifugal expansion, an erythematous elevated edge, and a hypopigmented, atrophic center.

Infantile acne is a form of acne that begins in very young children. Typical symptoms include inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions, papules and pustules most commonly present on the face. No cause of infantile acne has been established but it may be caused by increased sebaceous gland secretions due to elevated androgens, genetics and the fetal adrenal gland causing increased sebum production. Infantile acne can resolve by itself by age 1 or 2. However, treatment options include topical benzyl peroxide, topical retinoids and topical antibiotics in most cases.

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD) is a rare benign granulomatous skin disease of unknown cause. The disorder was first described in 1970 by Gianotti in a case series of five children. CGPD is more common in boys than girls.

References

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  42. ↑ Hoting E, Paul E, Plewig G (December 1986). "Treatment of rosacea with isotretinoin". Int J Dermatol. 25 (10): 660–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1986.tb04533.x. PMID   2948928. S2CID   22421145.
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