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White piedra is a mycosis of the hair caused by several species of fungi in the genus Trichosporon. It is characterized by soft nodules composed of yeast cells and arthroconidia that encompass hair shafts.
Pili torti is characterized by short and brittle hairs that appear flattened and twisted when viewed through a microscope.
Madarosis is a condition that results in the loss of eyelashes, and sometimes eyebrows. The term "madarosis" is derived from the ancient Greek "madaros", meaning "bald". It originally was a disease of only losing eyelashes but it currently is the loss of both eyelashes and eyebrows. Eyebrows and eyelashes are both important in the prevention of bacteria and other foreign objects from entering the eye. A majority of patients with madarosis have leprosy, and it was reported that 76% of patients with varying types of leprosy had madarosis.
Piedraia hortae is a superficial fungus that exists in the soils of tropical and subtropical environments and affects both sexes of all ages. The fungus grows very slowly, forming dark hyphae, which contain chlamydoconidia cells and black colonies when grown on agar. Piedraia hortae is a dermatophyte and causes a superficial fungal infection known as black piedra, which causes the formation of black nodules on the hair shaft and leads to progressive weakening of the hair. The infection usually infects hairs on the scalp and beard, but other varieties tend to grow on pubic hairs. The infection is usually treated with cutting or shaving of the hair and followed by the application of anti-fungal and topical agents. The fungus is used for cosmetic purposes to darken hair in some societies as a symbol of attractiveness.
Loose anagen syndrome, also known as loose anagen hair syndrome, is a hair disorder related to dermatology. It is characterised by the easy and pain free detachment of anagen staged hairs from the scalp. This hair condition can be spontaneous or genetically inherited.
Pseudopelade of Brocq is a flesh- to pink-colored, irregularly shaped alopecia that may begin in a moth-eaten pattern with eventual coalescence into larger patches of alopecia.
Anetoderma is a benign but uncommon disorder that causes localized areas of flaccid or herniated sac-like skin due to a focal reduction of dermal elastic tissue. Anetoderma is subclassified as primary anetoderma, secondary anetoderma, iatrogenic anetoderma of prematurity, congenital anetoderma, familial anetoderma, and drug-induced anetoderma.
Acquired progressive lymphangioma, also known as benign lymphangioendothelioma is a group of lymphangiomas that occur anywhere in young individuals, grow slowly, and present as bruise-like lesions or erythematous macules. Acquired progressive lymphangioma may develop following radiation therapy, surgery, trauma, inflammation, and tick bites. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision.
Pressure alopecia, also known as postoperative alopecia, and pressure-induced alopecia, occurs in adults after prolonged pressure on the scalp during general anesthesia, with the head fixed in one position, and may also occur in chronically ill persons after prolonged bed rest in one position that causes persistent pressure on one part of the scalp, all likely due to pressure-induced ischemia.
Keratosis pilaris atropicans is a group of idiopathic genodermatoses that consists of three unique clinical entities: atrophoderma vermiculatum, keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, and keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei.
Hair casts, also known as pseudonits, represent remnants of the inner root sheath, and often occur in great numbers and may mimic nits in the scalp.
Melanonychia is a black or brown pigmentation of a nail, and may be present as a normal finding on many digits in Afro-Caribbeans, as a result of trauma, systemic disease, or medications, or as a postinflammatory event from such localized events as lichen planus or fixed drug eruption.
Longitudinal erythronychia presents with longitudinal red bands in the nail plate that commence in the matrix and extend to the point of separation of the nail plate and nailbed, and may occur on multiple nails with inflammatory conditions such as lichen planus or Darier's disease. Longitudinal erythronychia is usually asymptomatic but can sometimes be associated with pain.
Pterygium inversum unguis or ventral pterygium is characterized by the adherence of the distal portion of the nailbed to the ventral surface of the nail plate. The condition may be present at birth or acquired, and may cause pain with manipulation of small objects, typing, and close manicuring of the nail. secondary due to connective tissue disorders. Pterygium inversum unguis is often asymptomatic.
Trichostasis spinulosa is a common but rarely diagnosed disorder of the hair follicles that clinically gives the impression of blackheads, but the follicles are filled with funnel-shaped, horny plugs that are bundles of vellus hairs.
Pili bifurcati is characterized by bifurcation found in short segments along the shafts of several hairs, with each branch of the bifurcation being covered with its own cuticle.
Pili annulati is a genetic trait in which the hair seems 'banded' by alternating segments of light and dark color when seen in reflected light.
Reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides. It is a disease that tends to affect women in the third and fourth decades of life.
Woolly hair is a difficult to brush hair, usually present since birth and typically most severe in childhood. It has extreme curls and kinks and occurs in non-black people and is distinct from afro-textured hair. The hairs come together to form tight locks, unlike in afro-textured hair, where the hairs remain individual. Woolly hair can be generalised over the whole scalp, when it tends to run in families, or it may involve just part of the scalp as in woolly hair nevus.
Frictional alopecia is the loss of hair that is caused by rubbing of the hair, follicles, or skin around the follicle. The most typical example of this is the loss of ankle hair among people who wear socks constantly for years. The hair may not grow back even years after the source of friction has ended.
References
- ↑ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- 1 2 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Pazzaglia M, Misciali C (October 1999). "Acquired progressive kinking of the hair: clinical features, pathological study, and follow-up of 7 patients". Arch Dermatol. 135 (10): 1223–6. doi: 10.1001/archderm.135.10.1223 . PMID 10522670.
- ↑ Civas, Ekrem; Demirci, Gulsen Tukenmez (2021-03-23). "Rapid onset acquired progressive kinking of the hair: Scanning electron microscopic findings in a woman". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 87. Scientific Scholar: 281–284. doi:10.25259/ijdvl_677_20. ISSN 0378-6323.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Balsa, Raúl E.; Ingratta, Stella Maris; Alvarez, Alberto G. (1986). "Acquired kinking of the hair: A methodologic approach". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 15 (5). Elsevier BV: 1133–1136. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(86)70281-8. ISSN 0190-9622.